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Global ölçekte faaliyet gösteren havalimanlarının göreceli sürdürülebilirlik analizi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 4, 504 - 512, 20.08.2021

Öz

Hava taşımacılığının sürdürülebilirlik etkisi ve sonuçlarının raporlanması toplumlar için önemli bir hale gelmiştir. Bu alanda Küresel Rapor Girişimi kronolojik olarak birçok sektöre ait raporlamayı ve veri tabanını ilgililerin bilgisine sunmaktadır. Günümüzde ise artık dünyanın dört bir yanındaki havalimanları sorumluluk bilincinde olarak şeffaf bir şekilde sürdürülebilirlik sonuçlarını halka arz etmektedirler. Bu açıdan havalimanlarının sürdürülebilirlik performansının ölçülmesi ve hedeflerin belirlenerek gerekli iyileştirilmelerin yapılması büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Küresel Rapor Girişimi’nin kapsamlı sürdürülebilirlik veri tabanında yer alan 30 uluslararası havalimanının Veri Zarflama Yöntemi (VZA) ile verimlilik ve etkinlik analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda, havalimanlarında sürdürülebilirliğe etki eden ortak girdi ve çıktılar belirlenmiş ve sürdürülebilirlik performans ölçüm modeli geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen model kullanılarak havalimanlarının göreceli etkinlik puanları girdi odaklı CCR metodu ile bulunmuştur. Sonuçların neticesinde etkin olmayan havalimanları tespit edilerek sürdürülebilirlik seviyelerini iyileştirmeleri için gerekli öneriler sunulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Halisçelik E, Soytas MA. “Sustainable development from millennium 2015 to sustainable development goals 2030”. Sustainable Development, 27(4), 545-572, 2019.
  • [2] Kutty A, Abdella GM, Kucukvar M, Onat NC, Bulu M. “A system thinking approach for harmonizing smart and sustainable city initiatives with united nations sustainable development goals”. Sustainable Development, 28(5), 1347-1365, 2020.
  • [3] Zhang Y, Shen L, Shuai C, Tan Y, Ren Y, Wu Y. “Is the low-carbon economy efficient in terms of sustainable development? A global perspective”. Sustainable Development, 27, 130-152, 2019.
  • [4] Kaszewski AL, Sheate WR. “Enhancing the sustainability of airport developments”. Sustainable Development, 12(4), 183-199, 2004.
  • [5] FTE. “Airport and Airline Sustainability Initiatives”. https://www.futuretravelexperience.com/2019/07/7-airport-airline-sustainability-initiatives-reduce-environmental-impact/ (20.08.2020).
  • [6] Nilsson M, Griggs D, Visbeck M. “Policy: Map the interactions between sustainable development goals”. Nature, 534(7607), 320-322, 2016.
  • [7] Carlucci F, Cirà A, Coccorese P. “Measuring and explaining airport efficiency and sustainability: Evidence from Italy”. Sustainability, 10(2), 400-417, 2018.
  • [8] Uçal Sarı İ, Çayır Ervural B, Bozat S. “Sürdürülebilir tedarik zinciri yönetiminde DEMATEL yöntemiyle tedarikçi değerlendirme kriterlerinin incelenmesi ve sağlık sektöründe bir uygulama”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 23(4), 477-485, 2017.
  • [9] IATA. “Improving Environmental Performance”. https://www.iata.org/en/programs/environment/ (20.08.2020).
  • [10] Park YS, Egilmez G, Kucukvar M. “Emergy and end-point impact assessment of agricultural and food production in the United States: A supply chain-linked ecologically-based life cycle assessment”. Ecological indicators, 62, 117-137, 2016.
  • [11] Cooper WW, Seiford LM, Zhu J. Handbook on Data Envelopment Analysis. 2nd ed. New York, USA, Springer, 2011.
  • [12] Egilmez G, Kucukvar M, Tatari O. “Sustainability assessment of US manufacturing sectors: an economic input output-based frontier approach”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 53, 91-102, 2013.
  • [13] Tatari O, Kucukvar M. “Eco-efficiency of construction materials: data envelopment analysis”. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 138(6), 733-741, 2012.
  • [14] Egilmez G, Gumus S, Kucukvar M, Tatari O. “A fuzzy data envelopment analysis framework for dealing with uncertainty impacts of input-output life cycle assessment models on eco-efficiency assessment”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 129, 622-636, 2016a.
  • [15] Egilmez G, Kucukvar M, Park YS. “Supply chain-linked sustainability assessment of the US manufacturing: an ecosystem perspective”. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 5, 65-81, 2016b.
  • [16] Onat NC, Noori M, Kucukvar M, Zhao Y, Tatari O, Chester M. “Exploring the suitability of electric vehicles in the United States”. Energy, 121, 631-642, 2017.
  • [17] Li F, Xie J, Wang W. “Incentivizing sustainable development: The impact of a recent policy reform on electricity production efficiency in China”. Sustainable Development, 27(4), 770-780, 2019.
  • [18] Supçiller AA, Bulak ME. “Mobil uygulamaların performanslarının veri zarflama analizi ile değerlendirilmesi”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(3), 711-723, 2020.
  • [19] Esenlik Telatar D, Sari K. “Ağız ve diş sağlığı hizmeti sunan tesislerin etkinlik ölçümü için bir veri zarflama analizi modeli”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 26(4), 768-778, 2020.
  • [20] Goto M, Sueyoshi T. “Sustainable development and corporate social responsibility in Japanese manufacturing companies”. Sustainable Development, 28(4), 844-856, 2020.
  • [21] Gillen D, Lall A. “Developing measures of airport productivity and performance: an application of data envelopment analysis”. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 33(4), 261-273, 1997.
  • [22] Adler N, Berechman J. “Measuring airport quality from the airlines’ viewpoint: an application of data envelopment analysis”. Transport Policy, 8(3), 171-181, 2001.
  • [23] Lin LC, Hong CH. “Operational performance evaluation of international major airports: An application of data envelopment analysis”. Journal of Air Transport Management, 12(6), 342-351, 2006.
  • [24] Suzuki S, Nijkamp P, Rietveld P, Pels E. “A distance friction minimization approach in data envelopment analysis: a comparative study on airport efficiency”. European journal of operational research, 207(2), 1104-1115, 2010.
  • [25] Ahn YH, Min H. “Evaluating the multi-period operating efficiency of international airports using data envelopment analysis and the Malmquist productivity index”. Journal of Air Transport Management, 39, 12-22, 2014.
  • [26] Orkcu HH, Balıkçı C, Dogan MI, Genç A. “An evaluation of the operational efficiency of Turkish airports using data envelopment analysis and the Malmquist productivity index: 2009–2014 case”. Transport Policy, 48, 92-104, 2016.
  • [27] Lozano R, Huisingh D. “Inter-linking issues and dimensions in sustainability reporting”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 19(2-3), 99-107, 2011.
  • [28] Kılkış Ş, Kılkış Ş. “Benchmarking airports based on a sustainability ranking index”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 130, 248-259, 2016.
  • [29] Alonso‐Almeida DM, Llach J, Marimon F. “A closer look at the ‘Global Reporting Initiative’sustainability reporting as a tool to implement environmental and social policies: A worldwide sector analysis”. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 21(6), 318-335, 2014.
  • [30] Pucheta‐Martínez MC, Bel‐Oms I, Nekhili M. “The contribution of financial entities to the sustainable development through the reporting of corporate social responsibility information”. Sustainable Development, 27(3), 388-400, 2019.
  • [31] Antonini C, Larrinaga C. “Planetary boundaries and sustainability indicators. A survey of corporate reporting boundaries”. Sustainable Development, 25(2), 123-137, 2017.
  • [32] Habek P. Wolniak R. “Assessing the quality of corporate social responsibility reports the case of reporting practices in selected European Union Member States”. Quality Quantity, 50(1), 399-420, 2016.
  • [33] Cooper W, Seiford WLM, Tone K. Data Envelopment Analysis: A Comprehensive Text with Models, Applications, References and DEA-Solver Software. 2nd ed. New York, USA, Springer, 2007.
  • [34] Cooka WD, Seiford LM. “Data envelopment analysis (DEA)”. Thirty Years on European Journal of Operational Research, 192, 1-17, 2009.
  • [35] Özden ÜH. “Veri zarflama analizi (VZA) ile Türkiye’deki Vakıf Üniversitelerinin etkinliğinin ölçülmesi”. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(2), 167-185, 2008.
  • [36] Charnes A, Cooper WW, Rhodes EL. “Measuring the Efficiency of Decision Making Units”. European Journal of Operational Research, 2, 429-444, 1978.
  • [37] Lombardi GV, Stefani G, Paci A, Becagli C, Miliacca M, Gastaldi M, Giannetti BF. Almeida CMVB. “The sustainability of the ıtalian water sector: an empirical analysis by DEA”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 227(1), 1035-1043, 2019.
  • [38] Özdemir A, Demireli E. “Ağırlık kısıtlı veri zarflama analizi ile mevduat bankalarının etkinlik ölçümüne yönelik bir uygulama”. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 9(19), 215-238, 2013.
  • [39] Onat NC, Kucukvar M, Halog A, Cloutier S. “Systems thinking for life cycle sustainability assessment: A review of recent developments, applications, and future perspectives”. Sustainability, 9(5), 1-25, 2017ba.
  • [40] Onat NC, Noori M, Kucukvar M, Zhao Y, Tatari O, Chester M. “Exploring the suitability of electric vehicles in the United States”. Energy, 121, 631-642, 2017b.
  • [41] Özsoy VS, Örkcü M, Örkcü H. “Karma-tamsayılı iki aşamalı veri zarflama analizi modeli ile en etkin tedarikçi seçimi”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 26(4), 758-767, 2020.
  • [42] Bai C, Sarkis J. “Determining and applying sustainable supplier key performance indicators”. Supply Chain Management, 19(3), 275-291, 2014.
  • [43] Adler N, Berechman J. “Measuring airport quality from the airlines’ viewpoint: an application of data envelopment analysis”. Transport Policy, 8(3), 171-181, 2001.
  • [44] TAV Havalimanları. “Sürdürülebilirlik Raporu 2014-2015”. http://ir.tav.aero/uploads/documents/Documents29032020185558_.pdf (20.08.2020).
  • [45] Swedavia Airports. “Annual and Sustainability Report 2018”. https://www.swedavia.com/globalassets/om-swedavia/roll-och-uppdrag/swedavias-annual-and-sustainability-report-2018.pdf (20.08.2020).

Relative sustainability analysis of global-scale airports

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 4, 504 - 512, 20.08.2021

Öz

The sustainability impact and reporting results of air transport have become important for societies. In this field, the Global Reporting Initiative presents the reports and databases of many sectors in chronological order. Nowadays, airports all over the world transparently present their sustainability results to the public with a sense of responsibility. In this respect, measuring the sustainability performance of airports, determining the targets, and making the necessary improvements become more of an issue. In this study, the efficiency analysis of 30 international airports included in the comprehensive sustainability database of the Global Reporting Initiative was carried out using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). In this context, common inputs and outputs affecting the sustainability of airports were determined and a sustainability performance measurement model was developed. The relative efficiency scores of the airports were found with the input-oriented CCR method by using the developed model. Thanks to the results, inefficient airports were identified, and necessary improvements were presented to improve sustainability levels.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Halisçelik E, Soytas MA. “Sustainable development from millennium 2015 to sustainable development goals 2030”. Sustainable Development, 27(4), 545-572, 2019.
  • [2] Kutty A, Abdella GM, Kucukvar M, Onat NC, Bulu M. “A system thinking approach for harmonizing smart and sustainable city initiatives with united nations sustainable development goals”. Sustainable Development, 28(5), 1347-1365, 2020.
  • [3] Zhang Y, Shen L, Shuai C, Tan Y, Ren Y, Wu Y. “Is the low-carbon economy efficient in terms of sustainable development? A global perspective”. Sustainable Development, 27, 130-152, 2019.
  • [4] Kaszewski AL, Sheate WR. “Enhancing the sustainability of airport developments”. Sustainable Development, 12(4), 183-199, 2004.
  • [5] FTE. “Airport and Airline Sustainability Initiatives”. https://www.futuretravelexperience.com/2019/07/7-airport-airline-sustainability-initiatives-reduce-environmental-impact/ (20.08.2020).
  • [6] Nilsson M, Griggs D, Visbeck M. “Policy: Map the interactions between sustainable development goals”. Nature, 534(7607), 320-322, 2016.
  • [7] Carlucci F, Cirà A, Coccorese P. “Measuring and explaining airport efficiency and sustainability: Evidence from Italy”. Sustainability, 10(2), 400-417, 2018.
  • [8] Uçal Sarı İ, Çayır Ervural B, Bozat S. “Sürdürülebilir tedarik zinciri yönetiminde DEMATEL yöntemiyle tedarikçi değerlendirme kriterlerinin incelenmesi ve sağlık sektöründe bir uygulama”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 23(4), 477-485, 2017.
  • [9] IATA. “Improving Environmental Performance”. https://www.iata.org/en/programs/environment/ (20.08.2020).
  • [10] Park YS, Egilmez G, Kucukvar M. “Emergy and end-point impact assessment of agricultural and food production in the United States: A supply chain-linked ecologically-based life cycle assessment”. Ecological indicators, 62, 117-137, 2016.
  • [11] Cooper WW, Seiford LM, Zhu J. Handbook on Data Envelopment Analysis. 2nd ed. New York, USA, Springer, 2011.
  • [12] Egilmez G, Kucukvar M, Tatari O. “Sustainability assessment of US manufacturing sectors: an economic input output-based frontier approach”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 53, 91-102, 2013.
  • [13] Tatari O, Kucukvar M. “Eco-efficiency of construction materials: data envelopment analysis”. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 138(6), 733-741, 2012.
  • [14] Egilmez G, Gumus S, Kucukvar M, Tatari O. “A fuzzy data envelopment analysis framework for dealing with uncertainty impacts of input-output life cycle assessment models on eco-efficiency assessment”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 129, 622-636, 2016a.
  • [15] Egilmez G, Kucukvar M, Park YS. “Supply chain-linked sustainability assessment of the US manufacturing: an ecosystem perspective”. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 5, 65-81, 2016b.
  • [16] Onat NC, Noori M, Kucukvar M, Zhao Y, Tatari O, Chester M. “Exploring the suitability of electric vehicles in the United States”. Energy, 121, 631-642, 2017.
  • [17] Li F, Xie J, Wang W. “Incentivizing sustainable development: The impact of a recent policy reform on electricity production efficiency in China”. Sustainable Development, 27(4), 770-780, 2019.
  • [18] Supçiller AA, Bulak ME. “Mobil uygulamaların performanslarının veri zarflama analizi ile değerlendirilmesi”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(3), 711-723, 2020.
  • [19] Esenlik Telatar D, Sari K. “Ağız ve diş sağlığı hizmeti sunan tesislerin etkinlik ölçümü için bir veri zarflama analizi modeli”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 26(4), 768-778, 2020.
  • [20] Goto M, Sueyoshi T. “Sustainable development and corporate social responsibility in Japanese manufacturing companies”. Sustainable Development, 28(4), 844-856, 2020.
  • [21] Gillen D, Lall A. “Developing measures of airport productivity and performance: an application of data envelopment analysis”. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 33(4), 261-273, 1997.
  • [22] Adler N, Berechman J. “Measuring airport quality from the airlines’ viewpoint: an application of data envelopment analysis”. Transport Policy, 8(3), 171-181, 2001.
  • [23] Lin LC, Hong CH. “Operational performance evaluation of international major airports: An application of data envelopment analysis”. Journal of Air Transport Management, 12(6), 342-351, 2006.
  • [24] Suzuki S, Nijkamp P, Rietveld P, Pels E. “A distance friction minimization approach in data envelopment analysis: a comparative study on airport efficiency”. European journal of operational research, 207(2), 1104-1115, 2010.
  • [25] Ahn YH, Min H. “Evaluating the multi-period operating efficiency of international airports using data envelopment analysis and the Malmquist productivity index”. Journal of Air Transport Management, 39, 12-22, 2014.
  • [26] Orkcu HH, Balıkçı C, Dogan MI, Genç A. “An evaluation of the operational efficiency of Turkish airports using data envelopment analysis and the Malmquist productivity index: 2009–2014 case”. Transport Policy, 48, 92-104, 2016.
  • [27] Lozano R, Huisingh D. “Inter-linking issues and dimensions in sustainability reporting”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 19(2-3), 99-107, 2011.
  • [28] Kılkış Ş, Kılkış Ş. “Benchmarking airports based on a sustainability ranking index”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 130, 248-259, 2016.
  • [29] Alonso‐Almeida DM, Llach J, Marimon F. “A closer look at the ‘Global Reporting Initiative’sustainability reporting as a tool to implement environmental and social policies: A worldwide sector analysis”. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 21(6), 318-335, 2014.
  • [30] Pucheta‐Martínez MC, Bel‐Oms I, Nekhili M. “The contribution of financial entities to the sustainable development through the reporting of corporate social responsibility information”. Sustainable Development, 27(3), 388-400, 2019.
  • [31] Antonini C, Larrinaga C. “Planetary boundaries and sustainability indicators. A survey of corporate reporting boundaries”. Sustainable Development, 25(2), 123-137, 2017.
  • [32] Habek P. Wolniak R. “Assessing the quality of corporate social responsibility reports the case of reporting practices in selected European Union Member States”. Quality Quantity, 50(1), 399-420, 2016.
  • [33] Cooper W, Seiford WLM, Tone K. Data Envelopment Analysis: A Comprehensive Text with Models, Applications, References and DEA-Solver Software. 2nd ed. New York, USA, Springer, 2007.
  • [34] Cooka WD, Seiford LM. “Data envelopment analysis (DEA)”. Thirty Years on European Journal of Operational Research, 192, 1-17, 2009.
  • [35] Özden ÜH. “Veri zarflama analizi (VZA) ile Türkiye’deki Vakıf Üniversitelerinin etkinliğinin ölçülmesi”. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(2), 167-185, 2008.
  • [36] Charnes A, Cooper WW, Rhodes EL. “Measuring the Efficiency of Decision Making Units”. European Journal of Operational Research, 2, 429-444, 1978.
  • [37] Lombardi GV, Stefani G, Paci A, Becagli C, Miliacca M, Gastaldi M, Giannetti BF. Almeida CMVB. “The sustainability of the ıtalian water sector: an empirical analysis by DEA”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 227(1), 1035-1043, 2019.
  • [38] Özdemir A, Demireli E. “Ağırlık kısıtlı veri zarflama analizi ile mevduat bankalarının etkinlik ölçümüne yönelik bir uygulama”. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 9(19), 215-238, 2013.
  • [39] Onat NC, Kucukvar M, Halog A, Cloutier S. “Systems thinking for life cycle sustainability assessment: A review of recent developments, applications, and future perspectives”. Sustainability, 9(5), 1-25, 2017ba.
  • [40] Onat NC, Noori M, Kucukvar M, Zhao Y, Tatari O, Chester M. “Exploring the suitability of electric vehicles in the United States”. Energy, 121, 631-642, 2017b.
  • [41] Özsoy VS, Örkcü M, Örkcü H. “Karma-tamsayılı iki aşamalı veri zarflama analizi modeli ile en etkin tedarikçi seçimi”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 26(4), 758-767, 2020.
  • [42] Bai C, Sarkis J. “Determining and applying sustainable supplier key performance indicators”. Supply Chain Management, 19(3), 275-291, 2014.
  • [43] Adler N, Berechman J. “Measuring airport quality from the airlines’ viewpoint: an application of data envelopment analysis”. Transport Policy, 8(3), 171-181, 2001.
  • [44] TAV Havalimanları. “Sürdürülebilirlik Raporu 2014-2015”. http://ir.tav.aero/uploads/documents/Documents29032020185558_.pdf (20.08.2020).
  • [45] Swedavia Airports. “Annual and Sustainability Report 2018”. https://www.swedavia.com/globalassets/om-swedavia/roll-och-uppdrag/swedavias-annual-and-sustainability-report-2018.pdf (20.08.2020).
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makale
Yazarlar

Muhammet Enis Bulak Bu kişi benim

Funda Hatice Zengin Bu kişi benim

Fatma Serra Çiftçi Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Ağustos 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Bulak, M. E., Zengin, F. H., & Çiftçi, F. S. (2021). Global ölçekte faaliyet gösteren havalimanlarının göreceli sürdürülebilirlik analizi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(4), 504-512.
AMA Bulak ME, Zengin FH, Çiftçi FS. Global ölçekte faaliyet gösteren havalimanlarının göreceli sürdürülebilirlik analizi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. Ağustos 2021;27(4):504-512.
Chicago Bulak, Muhammet Enis, Funda Hatice Zengin, ve Fatma Serra Çiftçi. “Global ölçekte Faaliyet gösteren havalimanlarının göreceli sürdürülebilirlik Analizi”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 27, sy. 4 (Ağustos 2021): 504-12.
EndNote Bulak ME, Zengin FH, Çiftçi FS (01 Ağustos 2021) Global ölçekte faaliyet gösteren havalimanlarının göreceli sürdürülebilirlik analizi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 27 4 504–512.
IEEE M. E. Bulak, F. H. Zengin, ve F. S. Çiftçi, “Global ölçekte faaliyet gösteren havalimanlarının göreceli sürdürülebilirlik analizi”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 27, sy. 4, ss. 504–512, 2021.
ISNAD Bulak, Muhammet Enis vd. “Global ölçekte Faaliyet gösteren havalimanlarının göreceli sürdürülebilirlik Analizi”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 27/4 (Ağustos 2021), 504-512.
JAMA Bulak ME, Zengin FH, Çiftçi FS. Global ölçekte faaliyet gösteren havalimanlarının göreceli sürdürülebilirlik analizi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2021;27:504–512.
MLA Bulak, Muhammet Enis vd. “Global ölçekte Faaliyet gösteren havalimanlarının göreceli sürdürülebilirlik Analizi”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 27, sy. 4, 2021, ss. 504-12.
Vancouver Bulak ME, Zengin FH, Çiftçi FS. Global ölçekte faaliyet gösteren havalimanlarının göreceli sürdürülebilirlik analizi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2021;27(4):504-12.





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