TMA karışımlarında cam ve polipropilen elyaf kullanımının değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Ağır taşıt yükleri ile ısıl şartlar altında yol üst yapısının en önemli bozulması olarak kabul edilen ve tekerlek izi nedeniyle meydana gelen ondülasyon problemiyle mücadele etmek için genellikle taş mastik asfalt (SMA) kullanımı tercih edilmektedir. Kaplama ömrünü arttırmak amacıyla bu tip karışımlar yüksek seviyede agrega etkileşimi ve kilitlenme etkisi ile yüksek bitüm oranı içermektedir. Uygulama sırasında çoğunlukla, polimer modifiye bitüm veya bitüm modifikasyonu uygulanmış selülozik elyaf katkıları tercih edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, iki aşama gerektiren bitüm modifikasyonunun aksine cam ve polipropilen tipi elyaflar direkt kuru karışıma eklenerek karışım modifikasyonunun kullanılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. “Superpave” tasarım yöntemine göre yoğurmalı sıkıştırıcı kullanılarak toplam 169 numune hazırlanmıştır. Bu numunelerin 120 adedine kuru agrega ağırlığının %0.1’i ile %0.8’i arasında elyaf eklenmiştir. %0.6 ile %0.8 arasında değişen cam ve polipropilen elyaf katkılı deney sonuçlarına göre; süzülme direnci, esneklik modülü ve su hassasiyeti içeren dolaylı çekme dayanımı değerleri iyileştirilmiştir. Ancak, hesaplanan birim şekil değiştirme sonuçları statik ve dinamik tek eksenli testler açısından tatmin edici sünme değerlerinin elde edilemediğini göstermektedir. Daha yüksek deplasmanlar gerçekleşmesine rağmen, sünek davranış nedeniyle yansıma çatlakları ortadan kaldırılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Taş mastik asfalt (TMA)
• Cam fiber
• Polipropilen fiber
• Esneklik modülü
• Bitüm süzülme
• Kalıcı deformasyon

An evaluation of the usability of glass and polypropylene fibers in SMA mixtures

Abstract

The use of stone mastic asphalt (SMA) is generally preferred to combat the undulation problem of roads due to wheel rutting, which is considered to be the most serious deterioration of road superstructure under heavy vehicle loads and thermal conditions. This type of mixture has a high level of aggregate interaction and interlocking effect with a high bitumen ratio in order to increase the lifetime of pavements. Commonly, polymer modified bitumen or cellulosic fiber additives involving a bitumen modification process is favored during the application. In this study, the usability of mixture modification was investigated by adding glass and polypropylene fibers directly into the dry mixture, unlike bitumen modification process that is requiring two mixing stages. In total, 169 specimens were prepared using a gyratory compactor according to the superpave design method. Of these specimens, 120 were fiber added samples with a ratio from 0.1% to 0.8% by dry weight aggregate. The draindown resistance, resilient modulus and water susceptibility including indirect tensile strength values, were improved by the addition of glass and polypropylene fibers according to experimental results within a range of 0.6% to 0.8% generally. However, calculated strain results show that satisfactory creep values could not be obtained in terms of static and dynamic uniaxial tests. Despite the fact that higher displacement occurred, reflecting cracks were eliminated owing to ductile behavior.

Keywords

• Stone mastic asphalt (SMA)
• Glass fiber
• Polypropylene fiber
• Resilient modulus
• Bitumen draindown
• Permanent deformation

Kaynakça

1. [1] General Directorate of Highways of Turkey. “Technical Specification of Highways”. Ankara, Turkey, 2013.
2. [2] Brown ER, Haddock JE, Mallick RB, Lynn TA. “Development of a mixture design procedure for stone matrix asphalt (SMA)”. National Center for Asphalt Technology, Auburn, USA, Scientific Report, NCAT97-03, 1997.
3. [3] Blazejowski K. Stone Matrix Asphalt: Theory and Practice. 1st ed. Boca Raton, USA, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.
4. [4] Nejad FM, Aflaki E, Mohammadi MA. “Fatigue behavior of SMA and HMA mixtures”. Construction and Building Materials, 24(7), 1158-1165, 2010.
5. [5] Ozen H, Aksoy A, Tayfur S, Celik F. “Laboratory performance comparison of the elastomer-modified asphalt mixtures”. Building and Environment, 43(7), 1270-1277, 2008.
6. [6] National Asphalt Pavement Association. “Designing and constructing SMA mixtures: State-of-the-practice”. Maryland, USA, Scientific Report, Quality Improvement Series 122, 2002.
7. [7] Behbahani H, Nowbakht S, Fazaeli H, Rahmani J. “Effect of fiber type and content on the rutting performance of stone mastic asphalt”. Journal of Applied Sciences, 9(10), 1980-1984, 2009.
8. [8] Wu S, Ye Q, Li N. “Investigation of rheological and fatigue properties of asphalt mixtures containing polyester fibers”. Construction and Building Materials, 22(10), 2111-2115, 2008.

9. [9] Lee SJ, Rust JP, Hamouda H, Kim YR, Borden RH. “Fatigue cracking resistance of fiber-reinforced asphalt concrete”. Textile Research Journal, 75(2), 123-128, 2005.
10. [10] Huang H, White TD. “Dynamic properties of fibre-modified overlay mixture”. Transportation Research Record, 1545(1), 98-104, 1996.
11. [11] Mahrez A, Karim MR, Katman HY. “Fatigue and deformation properties of glass fiber reinforced bituminous mixes”. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 6, 997-1007, 2005.
12. [12] Fakhri M, Hosseini SS. “Laboratory evaluation of rutting and moisture damage resistance of glass fiber modified warm mix asphalt incorporating high RAP proportion”. Construction and Building Materials, 134, 626-640, 2017.
13. [13] Abtahi SM, Esfandiarpour S, Kunt M, Hejazi SM, Ebrahimi MG. “Hybrid reinforcement of asphalt-concrete mixtures using glass and polypropylene fibers”. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics, 8(2), 25-35, 2013.
14. [14] Mahrez A, Karim MR. “Fatigue characteristics of stone mastic asphalt mix reinforced with fiber glass”. International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 5(12), 1840-1847, 2010.
15. [15] Mahrez A, Karim MR, Katman HY. “Prospect of using glass fiber reinforced bituminous mixes”. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 5, 794-807, 2003.
16. [16] Hejazi SM, Abtahi SM, Sheikhzadeh M, Semnani D. “Introducing two simple models for predicting fiber-reinforced asphalt concrete behavior during longitudinal loads”. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 109(5), 2872-2881, 2008.
17. [17] Najd A, Chao Z, Ying G. “Experiments of fracture behavior of glass fiber reinforced asphalt concrete”. Journal of Chang'an University (Natural Science Edition), 25(3), 28-32, 2005.
18. [18] Singha K. “A short of review on basalt fiber”. International Journal of Textile Science, 1, 19-28, 2012.
19. [19] Liu ZH, Chen CY, Qin RJ, Zou XT. “Research to performance of basalt fibre strengthen SBS modified asphalt mixture”. Advanced Materials Research, 446-449, 191-195, 2012.
20. [20] Zheng Y, Cai Y, Zhang G, Fang H. “Fatigue property of basalt fiber-modified asphalt mixture under complicated environment”. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Materials Science Edition, 29(5), 996-1004, 2014.
21. [21] Wang D, Wang L, Gu X, Zhou G. “Effect of basalt fiber on the asphalt binder and mastic at low temperature”. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 25(3), 355-364, 2013.
22. [22] Zhang X, Gu X, Lv J, Zhu Z, Zou X. “Numerical analysis of the rheological behaviors of basalt fiber reinforced asphalt mortar using ABAQUS”. Construction and Building Materials, 157, 392-401, 2017.
23. [23] Zhang X, Gu X, Lv J, Zou X. “3D numerical model to investigate the rheological properties of basalt fiber reinforced asphalt-like materials”. Construction and Building Materials, 138, 185-194, 2017.
24. [24] Qin X, Shen A, Guo Y, Li Z, Lv Z. “Characterization of asphalt mastics reinforced with basalt fibers”. Construction and Building Materials, 159, 508-516, 2018.
25. [25] Song PS, Hwang S, Sheu BC. “Strength properties of nylon- and polypropylene-fiber-reinforced concretes”. Cement and Concrete Research, 35(8), 1546-1550, 2005.
26. [26] Yao W, Li J, Wu K. “Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete at low fiber volume fraction”. Cement and Concrete Research, 33(1), 27-30, 2003.
27. [27] Information and Technology Educators of Minnesota. “Standard Specification for Asphalt Concrete-High Stress Using Polypropylene Fibers”. Roseville, USA, ITEM 400HS, 1998.
28. [28] Labib M, Maher A. “Recycled Plastic Fibers for Asphalt Mixtures”. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, USA, Scientific Report, 2000-04, 1999.
29. [29] Rajyaguru D, Kumar R, Mishra CB. “Contribution of polypropylene fibers in modification of vg30 bituminous mix”. International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology, 5(4), 877-882, 2016.
30. [30] Nekhoroshev VP, Nekhorosheva AV, Popov EA, Gossen LP. “Influence of the products of chemical modification of atactic polypropylene on properties of bitumen binders”. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 74(8), 1368-1373, 2001.
31. [31] Ai AH, Yi-Qiu T. “Long-term aging of polypropylene asphalt paving mixtures”. 26th Southern African Transport Conference, Pretoria, South Africa, 9-12 July 2007.
32. [32] Sadeque M, Patil KA. “Rheological properties of recycled low density polyethylene and polypropylene modified bitumen”. International Journal of Advanced Technology in Civil Engineering, 2(2), 24-26, 2013.
33. [33] Ahmad M, Ayob M. “Improvement of road pavement infrastructure by using polyethylene terephthalate & polypropylene”. International Journal of Advances in Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 2(3), 126-134, 2015.
34. [34] Moubark S, Khodary F, Othman A. “Evaluation of mechanical properties for polypropylene modified asphalt concrete mixtures”. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management. 5(12), 7797-7801, 2017.
35. [35] Turkish Standards Institute. “Tests for Mechanical and Physical Properties of Aggregates - Part 2: Methods for the Determination of Resistance to Fragmentation”. Ankara, Turkey, TS EN 1097-2, 2015.
36. [36] American Society for Testing Materials. “Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate By Abrasion And Impact In The Los Angeles Machine”. West Conshohocken, USA, ASTM C131/C131M-14, 2014.
37. [37] Turkish Standards Institute. “Tests for Thermal and Weathering Properties of Aggregates-Part 2: Magnesium Sulfate Test”. Ankara, Turkey, TS EN 1367-2, 2010.
38. [38] American Society for Testing Materials. “Standard Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate”. ASTM C88/C88M-18, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2018.
39. [39] Turkish Standards Institute. “Tests for geometrical Properties of Aggregates-Part 3: Determination of Particle Shape-Flakiness Index”. Ankara, Turkey, TS EN 933-3, 2012.
40. [40] Turkish Standards Institute. “Tests for Mechanical and Physical Properties of Aggregates-Part 8: Determination of the Polished Stone Value”. Ankara, Turkey, TS EN 1097-8, 2010.
41. [41] Tayebali AA, Kusam A, Bacchi C. “An innovative method for interpretation of asphalt boil test”. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 46(4), 1622-1635, 2018.
42. [42] Turkish Standards Institute. “Tests for Mechanical and Physical Properties of Aggregates-Part 6: Determination of Particle Density and Water Absorption”. Ankara, Turkey, TS EN 1097-6, 2013.
43. [43] American Society for Testing Materials. “Standard Test Method for Relative Density (specific gravity) and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate”. West Conshohocken, USA, ASTM C127-15, 2015.
44. [44] American Society for Testing Materials. “Standard Test Method for Relative Density (specific gravity) and Absorption of Fine Aggregate”. West Conshohocken, USA, ASTM C128-15, 2015.
45. [45] Turkish Standards Institute. “Tests for Mechanical and Physical Properties of Aggregates- Part 7: Determination of the Particle Density of Filler-Pyknometer Method”. Ankara, Turkey, TS EN 1097-7, 2009.
46. [46] Turkish Standards Institute. “Bitumen and Bituminous Binders-Determination of Needle Penetration”. Ankara, Turkey, TS EN 1426, 2015.
47. [47] American Society for Testing Materials. “Standard Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous materials”. West Conshohocken, USA, ASTM D5/D5M-13, 2013.
48. [48] Turkish Standards Institute. “Bitumen and Bituminous Binders-Determination of the Softening Point-Ring and Ball Method”. Ankara, Turkey, TS EN 1427, 2015.
49. [49] American Society for Testing Materials. “Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (ring-and-ball apparatus)”. West Conshohocken, USA, ASTM D36/D36M-14e1, 2014.
50. [50] Turkish Standards Institute. “Petroleum and Related Products-Determination of Flash and Fire Points-Cleveland Open Cup Method”. Ankara, Turkey, TS EN ISO, 2592, 2017.
51. [51] American Society for Testing Materials. “Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester”. West Conshohocken, USA, ASTM D92-18, 2018.
52. [52] Turkish Standards Institute. “Bitumen and Bituminous Binders-Measurement of Density and Specific Gravity-Capillary-Stoppered Pyknometer Method”. Ankara, Turkey, TS EN 15326+A1, 2010.
53. [53] American Society for Testing Materials. “Standard Test Method for Density of Semi-Solid Asphalt Binder (pycnometer method)”. West Conshohocken, USA, ASTM D70-18, 2018.
54. [54] Turkish Standards Institute. “Bitumen and Bituminous Binders-Determination of the Resistance to Hardening Under Influence of Heat and Air - Part 2: TFOT method”. Ankara, Turkey, TS EN 12607-2, 2015.
55. [55] American Society for Testing Materials, “Standard Test Method for Loss on Heating of oil and Asphaltic Compounds”. West Conshohocken, USA, ASTM D6/D6M-95, 2018.
56. [56] American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials “Standard Method of Test for Bulk Specific Gravity (Gmb) of Compacted Hot mix Asphalt (Hma) Using Saturated Surface-Dry Specimens”. Washington, USA, AASHTO T166, 2016.
57. [57] American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. “Standard method of test for theoretical maximum specific gravity (Gmm) and density of hot mix asphalt (Hma)”. Washington, USA, AASHTO T209, 2012.
58. [58] National Asphalt Pavement Association. “HMA Pavement Mix Type Selection Guide”. Maryland, USA, Scientific Report, Information Series 128, 2001.
59. [59] Abtahi SM, Sheikhzadeh M, Hejazi SM. “Fiber-Reinforced asphalt-concrete-a review”. Construction and Building Materials, 24(6), 871-877, 2010.
60. [60] Morova N. “Investigation of usability of basalt fibers in hot mix asphalt concrete”. Construction and Building Materials, 47, 175-180, 2013.
61. [61] Turkish Standards Institute. “Bituminous Mixtures-Test Methods-Part 18: Binder drainage”. Ankara, Turkey, TS EN 12697-18, 2018.
62. [62] American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. “Standard Method of Test for Determination of Draindown Characteristics in Uncompacted Asphalt Mixtures”. Washington, USA, AASHTO T305, 2014.
63. [63] Turkish Standards Institute. “Bituminous Mixtures-Test Methods for Hot Mix Asphalt-Part 26: Stiffness”. Ankara, Turkey, TS EN 12697-26, 2012.
64. [64] Brown ER, Kandhal PS, Zhang J. “Performance Testing for Hot Mix Asphalt”. National Center for Asphalt Technology, Auburn, USA, Scientific Report, NCAT 01-05, 2001.
65. [65] Witczak MW, Kaloush K, Pellinen T, El-Basyouny M, Von Quintus H. “Simple Performance Test for Superpave Mix Design”. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Washington, USA, NCHRP 465, 2002.
66. [66] Zhou F, Scullion T, Sun L. “Verification and modeling of three-stage permanent deformation behavior of asphalt mixes”. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 130(4), 486-494, 2004.
67. [67] Ahmedzade P, Yilmaz M. “Effect of polyester resin additive on the properties of asphalt binders and mixtures”. Construction and Building Materials, 22(4), 481-486, 2008.
68. [68] Shen DH, Wu CM, Du JC. “Performance evaluation of porous asphalt with granulated synthetic lightweight aggregate”. Construction and Building Materials, 22(5), 902-910, 2008.
69. [69] American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. “Standard Method of Test for Resistance of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures to Moisture-Induced Damage”. Washington, USA, AASHTO T283, 2014.
70. [70] Gao C, Wu W. “Using ESEM to analyze the microscopic property of basalt fiber reinforced asphalt concrete”. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 11(4), 374-380, 2018.
71. [71] Fernandes MRS, Forte MMC, Leite LFM. “Rheological evaluation of polymer-modified asphalt binders”. Materials Research, 11(3), 381-386, 2008.