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ARSENIC CONTAMINATION IN DRINKING WATER: AN ASSESSMENT FOR TURKEY

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 69 - 79, 01.01.2009

Öz

Arsenic is one of the most abundant elements in the earth's crust and classified as a non-metal or a metalloid. Arsenic is toxic and carcinogen and in the environment occurs from both natural and anthropogenic sources. In the aqueous environment inorganic arsenic appears commonly in forms of arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)). pH, redox potential, and the presence of complexing ions such as ions of sulfur, iron, and calcium determine the arsenic valence and speciation. Because of the naturally occurring arsenic contamination in groundwater in many parts of the world many people have faced with risk of arsenic poisoning. In Turkey especially in the west regions, natural water sources contained much higher levels of arsenic than maximum contaminated level (MCL) set (10 ?g/L) were determined. In this study, arsenic problem and its reasons in Turkey were investigated. For this purpose, arsenic analyses were carried out and higher levels of arsenic than MCL was detected in some regions of Izmir. High levels of arsenic in these natural waters were considered to be associated with the dissolution of some minerals and rock formation.

Kaynakça

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  • An, B., Steinwinder, T.R., Zhao, D. 2005. Selective removal of arsenate from drinking water using a polymeric ligand exchanger. Wat. Res. 39, 49935004.
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  • Chakraborti, D, Mukherjee, S.C, Pati, S, Sengupta, M.K, Rahman, M.M, Chowdhury, U.K, Lodh, D, Chanda, C.R, Chakraborti, A.K, Basu, G.K. 2003. Arsenic groundwater contamination in middle Ganga Plain, Bihar, India: A Future Danger? Env. Health Pers. 111, 1194-1201.
  • Chen, Y.,Yao, J., Wang, F., Zhou, Y., Chen, H., Gai, N., Chen, H., Chen, K., Maskow, T., Ceccanti, B., Trebse, P., Zaray, G. 2008. Toxic Effect of inorganic arsenite [As(III)] on metabolic Activity of Bacillus subtilis by Combined Methods. Curr. Microbiol. 57, 258-263.
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  • Çamtepe, Y. 2006. Kolonkaya kuyusunda arsenik. Akşam Gazetesi. Uşak.
  • Çolak, M., Gemici, Ü., Tarcan, G. 2003. The effects of colemanite deposits on the arsenic concentrations of soil and groundwater in Igdeköy-Emet, Kütahya, Turkey. 149, 127-143.
  • Çöl, M., Çöl, C. 2004. Arsenic concentrations in the surface, well, and drinking waters of the Hisarcık, Turkey Area. 10, 461-465.
  • Deschamps, E., Ciminelli, V.S.T., Höll, W.H. 2005. Removal of As(III) and As(V) from water using a natural fe and Mn enriched sample. Wat. Res. 39, 5212-5220.
  • Doğan, M., Doğan, A.U. 2007. Arsenic mineralization, source, distribution, and abundance in the Kutahya Region of the Western Anatolia, Turkey. Env. Geochem. Health. 29, 119-129.
  • Doğan, M., Doğan, A.U., Celebi, C., Baris, Y.I. 2005. Geogenic arsenic and survey of skin lesions in the Emet Region of Kutahya, Turkey. Indoor Built Env. 14(6), 533-536.
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İÇME SULARINDA ARSENİK KİRLİLİĞİ : ÜLKEMİZ AÇISINDAN BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 69 - 79, 01.01.2009

Öz

Metal ile ametal arasında bir özelliğe sahip olan arsenik yerkabuğunda en çok bulunan elementlerden biridir. Doğada hem doğal hem antropojenik kaynaklı olarak bulunabilen arsenik toksik ve kanserojen bir maddedir. Suda en çok bulunan inorganik arsenik türleri arsenit (As(III)) ve arsenattır (As(V)). Arseniğin türünü ve dağılımını suyun pH'ı, redoks potansiyeli ve sülfür, demir ve kalsiyum gibi kompleks iyonların varlığı belirler. Dünyada birçok bölgede doğal olarak oluşan yeraltı suyu arsenik kirliliği nedeniyle çok sayıda kişi arsenik zehirlenmesi riski ile karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Türkiye'de de özellikle batı bölgelerde, içme sularında arsenik için belirlenen maksimum kirletici seviyesi olan 10 ?g/L'den daha yüksek miktarda arsenik konsantrasyonlarına rastlanmıştır. Bu çalışma kapsamında ülkemizde arsenik sorununun boyutları ve nedenleri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla İzmir'e bağlı bazı ilçelerde yapılan analizler sonucunda standartların üzerinde arsenik bulunmuştur. Kuyu sularında doğal olarak oluşan arsenik kirliliği suyun bulunduğu derinlikteki kaya türü, mineral ve cevher yapıdan kaynaklanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abernathy, C. 2001. United Nations synthesis report on arsenic in drinking water, chapter 3: exposure and health effects. World Health Organization, Genova.
  • Ahamed, S., Sengupta, M.K., Mukherjee, A., Hossain, M.A., Das, B., Nayak, B., Pal, A., Mukherjee, S.C., Pati, S., Dutta, R.N., Chatterjee, G., Mukherjee, A., Srivastava, R., Chakraborti, D. 2006. Arsenic groundwater contamination and its health effects in the state of Uttar Pradesh (UP) in Upper and Middle Ganga Plain, India: A Severe Danger. Sci.Total Env. 1-13.
  • Ali, M., Tarafdar, S.A. 2003. Arsenic in drinking water and in scalp hair by EDXRF: A Major recent health hazard in bangladesh. J. Radio. Nuc. Chem. 256, 297-305.
  • An, B., Steinwinder, T.R., Zhao, D. 2005. Selective removal of arsenate from drinking water using a polymeric ligand exchanger. Wat. Res. 39, 49935004.
  • Bhattacharyya, R., Chatterjee, D., Nath, B., Jana, J., Jacks, G., Vahter, M. 2003. High arsenic groundwater: mobilization, metabolism and migitation–an overview in the bengal delta plain. molecular and cellular biochem. 253, 347-355.
  • Bissen, M., Frimmel, F.H. 2003. Arsenic–A review Part I: occurrence, toxicity, speciation, mobility. Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 1, 9-18. Brandhuber, P., Amy, G. 1998. Alternative methods for membrane filtration of arsenic from drinking water. Desalination. 117, 1-10. Brookins, D.G. 1988. Eh-pH diagrams for geochemistry. Springer-Verlag. Berlin.
  • Caceres, D.D., Pino, P., Montesinos, N., Atalah, E., Amigo, H., Loomis, D. 2005. Exposure to ınorganic arsenic in drinking water and total urinary arsenic concentration in a Chilean Population. Env. Res. 98, 151-159.
  • Chakraborti, D, Mukherjee, S.C, Pati, S, Sengupta, M.K, Rahman, M.M, Chowdhury, U.K, Lodh, D, Chanda, C.R, Chakraborti, A.K, Basu, G.K. 2003. Arsenic groundwater contamination in middle Ganga Plain, Bihar, India: A Future Danger? Env. Health Pers. 111, 1194-1201.
  • Chen, Y.,Yao, J., Wang, F., Zhou, Y., Chen, H., Gai, N., Chen, H., Chen, K., Maskow, T., Ceccanti, B., Trebse, P., Zaray, G. 2008. Toxic Effect of inorganic arsenite [As(III)] on metabolic Activity of Bacillus subtilis by Combined Methods. Curr. Microbiol. 57, 258-263.
  • Chou, H.S.J., Rosa, C.T.D. 2003. Case studiesarsenic. J. Hyg. Env. Health. 206, 381-386.
  • Çamtepe, Y. 2006. Kolonkaya kuyusunda arsenik. Akşam Gazetesi. Uşak.
  • Çolak, M., Gemici, Ü., Tarcan, G. 2003. The effects of colemanite deposits on the arsenic concentrations of soil and groundwater in Igdeköy-Emet, Kütahya, Turkey. 149, 127-143.
  • Çöl, M., Çöl, C. 2004. Arsenic concentrations in the surface, well, and drinking waters of the Hisarcık, Turkey Area. 10, 461-465.
  • Deschamps, E., Ciminelli, V.S.T., Höll, W.H. 2005. Removal of As(III) and As(V) from water using a natural fe and Mn enriched sample. Wat. Res. 39, 5212-5220.
  • Doğan, M., Doğan, A.U. 2007. Arsenic mineralization, source, distribution, and abundance in the Kutahya Region of the Western Anatolia, Turkey. Env. Geochem. Health. 29, 119-129.
  • Doğan, M., Doğan, A.U., Celebi, C., Baris, Y.I. 2005. Geogenic arsenic and survey of skin lesions in the Emet Region of Kutahya, Turkey. Indoor Built Env. 14(6), 533-536.
  • Dousova, B., Machovic, V., Kolousek, D., Kovanda, F., Dornicak, V. 2003. Sorption of As(V) Species fromaqueous systems. water, air, and Soil Poll. 149, 251-267.
  • Duker, A.A., Carranza, E.J.M., Hale, M. 2005. Arsenic geochemistry and health. Env. Int. 31, 631641.
  • Ehrenstein, O.S., Mazumder, D.N.G., Yuan, Y., Samanta, S., Balmes, J., Sil, A., Ghosh, N., HiraSmith, M., Haque, R., Purushothamam, R., Lahiri, S., Das, S., Smith, A.H. 2005. Decrements in lung function related to arsenic in drinking water in West Bengal, India. Am. J. Epidem. 162, 533-541.
  • Erdol, S., Ceylan, S. 1997. Bursa yöresinde içme ve kullanma sularında arsenikle kirlenmenin araştırılması. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veterinerlik Fakültesi Dergisi. 16, 119–127.
  • Farias, S.S., Casa, V.A., Vazquez, C., Ferpozzi, L., Pucci, G.N., Cohen, I.M. 2003. Natural contamination with arsenic and other trace elements in groundwaters of Argentina Pampean Plain. Sci. Tot. Env. 309, 187-199.
  • Fujimoto, M. 2001. The Removal of arsenic from drinking water by carbon adsorption. Master of Science Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University.
  • Gemici, Ü., Tarcan, G., Helvacı, C., Somay, A.M. 2008. High arsenic and boron concentrations in groundwaters related to mining activity in the Bigadiç Borate Deposits (Western Turkey). App. Geochemistry. 23, 2462-2476.
  • Gholami, M.M., Mokhtari, M.A., Aameri, A., Fard, M.R.A. 2006. Application of reverse osmosis technology for arsenic removal from drinking Water. Desalination. 200, 725-727.
  • Gregor, J. 2001. Arsenic removal during conventional aluminium-based drinking water Treatment. Wat. Res. 35, 1659-1664.
  • Han, B., Runnells, T., Zimbron, J., Wickramasinghe, R. 2002. Arsenic removal from drinking water by flocculation and microfiltration. Desalination. 145, 293-298.
  • Harvey, C.F., Ashfaque, K.N., Yu, W., Badruzzaman, A.B.M., Ali, M.A., Oates, P.M., Michael, H.A., Neumann, R.B., Beckie, R., Islam, S., Ahmed, M.F. 2006. Groundwater dynamics and arsenic contamination in Bangladesh. Chem. Geo. 228, 112-136.
  • Hering, J.G., Chen, P.Y., Wilkie, J.A., Elimelech, M. 1997. Arsenic removal from drinking water during coagulation. J. Env.Eng. 123 (8), 800-807.
  • Jain, A., Raven, K.P., Loeppert, R.H. 1999. Arsenite and arsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite: surface charge reduction and net oh-release stoichiometry. Env. Sci. & Tech. 33 (8), 1179-1184.
  • Jay, J.A., Blute, N.K., Hemond, H.F., Durant, J.L. 2004. Arsenic-sulfides confound anion exchange resin speciation of aqueous aarsenic. Wat. Res. 38, 1155-1158.
  • Johnston, R., Heijnen, H., Wurzel, P. 2001. United Nations synthesis report on arsenic in drinking water, chapter 6: safe water technology. World Health Organization, Genova.
  • Kang, M., Chen, H., Sato, Y., Kamei, T., Magara, Y. 2003. Rapid and economical ındicator for evaluating arsenic removal with minimum aaluminum residual during coagulation process. Wat. Res. 37, 45994604.
  • Kang, M., Kawasaki, M., Tamada, S., Kamei, T., Magara, Y. 2000. Effect of pH on the removal of arsenic and antimony using reverse osmosis membranes. Desalination. 131, 293-298.
  • Karagas, M.R., Stukel, T.A., Tosteson, T.D. 2002. Assessment of Cancer Risk and Environmental levels of arsenic in New Hampshire. Int. J. Hyg. Env. Health. 205, 85-94.
  • Kartinen, E.O., Martin, C.J. 1995. An overview of arsenic removal processes. Desalination 103, 79-88
  • Kelepertsis, A., Alexakis, D., Skordas, K. 2006. Arsenic, antimony and other toxic elements in the drinking water of eastern thessaly in greece and ıts possible effects on human health. Env. Geol. 50, 7684.
  • Kumaresan, M., Riyazuddin, P. 2001. Overview of speciation chemistry of arsenic. Current Science. 80(7), 837-846.
  • Kundu, S., Gupta, A.K. 2005. Analysis and modeling of fixed bed column operations on As(V) removal by adsorption onto Iron Oxide-coated Cement (IOCC). J. Coll. Int. Sci. 290, 52-60.
  • Lamm, S.H. 2001. Health effects of arsenic. Consultants in Epidemiology & Occupational Health.
  • Lee, Y., Um, I., Yoon, J. 2003. Arsenic(III) Oxidation by iron(VI) (Ferrate) and subsequent removal of arsenic(V) by iron(III) coagulation. Env. Sci. Tech. 37, 5750-5756.
  • Lien, H., Wilkin, R.T. 2005. High-level arsenite removal from groundwater by zero-valent ıron. Chemosphere. 59, 377-386.
  • Mamtaz, R., Bache, D.H. 2001. Low-cost Technique of arsenic removal from water and its removal mechanism. International Workshop on Technologies for Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water. Bangladesh.
  • Mandal, B.K., Suzuki, K.T. 2002. Arsenic round the world: A Review. Talanta. 58 (1), 201-235.
  • Matschullat, J. 2000. Arsenic in the geosphere-a review. Sci. Total Env. 249, 297-312.
  • Mazumder, D.N.G. 2003. Chronic Arsenic toxicity: clinical features, epidemiology, and Treatment: Experience in West Bengal. J. Env. Sci. Health. 1, 141-163.
  • Meng, X., Korfiatis, G.P. 2001. Removal of arsenic from bangladesh well water using a household filtration System. International Workshop on Technologies for Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water. Bangladesh.
  • Mondal, P., Majumder, C.B., Mohanty, B. 2006. Laboratory based approaches for arsenic remediation from contaminated Water: Recent Developments. J. Haz. Mat. B137, 464-479.
  • Moore, K. 2005. Treatment of arsenic contaminated groundwater using oxidation and membrane filtration. Master of Applied Science in Civil Engineering, University of Waterloo.
  • Mukherje, S.C., Rahman, M.M., Chowdhury, U.K., Sengupta, M.K., Lodh, D., Chanda, C.R., Saha, K.C., Chakraborti, D. 2003. Neuropathy in arsenic toxicity from groundwater arsenic contamination in West Bengal, India. J. Env. Sci. Health. 1, 165-183.
  • Mukherjee, S.C., Saha, K.C., Pati, S., Dutta, R.N., Rahman, M.M., Sengupta, M.K., Ahamed, S., Lodh, D., Das, B., Hossain, M.A., Nayak, B., Mukherjee, A., Chakraborti, D., Dulta, S.K., Palit, S.K., Kaies, I., Barua, A.K., Asad, K.A. 2005. Murshidabad-One of the nine groundwater arsenic-affected districts of west bengal, India. Part II: Dermatological, Neurological, and Obstetric Findings. Clinical Toxicology. 43, 835-848.
  • Ning, R.Y. 2002. Arsenic removal by reverse osmosis. Desalination. 143, 237-241.
  • Oruç, N. 2004. “Emet-Kütahya içme sularında arsenik düzeyi, önemi ve bor yatakları ile ilişkisi” II. Uluslararası Bor Sempozyumu, Eskişehir.
  • Rahman, M.M., Sengupta, M.K., Ahamed, S., Chowdhury, U.K., Hossain, A., Das, B., Lodh, D., Saha, K.C., Pati, S., Kaies, I., Barua, A.K., Chakraborti, D. 2005. The magnitude of arsenic contamination in groundwater and its health effects to the ınhabitants of the jalangi-one of the 85 arsenic affected blocks in West Bengal, India. Sci. Total Env. 338, 189-200.
  • Resmi Gazete. İnsani tüketim amaçlı sular hakkında yönetmelik. 2005. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Sayı 25730.
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  • Sadiq, M., Alam, I. 2004. Arsenic chemistry in a groundwater aquifer from the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Water, Air & Soil Poll. 89, 67-76.
  • Sadiq, M., Locke, A., Spiers, G., Pearson, D.A.B. 2002. Geochemical behavior of arsenic in Kelly Lake, Ontario. Water Air and Soil Poll. 141, 299312.
  • Saha, J.C., Dikshit, K., Bandyopadhyay, M. 2001. Comparative studies for selection of technologies for arsenic removal from drinking water. International Workshop on Technologies for Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water. Bangladesh.
  • Sancha, A.M. 2006. Review of coagulation technology for removal of arsenic: Case of Chile. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 24, 267-272.
  • Shrestha, R.R., Shrestha, M.P., Upadhyay, N.P., Pradhan, R., Khadka, R., Maskey, A., Maharjan, M., Tuladhar, S., Dahal, B.M., Shrestha, K. 2003. Groundwater arsenic contamination, ıts health ımpact and mitigation program in nepal. J. Env. Sci. Health. 1, 185-200.
  • Smedley, P.L., Kinniburgh, D.G. 2002. A Review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters, App. Geochem. 17, 517-568.
  • Song, S., Lopez-Valdivieso, A., Hernandez-Campos, D.J., Peng, C., Monroy-Fernandez, M.G., RazoSoto, I. 2006. Arsenic removal from high-arsenic water by enhanced coagulation with ferric ıons and coarse calcite. Water Res. 40, 364-372.
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  • U.S. EPA. 2002. Arsenic treatment technologies for soil, waste, and water, U.S. EPA/National Service Center for Environmental Publications, Cincinnati.
  • U.S. EPA. 2003. Workshop on Managing Arsenic risks to the Environment: Characterization of Waste, Chemistry, and Treatment and Disposal.
  • U.S. EPA. 2003a. Design Manual: Removal of arsenic from drinking water by ion exchange.
  • United Nations Development Programme. 2006. Human Development Report 2006 Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty and Global Water Crisis.
  • Urase, T., Oh, J., Yamamoto, K. 1998. Effect of pH rejection of different species of arsenic by nanofiltration. Desalination. 117, 11-18.
  • Wang, S., Mulligan, C.N. 2004. Arsenic in Canada. Proceedings of the 57th Canadian Geotechnical Conference. 1-18. Quebec, Canada.
  • Wang, S., Mulligan, C.N. 2006. Occurrence of arsenic contamination in Canada: Sources, Behaviour and Distribution. Sci. Tot. Env. 366, 701721.
  • WHO, 1993. Guidelines for drinking-water Quality. World Health Organization. Genova.
  • Wickramasinghe, S.R, Han, B, Zimbron, J, Shen, Z, Karim, M.N. 2004. Arsenic removal by coagulation and filtration: comparison of groundwaters from the United States and Bangladesh. Desalination. 169, 231-244.
  • Xia, Y., Liu, J. 2004. An overview on chronic arsenism Via Drinking Water in PR China. Toxicology. 198, 25-29.
  • Xu, Y., Nakajima, T., Ohki, A. 2002. Adsorption and removal of arsenic(V) from drinking water by aluminum-loaded Shirasu-zeolite. J. Haz. Mat. B92, 275-287.
  • Yoshida, T., Yamauchi, H., Sun, G.F. 2004. Chronic health effects in people exposed to arsenic via the drinking water: Dose-Response Relationships in Review. Toxicol. and App. Pharmacology 2004; 198:243-252.
  • Yuan, T., Luo, Q., Hu, J., Ong, S., Ng, W. 2003. A study on arsenic removal from household drinking water, J. Env. Sci. Health A38. 1731-1744.
  • Yücer, M.M. 2008. Ruhsatlı tarım ilaçları 2008, Hasat Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 355 s.
  • Zeng, L. 2003. A Method for preparing silicacontaining ıron(ııı) oxide adsorbents for arsenic removal. Wat. Res. 37, 4351-4358.
  • Zhang, G.S., Qu, J.H., Liu, H.J., Liu, R.P., Li, G.T. 2007. Removal mechanism of as(ııı) by a novel fe Mn binary oxide adsorbent: Oxidation and Sorption, Env. Sci. Techn. 41, 4613-4619.
  • Zouboulis, A., Katsoyiannis, I. 2002. Removal of arsenates from contaminated water by coagulationdirect filtration. Sep. Sci. Tech. 37 (12), 2859-2873
Toplam 81 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makale
Yazarlar

Meltem Bilici Çalışkan Bu kişi benim

Ayşegül Pala Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2009
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2009 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çalışkan, M. B. ., & Pala, A. . (2009). İÇME SULARINDA ARSENİK KİRLİLİĞİ : ÜLKEMİZ AÇISINDAN BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(1), 69-79.
AMA Çalışkan MB, Pala A. İÇME SULARINDA ARSENİK KİRLİLİĞİ : ÜLKEMİZ AÇISINDAN BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. Ocak 2009;15(1):69-79.
Chicago Çalışkan, Meltem Bilici, ve Ayşegül Pala. “İÇME SULARINDA ARSENİK KİRLİLİĞİ : ÜLKEMİZ AÇISINDAN BİR DEĞERLENDİRME”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 15, sy. 1 (Ocak 2009): 69-79.
EndNote Çalışkan MB, Pala A (01 Ocak 2009) İÇME SULARINDA ARSENİK KİRLİLİĞİ : ÜLKEMİZ AÇISINDAN BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 15 1 69–79.
IEEE M. B. . Çalışkan ve A. . Pala, “İÇME SULARINDA ARSENİK KİRLİLİĞİ : ÜLKEMİZ AÇISINDAN BİR DEĞERLENDİRME”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 15, sy. 1, ss. 69–79, 2009.
ISNAD Çalışkan, Meltem Bilici - Pala, Ayşegül. “İÇME SULARINDA ARSENİK KİRLİLİĞİ : ÜLKEMİZ AÇISINDAN BİR DEĞERLENDİRME”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 15/1 (Ocak 2009), 69-79.
JAMA Çalışkan MB, Pala A. İÇME SULARINDA ARSENİK KİRLİLİĞİ : ÜLKEMİZ AÇISINDAN BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2009;15:69–79.
MLA Çalışkan, Meltem Bilici ve Ayşegül Pala. “İÇME SULARINDA ARSENİK KİRLİLİĞİ : ÜLKEMİZ AÇISINDAN BİR DEĞERLENDİRME”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 15, sy. 1, 2009, ss. 69-79.
Vancouver Çalışkan MB, Pala A. İÇME SULARINDA ARSENİK KİRLİLİĞİ : ÜLKEMİZ AÇISINDAN BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2009;15(1):69-7.





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