Kısa ve uzun dönem yaşlanmada filler olarak aktif karbon içeren asfalt karışımların performansı

Öz

Arka Plan—%0, 2, 4, 6 ve 8 oranlarında filler olarak aktif karbon içeren asfalt karışımları, Superpave hacimsel karışım tasarım yöntemi kullanılarak hazırlanmıştır. Hem yaşlanmamış hem de yaşlanmış asfalt karışımların mekanik performansı araştırılmıştır.

Amaç—Asfalt karışımların özellikleri, üstyapının hizmet ömrü süresince meydana gelen yaşlanma süreçlerinden olumsuz şekilde etkilenmektedir. Farklı katkı maddeleriyle modifiyeli asfalt karışımların özelliklerini inceleyen çalışmalar olmasına rağmen, bu katkı maddelerini içeren asfalt karışımların yaşlanma performansını inceleyen oldukça sınırlı sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bunun temel nedeni, çalışmaların genellikle asfalt karışımlarının dayanımına ve nem hassasiyetine odaklanması ve yaşlanma testlerinin zaman alıcı olmasıdır. Bu yüzden, mevcut çalışmada yaşlanma sonrası Hindistan cevizi kabuğundan üretilen aktif karbon içeren asfalt karışımların mekanik performansı incelenmiştir.

Yöntem—Aktif karbon üzerine kimyasal analiz testleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yaşlanmamış ve yaşlanmış asfalt karışımların performansını değerlendirmek için indirekt çekme testi uygulanmıştır. Aktif karbon içeren gevşek asfalt karışımlar, laboratuvar koşullarında yaşlanmaya maruz bırakılmıştır.

Bulgular—Kimyasal analiz sonuçlarına göre, kireçtaşı fillerle karşılaştırıldığında aktif karbon daha düzensiz, köşeli ve heterojen parçacık dağılımı göstermiştir. Değerlendirilen karışımlar arasında, en yüksek dayanım değerleri, aktif karbon kullanılmadan hazırlanan karışımlarla karşılaştırıldığında, filler olarak %6 aktif karbon içeren asfalt karışımlarında elde edilmiştir. Yaşlandırma sonrasında, aktif karbon içeren asfalt karışımlarının dayanımının, aktif karbon içermeyen karışımlara göre daha düşük olduğu bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma kapsamında değerlendirilen aktif karbon oranları arasında, dayanımdaki azalma açısından %4 aktif karbon oranının en kritik eşik olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Sonuç—Yaşlandırılmamış karışımlar arasında, filler olarak %6 aktif karbon içeren karışımlar en yüksek ITS değerini sergilemiştir. Fakat, yaşlanma koşullarında aktif karbon içeren asfalt karışımları, aktif karbon içermeyen karışımlara kıyasla genellikle daha düşük ITS değerleri göstermiştir. Yaşlanma sürecinde ITS değerinde meydana gelen azalma, muhtemelen asfaltın sertleşmesinden ve ıslak koşullarda asfalt ve agrega arasındaki adezyonun azalmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Genel olarak bulgular, aktif karbonun filler olarak kullanılmasının asfalt karışımlarının yaşlanma performansı ve nem hassasiyeti üzerinde önemli bir etkisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu çalışma, asfalt karışımlarının yaşlanma performansına yönelik gelecekteki araştırmalar için faydalı bir kaynak oluşturabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Aktif karbon
• İndirekt çekme dayanımı
• Uzun dönem yaşlanma
• Nem hassasiyeti
• Kısa dönem yaşlanma

Performance of asphalt mixtures containing activated carbon as filler on short-term and long-term aging

Öz

Context—Asphalt mixtures containing activated carbon as filler at ratios of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% were prepared using by Superpave volumetric mix design method. The mechanical performance of both unaged and aged asphalt mixtures was investigated.

Objective—Properties of asphalt mixtures are negatively influenced by aging processes that occur throughout pavement’s service life. Although there are studies examining properties of asphalt mixtures modified different additives, there are only a limited number of studies investigating aging performance of asphalt mixtures containing these additives. This is primarily because studies generally focus on the strength and moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures, and aging tests are time-consuming. Thus, present study of mechanical performance of asphalt mixtures incorporating activated carbon derived from coconut shells was examined after aging.

Method—Chemical analysis tests were conducted on activated carbon.  Indirect tensile test was employed to assess performance of unaged and aged asphalt mixtures. Lose asphalt mixtures containing activated carbon were subjected to aging in laboratory conditions.

Results—According to results of chemical analysis, activated carbon exhibited a more irregular, angular, and heterogeneous particle distribution compared to limestone filler. Among the evaluated mixtures, the highest strength values were achieved by asphalt mixtures incorporating 6% activated carbon as filler, compared with mixtures prepared without activated carbon. After aging, strength of asphalt mixtures incorporating activated carbon was found to be lower than mixtures without activated carbon. Among the activated carbon ratio evaluated within scope of this study, the 4% activated carbon ratio was identified as the most critical threshold in terms of strength reduction.

Conclusion—Among the unaged mixtures, mixtures incorporating 6% activated carbon as a filler exhibited the highest ITS value. However, aging conditions, asphalt mixtures containing activated carbon showed generally lower ITS values compared to mixtures without activated carbon. A decline in ITS during aging process is likely caused by asphalt hardening and diminished adhesion between asphalt and aggregate under wet conditions. Overall, findings indicate that incorporating activated carbon as filler has a significant effect on aging performance and moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures. This study may provide a useable foundation for future research on aging performance of asphalt mixtures.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Activated carbon
• Indirect tensile strength
• Long-term aging
• Moisture susceptibility
• Short-term aging

Kaynakça

1. J. Serafin, B. Dziejarski, “Activated carbons-preparation, characterization and their application and their application in CO2 capture: A review”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31, 40008-40062, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28023-9.
2. M. Gayathiri, T. Pulingam, K. T. Lee., K. Sudesh, “Activated carbon from biomass waste precursors: factors affecting production and adsorption mechanism”, Chemosphere, 294, 133764, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133764.
3. P. B. Ramos et al., “CO2 capture from porous carbons developed from olive pruning agro-industrial residue”, Energy & Fuels, 38(7), 2024, 6102-6115. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c04383.
4. S. Kundu, T. Khandaker, M. A. A. M. Anik, M. K. Hassan, P. K. Dhar, S. K. Dutta, M. A. Latif, M. S. Hossain, “A comprehensive review of enhanced CO2 capture using activated carbon derived from biomass feedstock”, RSC Advances, 14(40), 29693-29736, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA04537H.
5. N. M. Amer, P. Lahijani, M. Mohammadi, A. R. Mohamed, “Modification of biomass-derived biochar: A practical approach towards development of sustainable CO2 adsorbent”, Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 14(6), 7401-7448, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02905-3.
6. J. Fu, J. Zhang, C. Jin, Z. Wang, T. Wang, X. Cheng, C. Ma, “Effects of temperature, oxygen and steam on pore structure characteristics of coconut husk activated carbon powders prepared by one-step rapid pyrolysis activation process”, Bioresource Technology, 310, 123413, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123413.
7. J. M. Illingworth, B. Rand, P. T. Williams, “Understanding the mechanism of two-step, pyrolysis-alkali chemical activation of fibrous biomass for the production of activated carbon fibre matting”, Fuel Processing Technology, 235, 107348, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2022.107348.
8. K. Rasouli, J. Rasouli, M. S. Mohtaram, S. Sabbaghi, H. Kamyab, H. Moradi, S. Chelliapan, “Biomass-derived activated carbon nanocomposites for cleaner production: A review on aspects of photocatalytic pollutant degradation”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 419, 138181, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138181.

9. Z. Heidarinejad, M. H. Dehghani, M. Heidari, G. Javedan, I. Ali, M. Sillanpaa, “Methods for preparation and activation of activated carbon: A review”, Environmental Chemistry Letters, 18(2), 393-415, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-019-00955-0.
10. M. M. Yeganeh, T. Kaghazchi, M. Soleimani, “Effect of raw materials on properties of activated carbon”, Chemical Engineering & Technology, 29(10), 1247-1251, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200500298.
11. M. Kwiatkowski, E. Broniek, “An analysis of the porous structure of activated carbons obtained from hazelnut shells by various physical and chemical methods of activation”, Colloids and Surface A-Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 529, 443-453, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.06.028.
12. T. E. Oladimeji, B. O. Odunoye, F. B. Elehinafe, O. R. Obania, O. A. Odunlami, “Production of activated carbon from sawdust and its efficiency in the treatment of sewage water”, Heliyon, 7(1), e05960, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05960.
13. S. J. Allen, L. Whitten, G. Mckay, “The production and characterization of activated carbons: A review”, Developments in Chemical Engineering and Mineral Processing, 6(5), 231-261, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1002/apj.5500060501.
14. D. Chong, Y. Wang, H. Guo, Y. Lu, “Volatile organic compounds generated in asphalt pavement construction and their health effects on workers”, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 140(2), 04013051, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.19437862.0000801.
15. P. Cui, S. Wu, F. Li, Y. Xiao, H. Zhang, “Investigation on using SBS and active carbon filler to reduce the VOC emission from bituminous materials”, Materials, 7(9), 6130-6143, 2014. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7096130.
16. Y. Xiao, M. Wan, K. J. Jenkins, S. P. Wu, P. Q. Cui, “Using activated carbon to reduce the volatile organic compounds from bituminous materials”, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 29(10), 04017166, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002024.
17. D. Patıl, N. Hedaoo, “Assessing the rheological behavior of bio-asphalt binder with integrating biowaste-derived activated carbon”, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 20(2), 905-919, 2024. https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2024-0066.
18. T. L. Ting, R. P. Jaya, N. A. Hassan, H. Yaacob, D. S. Jayanti, M. A. M. Ariffin, “A review of chemical and physical properties of coconut shell in asphalt mixture”, Jurnal Teknologi, 78(4), 85-89, 2016. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v78.8002.
19. R. Buhari, N. F. Zabidi, M. E. Abdullah, S. K. A. Bakar, N. H. M. Kamarudin, “Rheological behaviour of coconut shell powder modified asphalt binder”, Jurnal Teknologi, 78(7-3), 15-20, 2016. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v78.9473.
20. S. Suchithra, S. Madhankumar, M. GowshicPrasanna, V. Nandhakumar, S. Jayashree, “Basic experimental studies on coconut shell charcoal ash in modified bitumen”, Materials Research Proceedings, 19, 123-132, 2021. https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644901618-16.
21. M. E. Abdullah, N. N. M. Rosni, R. P. Jaya, H. Yaacob, N. A. Hassan, A. Agussabti, “Effect of charcoal ash coconut shell from waste material at different size on the physical properties of bitumen”, Key Engineering Materials, 744, 121-125, 2017. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.744.121.
22. S. N. A. Jeffry, R. P. Jaya, N. A. Hassan, H. Yaacob, J. Mirza, S. H. Drahman, “Effects of nanocharcoal coconut-shell ash on the physical and rheological properties of bitumen”, Construction and Building Materials, 158, 1-10, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.019.
23. R. Mamat, M. R. Hainin, N. Abdul Hassan, S. Abdulrahman, S. N. N. Kamarudin, “Impact of coconut shell carbon and activated carbon on bitumen’s physical and rheological properties”, SSRN, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4925748.
24. R. P. Jaya, M. R. Hainin, K. A. Masri, Y. Duraisamy, E. Shaffie, “Performance of charcoal coconut shell ash in the asphalt mixture under long term aging”, International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 8(3S3), 383-387, 2019. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.C1010.1183S319.
25. N. Garg, T. Chopra, A. K. Chandrappa, “Experimental studies on bio-bitumen produced using charcoal from coconut shell waste”, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference of Transportation Research Group of India (CTRG 2019), Bhopal, India, 18-21 December 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9921-4_1.
26. S. N. A. Jeffry, R. P. Jaya, N. A. Hassan, H. Yaacob, M. K. I. M. Satar, “Mechanical performance of asphalt mixture containing nano-charcoal coconut shell ash”, Construction and Building Materials, 173, 40-48, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.024.
27. S. N. A. Jeffry, R. P. Jaya, N. Manap, N. A. Miron, N. A. Hassan, “The influence of coconut shell as coarse aggregates in asphalt mixture”, Key Engineering Materials, 700, 227-237, 2016. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.700.227.
28. P. J. Ramadhansyah, M. Nurfatin Aqeela, J. Siti Nur Amiera, M. Norhafizah, A. H. Norhidayah, S. J. Dewi, “Use of coconut shell from agriculture waste as fine aggregate in asphaltic concrete”, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 11(12), 7457-7462, 2016.
29. S. Alkheder, M. Alkhedher, K. A. Alshraiedeh, “The effect of using activated dates seed on hot mix asphalt performance”, Construction and Building Materials, 269, 121239, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121239.
30. J. Wickramasinghe, C. Hettiarachchi, W. Mampearachchi, “Investigation of activated carbon-modified bitumen using coconut charcoal”, Proceedings of the 2025 Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon), Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2025, 14-15 August 2025, 728-733. https://doi.org/10.1109/MERCon67903.2025.11217048.
31. J. Choudhary, B. Kumar, A. Gupta, “Analysing the influence of industrial waste fillers on the ageing susceptibility of asphalt concrete”, International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 23(11), 3906-3919, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2021.1927027.
32. Q. Guo, L. Zhang, L. Li, Z. Liu, S. Zheng, S. Li, “Application of solid waste in asphalt and asphalt mixtures from 2000 to 2024: A review”, International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-025-00695-1.
33. L. A. Ortega Ruiz, “Performance improvements of hot mix asphalt concrete using carbon-based filler”, M.S. thesis, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 2023.
34. S. Taheri, H. Ziad, “Analysis and comparison of moisture sensitivity and mechanical strength of asphalt mixtures containing additives and carbon reinforcement”, Journal of Civil Engineering and Materials Application, 5(1), 1-8, 2021. https://doi.org/10.22034/jcema.2021.128042.
35. X. -J. Li, Y. Li, J. Li, Y. Shen, C. Zhang, J. Wei, “Effect of laboratory long-term oven aging on the stiffness of asphalt mixtures”, Construction and Building Materials, 258, 120252, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120252.
36. O. Sirin, D. K. Paul, E. Kassem, M. Ohiduzzaman, “Evaluation of short-term aging protocol for asphalt mixtures”, Applied Sciences, 9(14), 2783, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9142783.
37. Standard Practice for Mixture Conditioning of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA), AASHTO R 30, Washington, D. C., 2002.
38. O. Sirin, D. K. Paul, E. Kassem, “State of the art study on aging of asphalt mixtures and use of antioxidant additives”, Advances in Civil Engineering, 2018, 3428961, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3428961.
39. B. Xing, Y. Du, C. Fang, H. Sun, Y. Lyu, W. Fan, “Particle morphology of mineral filler and its effects on the asphalt binder-filler interfacial interaction”, Construction and Building Materials, 321, 126292, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126292.
40. F. Li, Y. Yang, L. Wang, “The interfacial interaction between asphalt binder and mineral filler: a comprehensive review on mechanisms, evaluation methods and influence factors”, International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 23(12), 4291-4305, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2021.1942468.
41. X. Hu, K. Dai, P. Pan, “Investigation of engineering properties and filtration characteristics of porous asphalt concrete containing activated carbon”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 209, 1484-1493, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.115.
42. C. Dimulescu, A. Burlacu, “Industrial waste materials as alternative fillers in asphalt mixtures”, Sustainability, 13(14), 8068, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13148068.
43. W. Wu, W. Jiang, D. Yuan, R. Lu, J. Shan, J. Xiao, A. W. Ogbon, “A review of asphalt-filler interaction: mechanisms, evaluation methods, and influencing factors”, Construction and Building Materials, 299, 124279, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124279.