Bu çalışmada, elektrospinning yöntemi ile üretilen poliüretan (PU) nanofiber mat, fiberglas (FG) ve karbon fiber (CF) polimer kompozitlerde matrise ilave dolgu maddesi olarak kullanıldı. Ayrıca mekanik özellikleri sepiolit ve SiO2 toz takviyeli kompozitlerle karşılaştırılmıştır. Kompozitlerin mekanik özellikleri çekme ve eğilme testleri kullanılarak değerlendirildi. Bunun yanında, kompozitin morfolojisi mikroskopi teknikleriyle değerlendirildi. Bulgular, nanofiber katkılı FG ve CF kompozitin, takviyesiz ve rakip kompozitlere kıyasla en az %30 kadar daha yüksek çekme mukavemetine sahip olduğunu göstermektedir; gerilme mukavemeti, FG-Nanofiberler için 135 MPa ve CF-Nanofiberler için 134 MPa bulundu. Öte yandan, eğme analizi, toz dolgu maddesinin işlenmemiş kompozite karşı en az 2.5 kat daha zayıf eğilme gerilimine sahip olduğunu gösterdi. Bununla birlikte, FG-Nanofiberler ve CF-Nanofiberler sırasıyla 197 MPa ve 553 MPa eğme mukavemetine ulaştı. Nanofiber katkılı kompozitlerin daha iyi mekanik özellikleri göstermesi, farklı yönlerden tüm yükleri destekleyen nanoliflerin rastgele dağılımından kaynaklanmaktadır. Kompozitlerin enine kesit analizi sonucunda, tozların heterojen olarak dağıldığını ve bazı yerlerde bir miktar aglomerasyon gözlemlendiğini gösterdi. Genel olarak, PU nanoliflerin eklenmesinin kompozitlerin mekanik özelliklerini arttırdığı ve CF kompozitleri için çekme mukavemetini katkısız kompozite göre en az 3 katı artırtığı bulunmuştur.
[1] Rajak DK, Pagar DD, Kumar R, Pruncu CI. “Recent progress of reinforcement materials: a comprehensive overview of composite materials”. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 8(6), 6354-6374, 2019.
[2] Basri EI, Sultan MTH, Faizal M, Basri AA, Abas MF, Majid MSA, Mandeep JS, Ahmad KA. “Performance analysis of composite ply orientation in aeronautical application of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) NACA4415 wing”. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 8(5), 3822-3834, 2019.
[3] Zhang X, Chen Y, Hu J. “Recent advances in the development of aerospace materials”. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 97, 22-34, 2018.
[4] Kong C, Lee H, Park H. “Design and manufacturing of automobile hood using natural composite structure”. Composites Part B: Engineering, 91, 18-26, 2016.
[5] Landowski M, Strugała G, Budzik M, Imielińska K. “Impact damage in SiO2 nanoparticle enhanced epoxy-carbon fibre composites”. Composites Part B: Engineering, 113, 91-99, 2017.
[6] Yalçın M, Genel K. “Fonksiyonel derecelendirilmiş ve sandviç yapılı PVC köpük takviyesinin 6063-T5 al tüplerin enerji absorbe etme davranışına olan etkisinin incelenmesi”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 26(4), 581-586, 2020.
[7] Manjunath M, Renukappa N, Suresha B. “Influence of micro and nanofillers on mechanical properties of pultruded unidirectional glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite systems”. Journal of Composite Materials, 50(8), 1109-1121, 2016.
[8] De Schoenmaker B, Van der Heijden S, De Baere I, Van Paepegem W, De Clerck K. “Effect of electrospun polyamide 6 nanofibres on the mechanical properties of a glass fibre/epoxy composite”. Polymer Testing, 32(8), 1495-1501, 2013.
[9] Karahan M, Lomov S, Bogdanovi̇ch A, Verpoest İ. “3-Boyutlu dokuma karbon-epoksi kompozit malzemelerde yorulma davranışı”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(7), 310-318, 2013.
[10] Phong NT, Gabr MH, Okubo K, Chuong B, Fujii T. “Improvement in the mechanical performances of carbon fiber/epoxy composite with addition of nano-(Polyvinyl alcohol) fibers”. Composite Structures, 99, 380-387, 2013.
[11] Zheng Y, Ning R, Zheng Y. “Study of SiO2 nanoparticles on the ımproved performance of epoxy and fiber composites”. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 24(3), 223-233, 2005.
[12] Keyte J, Pancholi K, Njuguna J. “Recent developments in graphene oxide/epoxy carbon fiber-reinforced composites”. Frontiers in Materials, 6(224), 1-30, 2019.
[13] Muralishwara K, Kini UA, Sharma S. “Epoxy-clay nanocomposite coatings: a review on synthesis and characterization”. Materials Research Express, 6, 1-8, 2019.
[14] Megahed M, Fathy A, Morsy D, Shehata F. “Mechanical Performance of glass/epoxy composites enhanced by micro- and nanosized aluminum particles”. Journal of Industrial Textiles, 2019. Doi: 10.1177/1528083719874479.
[15] Vivet A, Leclerc W, Doudou BB, Chen J, C P. “Improvement by nanofibers of load transfer in carbon fiber reinforced composites”. Fibers, 3(2), 134-150, 2015.
[16] Zhou Y, Pervin F, Jeelani S, Mallick PK. “Improvement in mechanical properties of carbon fabric-epoxy composite using carbon nanofibers”. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 198(1), 445-453, 2008.
[17] Öteyaka M, Öteyaka H. “Chemical and mechanical properties analysis of extruded polyvinyl choloride (PVC)/sepiolite composite”. Sakarya University Journal of Science, 23(4), 633-640, 2019.
[18] Vijay Kumar V, Balaganesan G, Lee JKY, Neisiany RE, Surendran S, Ramakrishna S. “A review of recent advances in nanoengineered polymer composites”. Polymers (Basel), 11(4), 1-19, 2019.
[19] Liu L, Huang ZM, He CL, Han XJ. “Mechanical performance of laminated composites incorporated with nanofibrous membranes”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 435-436, 309-317, 2006.
[20] Zhang J, Yang T, Lin T, Wang CH. “Phase morphology of nanofibre interlayers: Critical factor for toughening carbon/epoxy composites”. Composites Science and Technology, 72(2), 256-262, 2012.
[21] Zhang J, Lin T, Wang X. “Electrospun nanofibre toughened carbon/epoxy composites: Effects of polyetherketone cardo (PEK-C) nanofibre diameter and interlayer thickness”. Composites Science and Technology, 70(11), 1660-1666, 2010.
[22] Ary Subagia IDG, Jiang Z, Tijing L, Kim CS, Lim JK, Shon HK. “Hybrid multi-scale basalt fiber-epoxy composite laminate reinforced with electrospun polyurethane nanofibers containing carbon nanotubes”. Fibers and Polymers, 15, 1295-1302, 2014.
[23] İki̇z Y. “Elektro çekim yöntemi işlem parametrelerinin PVA nanolif morfolojisine etkileri”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(3), 363-369, 2009.
[24] Acosta JL, Morales E, Ojeda MC, Linares A. “Effect of addition of sepiolite on the mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polypropylene”. Die Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie, 138(1), 103-110, 1986.
[25] Kundalwal SI. “Review on micromechanics of nano- and micro-fiber reinforced composites”. Polymer Composites, 39(12), 4243-4274, 2018.
[26] Zhang Q, Wu G, Xie F, Li N, Huang Y, Liu L. “Mechanical properties of carbon fiber composites modified with nano-SiO2 in the interphase”. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 28(21), 2154-2166, 2014.
[28] Azeez AA, Rhee KY, Park SJ, Hui D. “Epoxy clay nanocomposites-processing, properties and applications: A review”. Composites Part B: Engineering, 45(1), 308-320, 2013.
[29] Yap Y, Chow W. “Effect of mixing sequences on the flexural and morphological properties of epoxy/organomontmorillonite nanocomposites”. Journal of Composite Materials, 43, 2269-2284, 2009.
[30] Jeyakumar R, Sampath PS, Ramamoorthi R, Ramakrishnan T. “Structural, morphological and mechanical behaviour of glass fibre reinforced epoxy nanoclay composites”. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 93(1), 527-535, 2017.
[31] Joseph N, George T, Krishnan A, KEG. “Reinforcing effect of organomodified kaolin clay on polypropylene-short glass fibre composites”. SB Academic Review, 16(1), 152-163, 2009.
[32] Öteyaka MÖ, Özel E, Yıldırım MM. “The effects of power and feeding rate on production of polyurethane nanofiber with electrospinning process”. Internatıonal Congress on Advances in Applied Physics and Materials Science, Antalya, Turkey, 12-15 May 2011.
[33] Öteyaka M, Özel E, Yıldırım M. “Experimental study on relationship of applied power and feeding rate on production of polyurethane nanofibre”. Gazi University Journal of Science, 26(4), 618-611, 2014.
[35] Iwahori Y, Ishiwata S, Sumizawa T, Ishikawa T. “Mechanical properties improvements in two-phase and three-phase composites using carbon nano-fiber dispersed resin”. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 36(10), 1430-1439, 2005
A comparative study of the effect of polyurethane nanofiber and powders filler on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber and glass fiber composites
In this study, the polyurethane (PU) nanofibers mat produced by electrospinning method was used as filler in the polymer composites; fiberglass (FG) and carbon fiber (CF) were employed as reinforcement materials. Moreover, their mechanical properties were compared to sepiolite and SiO2 powder reinforced composites. The mechanical properties of composites were evaluated using tensile and flexural tests. Moreover, the morphology of composite was assessed by microscopy techniques. The findings show that the nanofiber-doped FG and CF composite had at least 30% higher tensile strength compared to unreinforced and rival composites; the tensile strength was 135 MPa for FG-Nanofibers and 134 MPa for CF-Nanofibers. On the other hand, the flexural analysis showed that the powders filler had poor flexural stress against untreated composite. However, the flexural strength of FGNanofibers and CF-Nanofibers reached 197 MPa and 553 MPa, respectively. The better mechanical properties of nanofiber doped composites were due principally to the random distribution of nanofibers which support all loads from different directions. The crosssection analysis of composites demonstrated that the powders were distributed heterogeneously and some agglomeration was observed at some locations. Generally speaking, it can be concluded that the addition of PU nanofibers increased the mechanical properties of composites, and the tensile strength was at least 3 times higher for CF composites compared to untreated composite.
[1] Rajak DK, Pagar DD, Kumar R, Pruncu CI. “Recent progress of reinforcement materials: a comprehensive overview of composite materials”. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 8(6), 6354-6374, 2019.
[2] Basri EI, Sultan MTH, Faizal M, Basri AA, Abas MF, Majid MSA, Mandeep JS, Ahmad KA. “Performance analysis of composite ply orientation in aeronautical application of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) NACA4415 wing”. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 8(5), 3822-3834, 2019.
[3] Zhang X, Chen Y, Hu J. “Recent advances in the development of aerospace materials”. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 97, 22-34, 2018.
[4] Kong C, Lee H, Park H. “Design and manufacturing of automobile hood using natural composite structure”. Composites Part B: Engineering, 91, 18-26, 2016.
[5] Landowski M, Strugała G, Budzik M, Imielińska K. “Impact damage in SiO2 nanoparticle enhanced epoxy-carbon fibre composites”. Composites Part B: Engineering, 113, 91-99, 2017.
[6] Yalçın M, Genel K. “Fonksiyonel derecelendirilmiş ve sandviç yapılı PVC köpük takviyesinin 6063-T5 al tüplerin enerji absorbe etme davranışına olan etkisinin incelenmesi”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 26(4), 581-586, 2020.
[7] Manjunath M, Renukappa N, Suresha B. “Influence of micro and nanofillers on mechanical properties of pultruded unidirectional glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite systems”. Journal of Composite Materials, 50(8), 1109-1121, 2016.
[8] De Schoenmaker B, Van der Heijden S, De Baere I, Van Paepegem W, De Clerck K. “Effect of electrospun polyamide 6 nanofibres on the mechanical properties of a glass fibre/epoxy composite”. Polymer Testing, 32(8), 1495-1501, 2013.
[9] Karahan M, Lomov S, Bogdanovi̇ch A, Verpoest İ. “3-Boyutlu dokuma karbon-epoksi kompozit malzemelerde yorulma davranışı”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(7), 310-318, 2013.
[10] Phong NT, Gabr MH, Okubo K, Chuong B, Fujii T. “Improvement in the mechanical performances of carbon fiber/epoxy composite with addition of nano-(Polyvinyl alcohol) fibers”. Composite Structures, 99, 380-387, 2013.
[11] Zheng Y, Ning R, Zheng Y. “Study of SiO2 nanoparticles on the ımproved performance of epoxy and fiber composites”. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 24(3), 223-233, 2005.
[12] Keyte J, Pancholi K, Njuguna J. “Recent developments in graphene oxide/epoxy carbon fiber-reinforced composites”. Frontiers in Materials, 6(224), 1-30, 2019.
[13] Muralishwara K, Kini UA, Sharma S. “Epoxy-clay nanocomposite coatings: a review on synthesis and characterization”. Materials Research Express, 6, 1-8, 2019.
[14] Megahed M, Fathy A, Morsy D, Shehata F. “Mechanical Performance of glass/epoxy composites enhanced by micro- and nanosized aluminum particles”. Journal of Industrial Textiles, 2019. Doi: 10.1177/1528083719874479.
[15] Vivet A, Leclerc W, Doudou BB, Chen J, C P. “Improvement by nanofibers of load transfer in carbon fiber reinforced composites”. Fibers, 3(2), 134-150, 2015.
[16] Zhou Y, Pervin F, Jeelani S, Mallick PK. “Improvement in mechanical properties of carbon fabric-epoxy composite using carbon nanofibers”. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 198(1), 445-453, 2008.
[17] Öteyaka M, Öteyaka H. “Chemical and mechanical properties analysis of extruded polyvinyl choloride (PVC)/sepiolite composite”. Sakarya University Journal of Science, 23(4), 633-640, 2019.
[18] Vijay Kumar V, Balaganesan G, Lee JKY, Neisiany RE, Surendran S, Ramakrishna S. “A review of recent advances in nanoengineered polymer composites”. Polymers (Basel), 11(4), 1-19, 2019.
[19] Liu L, Huang ZM, He CL, Han XJ. “Mechanical performance of laminated composites incorporated with nanofibrous membranes”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 435-436, 309-317, 2006.
[20] Zhang J, Yang T, Lin T, Wang CH. “Phase morphology of nanofibre interlayers: Critical factor for toughening carbon/epoxy composites”. Composites Science and Technology, 72(2), 256-262, 2012.
[21] Zhang J, Lin T, Wang X. “Electrospun nanofibre toughened carbon/epoxy composites: Effects of polyetherketone cardo (PEK-C) nanofibre diameter and interlayer thickness”. Composites Science and Technology, 70(11), 1660-1666, 2010.
[22] Ary Subagia IDG, Jiang Z, Tijing L, Kim CS, Lim JK, Shon HK. “Hybrid multi-scale basalt fiber-epoxy composite laminate reinforced with electrospun polyurethane nanofibers containing carbon nanotubes”. Fibers and Polymers, 15, 1295-1302, 2014.
[23] İki̇z Y. “Elektro çekim yöntemi işlem parametrelerinin PVA nanolif morfolojisine etkileri”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(3), 363-369, 2009.
[24] Acosta JL, Morales E, Ojeda MC, Linares A. “Effect of addition of sepiolite on the mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polypropylene”. Die Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie, 138(1), 103-110, 1986.
[25] Kundalwal SI. “Review on micromechanics of nano- and micro-fiber reinforced composites”. Polymer Composites, 39(12), 4243-4274, 2018.
[26] Zhang Q, Wu G, Xie F, Li N, Huang Y, Liu L. “Mechanical properties of carbon fiber composites modified with nano-SiO2 in the interphase”. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 28(21), 2154-2166, 2014.
[28] Azeez AA, Rhee KY, Park SJ, Hui D. “Epoxy clay nanocomposites-processing, properties and applications: A review”. Composites Part B: Engineering, 45(1), 308-320, 2013.
[29] Yap Y, Chow W. “Effect of mixing sequences on the flexural and morphological properties of epoxy/organomontmorillonite nanocomposites”. Journal of Composite Materials, 43, 2269-2284, 2009.
[30] Jeyakumar R, Sampath PS, Ramamoorthi R, Ramakrishnan T. “Structural, morphological and mechanical behaviour of glass fibre reinforced epoxy nanoclay composites”. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 93(1), 527-535, 2017.
[31] Joseph N, George T, Krishnan A, KEG. “Reinforcing effect of organomodified kaolin clay on polypropylene-short glass fibre composites”. SB Academic Review, 16(1), 152-163, 2009.
[32] Öteyaka MÖ, Özel E, Yıldırım MM. “The effects of power and feeding rate on production of polyurethane nanofiber with electrospinning process”. Internatıonal Congress on Advances in Applied Physics and Materials Science, Antalya, Turkey, 12-15 May 2011.
[33] Öteyaka M, Özel E, Yıldırım M. “Experimental study on relationship of applied power and feeding rate on production of polyurethane nanofibre”. Gazi University Journal of Science, 26(4), 618-611, 2014.
[35] Iwahori Y, Ishiwata S, Sumizawa T, Ishikawa T. “Mechanical properties improvements in two-phase and three-phase composites using carbon nano-fiber dispersed resin”. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 36(10), 1430-1439, 2005
Öteyaka, M. Ö., Aybar, K., & Öteyaka, H. C. (2022). A comparative study of the effect of polyurethane nanofiber and powders filler on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber and glass fiber composites. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 28(1), 51-57.
AMA
Öteyaka MÖ, Aybar K, Öteyaka HC. A comparative study of the effect of polyurethane nanofiber and powders filler on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber and glass fiber composites. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. Şubat 2022;28(1):51-57.
Chicago
Öteyaka, Mustafa Özgür, Kerem Aybar, ve Hasan Candan Öteyaka. “A Comparative Study of the Effect of Polyurethane Nanofiber and Powders Filler on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber and Glass Fiber Composites”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 28, sy. 1 (Şubat 2022): 51-57.
EndNote
Öteyaka MÖ, Aybar K, Öteyaka HC (01 Şubat 2022) A comparative study of the effect of polyurethane nanofiber and powders filler on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber and glass fiber composites. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 28 1 51–57.
IEEE
M. Ö. Öteyaka, K. Aybar, ve H. C. Öteyaka, “A comparative study of the effect of polyurethane nanofiber and powders filler on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber and glass fiber composites”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 28, sy. 1, ss. 51–57, 2022.
ISNAD
Öteyaka, Mustafa Özgür vd. “A Comparative Study of the Effect of Polyurethane Nanofiber and Powders Filler on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber and Glass Fiber Composites”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 28/1 (Şubat 2022), 51-57.
JAMA
Öteyaka MÖ, Aybar K, Öteyaka HC. A comparative study of the effect of polyurethane nanofiber and powders filler on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber and glass fiber composites. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022;28:51–57.
MLA
Öteyaka, Mustafa Özgür vd. “A Comparative Study of the Effect of Polyurethane Nanofiber and Powders Filler on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber and Glass Fiber Composites”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 28, sy. 1, 2022, ss. 51-57.
Vancouver
Öteyaka MÖ, Aybar K, Öteyaka HC. A comparative study of the effect of polyurethane nanofiber and powders filler on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber and glass fiber composites. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022;28(1):51-7.