Araştırma Makalesi

Application and evaluation of reinforcement learning for two-dimensional trajectory tracking in snake-like robots

Sayı: Advanced Online Publication Erken Görünüm Tarihi: 19 Ağustos 2026
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Application and evaluation of reinforcement learning for two-dimensional trajectory tracking in snake-like robots

Öz

ContextSnake-like robots are biomimetic systems that can move effectively in narrow, complex, and restricted environments thanks to their modular and flexible body structures composed of numerous serially connected joints. These characteristics offer significant advantages, particularly in areas such as pipeline inspection, search and rescue operations, industrial maintenance applications, and exploration missions. The multiple degrees of freedom distributed along the body enable the robot to achieve high maneuverability but also make the control problem quite complex. Due to the dynamic interactions between segments, friction-based motion characteristics, and nonlinear system behavior, achieving reliable and accurate trajectory tracking emerges as a significant engineering problem.

ObjectiveIn this study, a reinforcement learning (RL) based control method has been developed to solve the trajectory tracking problem for snake-like robots in a two-dimensional plane.

MethodIn the proposed approach, the robot’s dynamic model was created in the Webots simulation environment, an open-source simulation program, and all training and testing processes were carried out in this environment. During the learning process, policy- based RL algorithms from the Stable-Baselines library were used. In this context, Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) and three different RL algorithms were used during the training process. To enable the robot to adapt to different orientation scenarios, seven different angles defined in the range of +45 to −45 and trajectories of varying lengths were used. Thus, the goal was for the agent to learn a generalizable control policy not only for a specific trajectory type but also for tracks with different slopes and orientations.

ResultsThe results obtained show that the PPO algorithm produced a higher average reward compared to other methods and exhibited a more stable learning process. After training was completed, the developed method was tested both on trajectories used during the training phase and on previously unseen trajectories. For the 0 trajectory, maximum errors were recorded as 0.093 m and 0.040 m for the x and y axes, respectively. Furthermore, the system exhibited robust generalization capabilities on a +22.5 trajectory, not encountered during the training phase, yielding maximum errors of 0.099 m and 0.052 m.

ConclusionThese findings demonstrate that the proposed RL-based control approach can effectively solve the two-dimensional trajectory tracking problem in snake robots. In future studies, the proposed method can be extended to the three-dimensional trajectory tracking problem, or it can be evaluated under more complex conditions, such as scenarios involving obstacles.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. T. Takemori, M. Tanaka, F. Matsuno, “Adaptive helical rolling of a snake robot to a straight pipe with irregular cross-sectional shape”, IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 39(1), 437–451, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/TRO.2022.3189224.
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  5. F. Sheng, F. Wan, C. Tang, X. Guo, “A maneuverable winding gait for snake robots based on a delay-aware swing and grasp framework combining rules and learning methods”, IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, 10(1), 311–318, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/LRA.2024.3506274.
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Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Kontrol Teorisi ve Uygulamaları

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

19 Ağustos 2026

Yayımlanma Tarihi

-

Gönderilme Tarihi

2 Nisan 2026

Kabul Tarihi

5 Ağustos 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Sayı: Advanced Online Publication

Kaynak Göster

APA
Mezgil, F., & Bingöl, M. C. (2026). Application and evaluation of reinforcement learning for two-dimensional trajectory tracking in snake-like robots. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.65206/pajes.1922237
AMA
1.Mezgil F, Bingöl MC. Application and evaluation of reinforcement learning for two-dimensional trajectory tracking in snake-like robots. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.65206/pajes.1922237
Chicago
Mezgil, Furkan, ve Mustafa Can Bingöl. 2026. “Application and evaluation of reinforcement learning for two-dimensional trajectory tracking in snake-like robots”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, sy Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.65206/pajes.1922237.
EndNote
Mezgil F, Bingöl MC (01 Ağustos 2026) Application and evaluation of reinforcement learning for two-dimensional trajectory tracking in snake-like robots. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi Advanced Online Publication
IEEE
[1]F. Mezgil ve M. C. Bingöl, “Application and evaluation of reinforcement learning for two-dimensional trajectory tracking in snake-like robots”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, sy Advanced Online Publication, Ağu. 2026, doi: 10.65206/pajes.1922237.
ISNAD
Mezgil, Furkan - Bingöl, Mustafa Can. “Application and evaluation of reinforcement learning for two-dimensional trajectory tracking in snake-like robots”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. Advanced Online Publication (01 Ağustos 2026). https://doi.org/10.65206/pajes.1922237.
JAMA
1.Mezgil F, Bingöl MC. Application and evaluation of reinforcement learning for two-dimensional trajectory tracking in snake-like robots. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026. doi:10.65206/pajes.1922237.
MLA
Mezgil, Furkan, ve Mustafa Can Bingöl. “Application and evaluation of reinforcement learning for two-dimensional trajectory tracking in snake-like robots”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, sy Advanced Online Publication, Ağustos 2026, doi:10.65206/pajes.1922237.
Vancouver
1.Furkan Mezgil, Mustafa Can Bingöl. Application and evaluation of reinforcement learning for two-dimensional trajectory tracking in snake-like robots. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 01 Ağustos 2026;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.65206/pajes.1922237