Düşük etkili kentleşme uygulaması: Biyotutmanın hidrolojik performansının deneysel modellerle araştırılması

Öz

Su kaynaklarının ekonomik, sosyal ve çevresel açıdan en verimli şekilde kullanılması, canlı hayatın sürdürülebilmesi için kaçınılmazdır. Özellikle kentleşme ile birlikte betonlaşma ve buna paralel olarak topraktaki geçirimsiz yüzey artmakta, toprakta meydana gelen sızma azalmakta ve yağış sonucu yüzeyde toplanan fazla su hızlı bir şekilde akışa geçerek taşkına neden olmaktadır. Kentleşme ile beraber toprağa sızamayan su, doğal arıtım olan topraktan mahrum kalmakta ve yüzeyde biriken kirliliği doğrudan su kaynaklarına taşımaktadır. Bu durum su kalitesini olumsuz yönde etkilemekte ve su kirliliğine neden olmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, çevresel sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanması, su kaynaklarının korunması ve kentleşmenin çevre ve su kaynakları üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerinin azaltılması için yeni hidrolojik yöntemlere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında, kentleşme sonucu arazi kullanımında meydana gelen değişimler ile artan yüzeysel akış ve su kirliliğini önlemek için Düşük Etkili Kentleşme (DEK) tipi En İyi Yönetim Uygulamaları (EİYU) incelenmiştir. Yüksek yüzeysel akış ve yayılı kirlilik kaynaklarının olumsuz etkilerini azaltmak için kullanılan bir yağmur suyu yönetimi uygulaması ve DEK çeşidi olan “biyotutma” araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla kurulmuş olan bir deney düzeneği ile biyotutmanın hidrolojik verimliliği ve performansı gözlemlenmiştir. Yapılan deney sonuçları değerlendirilerek biyotutmanın pik debinin azalması üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Biyotutma kolonlarında kullanılan malzemelerin mekanik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde malzeme tipi ve özelliklerinin biyotutma kolonlarında suyun tutulmasında etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Kum içeriğinin fazla olması ile kolonlardaki çıkış debisinin arttığı ve ince taneli malzemelerin artması ile azaldığı gözlemlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• En iyi yönetim uygulamaları,Düşük etkili kentleşme,Biyotutma,Taşkın

Low impact development implementation: Investigation on the hydrologic performance of bioretention via experimental models

Abstract

Efficient use of water is vital for economic, social and environmental sustainability of water resources. Especially, urbanization and thus high imperviousness results in a decrease in infiltration and percolation. Consequently, surface runoff generated over the surface increases tremendously and results in floods. Surface runoff also washes off the pollutants that are built up on the surface during dry days which results in poor water quality. Therefore, new methods in hydrology are necessary for environmental sustainability, protection of water resources, and mitigation of impacts of urbanization on environment and water resources. In this study, Low Impact Development (LID) Best Management Practices (BMP) are investigated in order to prevent high surface runoff and water pollution due to land use change caused by urbanization. Bioretention, which is a LID type of storm water management practice, is investigated to mitigate impacts of high surface runoff and nonpoint source pollution. For this purpose, an experimental set-up is developed to observe the hydrologic efficiency and performance of bioretention. Performance of bioretention on peak flow decrease is observed by evaluating experimental results. The mechanical properties of materials used in bioretention columns are investigated. It is observed that the material type and properties are effective in retaining water in bioretention. As the sand content increases, the outflow at the exit of the column also increases and if the fine grained material increases, the outflow at the exit of the column decreases.

Keywords

• Best management practices,Low impact development,Bioretention,Flood

Kaynakça

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