Nokta direnç kaynağı ile birleştirilen DP600 çeliğinin çekme makaslama özelliğinin incelenmesi
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 28 Sayı: 4, 533 - 538, 31.08.2022
Bilge Demir
Muhammed Elitaş
Hüseyin Karakuş
Öz
Bu çalışmada nokta direnç kaynaklı DP600 çeliğinin ideal çekme makaslama dayanımını elde etmek için farklı elektrot uç tipi (Konik yuvarlak, Düz R3, Düz R6, Düz konik) ve kaynak akımı parametrelerinin optimizasyonuna odaklanılmıştır. Kaynak prosesleri 4 farklı uç tipinin her biri için 5 ve 7 kA kaynak akımlarında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deneysel sonuçlar çekme makaslama dayanımını etkileyen en önemli değişkenin kaynak akımı olduğunu göstermiştir. Kaynak akımı arttıkça çekme makaslama dayanımı artmıştır. Kaynak çekirdek çap değeri ile çekme makaslama dayanımı arasında doğrusal bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Düz 3 mm yarıçap uçlu elektrotlar ile en yüksek, konik yuvarlak uçlu elektrotlar ile en düşük çekme makaslama dayanımı değerleri elde edilmiştir.
Kaynakça
- [1] Gould JE, Khurana SP, Li T. “Predictions of microstructures when welding automotive advanced high-strength steels”. Welding Journal, 85(5), 111-116, 2006.
- [2] Steel Market Development Institute. “The Evolving Use of Advanced High-Strength Steels for Automotive Applications”. www.autosteel.org (23.09.2021).
- [3] Hayat F, Demir B, Acarer M. “Tensile shear stress and microstructure of low carbon dual phase Mn-Ni steels after spot resistance welding”. Metal Science and Heat Treatment, 49(9-10), 484-489, 2011.
- [4] De Cooman BC. “Structure-properties relationship in TRIP steels containing carbide-free bainite”. Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, 8(3-4), 285-303, 2004.
- [5] Sedat A, Ertan R, Özgül HG, “Elektrik direnç nokta kaynağı ile birleştirilen yüksek mukavemetli çeliklerin mekanik özelliklerinin incelenmesi”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 24(1), 63-68, 2018.
- [6] Kuziak R, Kawalla R, Waengler S. “Advanced high strength steels for the automotive industry”. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 8(2), 103-117, 2008.
- [7] Zuidema BK. “Bridging the design-manufacturingmaterials data gap: material properties for optimum design and manufacturing performance in light vehicle steel-intensive body structures”, The Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 64(9), 1039-1047, 2012.
- [8] Matlock DK, Speer JG, De Moor E, Gibbs PJ. “Recent developments in advanced high strength sheet steels for automotive applications: an overview”. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 15(1), 1-12, 2012.
- [9] Matlock DK, Speer JG. Third Generation of AHSS: Microstructure Design Concepts. Editors: Haldar A, Suwas S, Bhattacharjee D. Microstructure and Texture in Steels, 185-205, London, England, Springer, 2009.
- [10] De Moor E, Gibbs PJ, Speer JG, Matlock DK, Schroth JG. “AIST transactions strategies for third-generation advanced high-strength steel development”. Iron & Steel Technology, 7(11), 133-144, 2010.
- [11] Xia M, Tian Z, Zhao L, Zhou YN. “Fusion zone microstructure evolution of Al-alloyed TRIP steel in diode laser welding”. Materials Transactions, 49(4), 746-753, 2008.
- [12] Donders S, Brughmans M, Hermans L, Tzannetakis N. “The effect of spot weld failure on dynamic vehicle performance”. Sound and Vibration, 39(4), 16-25, 2005.
- [13] De A. “Spot welding”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 13(3), 213-214, 2008.
- [14] Pouranvari M, Marashi SPH. “Critical review of automotive steels spot welding: process, structure, and properties”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 18(5), 361-403, 2013.
- [15] Pouranvari M, Abedi A, Marashi P, Goodarzi M. “Effect of expulsion on peak load and energy absorption of low carbon steel resistance spot welds”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 13(1), 39-43, 2008.
- [16] Zuniga SM. Predicting Overload Pull-out Failures in Resistance Spot Welded Joints. PhD Thesis, Stanford University, California, USA, 1995.
- [17] Zhang H, Senkara J. Resistance Welding: Fundamentals and Applications. 2nd ed. Florida, USA, CRC Press, 2011.
- [18] Pouranvari M, Asgari HR, Mosavizadch SM, Marashi PH, Goodarzi M. “Effect of weld nugget size on the overload failure mode of resistance spot welds”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 12(3), 217-225, 2007.
- [19] Lin PC, Lin SH, Pan J. “Modeling of failure near spot welds in lap-shear specimens based on a plane stress rigid inclusion analysis”. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 73(15), 2229-2249, 2006.
- [20] Sun X, Stephens EV, Khaleel MA. “Effects of fusion zone size and failure mode on peak load and energy absorption of advanced high strength steel spot welds under lap shear loading conditions”. Engineering Failure Analysis, 15(4), 356-367, 2008.
- [21] Sun X, Stephens EV, Khaleel MA. “Effects of fusion zone size and failure mode on peak load and energy absorption of advanced high-strength steel spot welds”. Welding Journal, 86(1), 18-25, 2007.
- [22] Nieto J, Guerrero-Mata MP, Colas R, Mani A. “Experimental investigation on resistance spot welding of galvannealed HSLA steel”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 11(6), 717-722, 2006.
- [23] Sun X, Stephens EV, Davies RW, Khaleel M, Spinella DJ. “Effects of fusion zone size on failure modes and static strength of aluminum resistance spot welds”. Welding Journal, 83(11), 308-318, 2004.
- [24] Pouranvari M, Marashi SPH. “Critical sheet thickness for weld nugget growth during resistance spot welding of three-steel sheets”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 16(2), 162-165, 2011.
- [25] Sam S, Shome M. “Static and fatigue performance of weld bonded dual-phase steel sheets”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 15(3), 242-247, 2010.
- [26] Khan MI, Kuntz ML, Su P, Gerlich A, North T, Zhou Y. “Resistance and friction stir spot welding of DP600: a comparative study”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 12(2), 175-182, 2007.
- [27] Varjenja ONPOS, To PU, Naprednega KV, Jekla FMVT. “Dependence of the fracture mode on the welding variables in the resistance spot welding of ferritemartensite DP980 advanced high-strength steel”. Materiali in Tehnologije, 46(6), 665-671, 2012.
- [28] De A, Gupta OP, Dorn L. “An experimental study of resistance spot welding in 1 mm thick sheet of low carbon steel”. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 210(4), 341-347, 1996.
- [29] Mukhopadhyay G, Bhattacharya S, Ray KK. “Strength assessment of spot-welded sheets of interstitial free steels”. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 209(4), 1995-2007, 2009.
- [30] Pedersen KR, Harthøj A, Friis KL, Bay N, Somers MA, Zhang W. “Microstructure and hardness distribution of resistance welded advanced high strength steels”. 5th International Seminar on Advances in Resistance Welding, Toronto, Canada, 2008, 24-26 August 2008.
- [31] Wang B, Hua L, Wang X, Song Y, Liu Y. “Effects of electrode tip morphology on resistance spot welding quality of DP590 dual-phase steel”. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 83(9-12), 1917-1926, 2016.
- [32] Zhang XQ, Chen GL, Zhang YS. “Characteristics of electrode wear in resistance spot welding dual-phase steels”. Materials & Design, 29(1), 279-283, 2008.
- [33] Khan MI, Kuntz ML, Biro E, Zhou Y. “Microstructure and mechanical properties of resistance spot welded advanced high strength steels”. Materials Transactions, 49(7), 1629-1637, 2008.
- [34] Zhang H, Wei A, Qiu X, Chen J. “Microstructure and mechanical properties of resistance spot welded dissimilar thickness DP780/DP600 dual-phase steel joints”. Materials & Design, 54, 443-449, 2014.
- [35] Choi HS, Park GH, Lim WS, Kim B. “Evaluation of weldability for resistance spot welded single-lap joint between GA780DP and hot-stamped 22MnB5 steel sheets”. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 25(6), 1543-1550, 2011.
- [36] Rathbun RW, Matlock DK, Speer JG. “Fatigue behavior of spot-welded high-strength sheet steels”. Welding Journal, 82(8), 207-218, 2003.
- [37] Hilditch TB, Speer JG, Matlock DK. “Effect of susceptibility to interfacial fracture on fatigue properties of spot-welded high strength sheet steel”. Materials & Design, 28(10), 2566-2576, 2007.
- [38] Swellam MH, Aś GB, Lawrence FV. “A fatigue design parameter for spot welds”. Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures, 17(10), 1197-1204, 1994.
- [39] Long X, Khanna SK. “Fatigue properties and failure characterization of spot-welded high strength steel sheet”. International Journal of Fatigue, 29(5), 879-886, 2007.
- [40] Yang YS, Son KJ, Cho SK, Hong SG, Kim SK, Mo KH. “Effect of residual stress on fatigue strength of resistance spot weldment”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 6(6), 397-401, 2001.
- [41] Xu J, Zhang YS, Xinmin L, Chen GL. “Experimental investigation of fatigue performance of spot-welded dual phase sheet steels”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 13(8), 726-731, 2008.
- [42] Long X, Khanna SK. “Fatigue performance of spot-welded and weld bonded advanced high strength steel sheets”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 13(3), 241-247, 2008.
- [43] Daneshpour S, Riekehr S, Kocak M, Gerritsen CHJ. “Mechanical and fatigue behavior of laser and resistance spot welds in advanced high strength steels”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 14(1), 20-25, 2009.
- [44] Gaul H, Weber G, Rethmeier M. “Influence of HAZ cracks on the fatigue resistance of resistance spot welded joints made of advanced high strength steels”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 16(5), 440-445, 2011.
- [45] Daneshpour S, Kokabi AH, Ekrami AA, Motarjemi AK. “Crack initiation and kinking behaviors of spot-welded coach peel specimens under cyclic loading”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 12(8), 696-702, 2007.
- [46] Wung P, Walsh T, Ourchane A, Stewart W, Jie M. “Failure of spot welds under in-plane static loading”. Experimental Mechanics, 41(1), 100-106, 2001.
- [47] Pouranvari M, Marashi SPH. “Failure of resistance spot welds: tensile shear versus coach peel loading conditions”. Ironmaking & Steelmaking, 39(2), 104-111, 2012.
- [48] Pouranvari M, Marashi SPH. “Failure mode transition in AISI 304 resistance spot welds”. Welding Journal, 91(11), 303-309, 2012.
- [49] Pouranvari M, Marashi SPH. “Failure mode transition in AHSS resistance spot welds. Part I. Controlling factors”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 528(29-30), 8337-8343, 2011.
- [50] Marashi P, Pouranvari M, Amirabdollahian S, Abedi A, Goodarzi M. “Microstructure and failure behavior of dissimilar resistance spot welds between low carbon galvanized and austenitic stainless steels”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 480(1-2), 175-180, 2008.
- [51] Fukumoto S, Fujiwara K, Toji S, Yamamoto A. “Small-scale resistance spot welding of austenitic stainless steels”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 492(1-2), 243-249, 2008.
- [52] Tutar M, Aydın H, Bayram A. “Elektrik direnç punta kaynağı ile kaynak edilmiş TWIP çeliklerinde kaynak parametrelerinin Taguchi yöntemi ile optimizasyonu”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 24(4), 650-657, 2018.
- [53] Sun DQ, Lang B, Sun DX, Li JB. “Microstructures and mechanical properties of resistance spot welded magnesium alloy joints”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 460-461, 494-498, 2007.
- [54] Elitas M, Demir B. “The effects of the welding parameters on tensile properties of RSW junctions of DP1000 sheet steel”. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 8(4), 3116-3120, 2018.
- [55] Alzahougi A, Elitas M, Demir B. “RSW junctions of advanced automotive sheet steel by using different electrode pressures”. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 8(5), 3492-3495, 2018.
Investigation of the tensile shear property of DP600 steel combined with resistance spot welding
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 28 Sayı: 4, 533 - 538, 31.08.2022
Bilge Demir
Muhammed Elitaş
Hüseyin Karakuş
Öz
This study focused on optimization of different electrode tip types (Conical round, Flat R3, Flat R6, Flat conical) and welding current parameters to obtain the ideal tensile shear strength of resistance spot welded DP600 steel. Welding processes were carried out at 5 and 7 kA welding currents for each of the 4 different tip types. Experimental results showed that welding current is the most important variable affecting tensile shear strength. As the welding current increased, the tensile shear strength increased. It has been determined that there is a linear relationship between the nugget diameter value and the tensile shear strength. The highest tensile shear strength values were obtained with flat 3 mm radius electrode tips and the lowest with conical round tip electrodes.
Kaynakça
- [1] Gould JE, Khurana SP, Li T. “Predictions of microstructures when welding automotive advanced high-strength steels”. Welding Journal, 85(5), 111-116, 2006.
- [2] Steel Market Development Institute. “The Evolving Use of Advanced High-Strength Steels for Automotive Applications”. www.autosteel.org (23.09.2021).
- [3] Hayat F, Demir B, Acarer M. “Tensile shear stress and microstructure of low carbon dual phase Mn-Ni steels after spot resistance welding”. Metal Science and Heat Treatment, 49(9-10), 484-489, 2011.
- [4] De Cooman BC. “Structure-properties relationship in TRIP steels containing carbide-free bainite”. Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, 8(3-4), 285-303, 2004.
- [5] Sedat A, Ertan R, Özgül HG, “Elektrik direnç nokta kaynağı ile birleştirilen yüksek mukavemetli çeliklerin mekanik özelliklerinin incelenmesi”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 24(1), 63-68, 2018.
- [6] Kuziak R, Kawalla R, Waengler S. “Advanced high strength steels for the automotive industry”. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 8(2), 103-117, 2008.
- [7] Zuidema BK. “Bridging the design-manufacturingmaterials data gap: material properties for optimum design and manufacturing performance in light vehicle steel-intensive body structures”, The Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 64(9), 1039-1047, 2012.
- [8] Matlock DK, Speer JG, De Moor E, Gibbs PJ. “Recent developments in advanced high strength sheet steels for automotive applications: an overview”. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 15(1), 1-12, 2012.
- [9] Matlock DK, Speer JG. Third Generation of AHSS: Microstructure Design Concepts. Editors: Haldar A, Suwas S, Bhattacharjee D. Microstructure and Texture in Steels, 185-205, London, England, Springer, 2009.
- [10] De Moor E, Gibbs PJ, Speer JG, Matlock DK, Schroth JG. “AIST transactions strategies for third-generation advanced high-strength steel development”. Iron & Steel Technology, 7(11), 133-144, 2010.
- [11] Xia M, Tian Z, Zhao L, Zhou YN. “Fusion zone microstructure evolution of Al-alloyed TRIP steel in diode laser welding”. Materials Transactions, 49(4), 746-753, 2008.
- [12] Donders S, Brughmans M, Hermans L, Tzannetakis N. “The effect of spot weld failure on dynamic vehicle performance”. Sound and Vibration, 39(4), 16-25, 2005.
- [13] De A. “Spot welding”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 13(3), 213-214, 2008.
- [14] Pouranvari M, Marashi SPH. “Critical review of automotive steels spot welding: process, structure, and properties”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 18(5), 361-403, 2013.
- [15] Pouranvari M, Abedi A, Marashi P, Goodarzi M. “Effect of expulsion on peak load and energy absorption of low carbon steel resistance spot welds”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 13(1), 39-43, 2008.
- [16] Zuniga SM. Predicting Overload Pull-out Failures in Resistance Spot Welded Joints. PhD Thesis, Stanford University, California, USA, 1995.
- [17] Zhang H, Senkara J. Resistance Welding: Fundamentals and Applications. 2nd ed. Florida, USA, CRC Press, 2011.
- [18] Pouranvari M, Asgari HR, Mosavizadch SM, Marashi PH, Goodarzi M. “Effect of weld nugget size on the overload failure mode of resistance spot welds”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 12(3), 217-225, 2007.
- [19] Lin PC, Lin SH, Pan J. “Modeling of failure near spot welds in lap-shear specimens based on a plane stress rigid inclusion analysis”. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 73(15), 2229-2249, 2006.
- [20] Sun X, Stephens EV, Khaleel MA. “Effects of fusion zone size and failure mode on peak load and energy absorption of advanced high strength steel spot welds under lap shear loading conditions”. Engineering Failure Analysis, 15(4), 356-367, 2008.
- [21] Sun X, Stephens EV, Khaleel MA. “Effects of fusion zone size and failure mode on peak load and energy absorption of advanced high-strength steel spot welds”. Welding Journal, 86(1), 18-25, 2007.
- [22] Nieto J, Guerrero-Mata MP, Colas R, Mani A. “Experimental investigation on resistance spot welding of galvannealed HSLA steel”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 11(6), 717-722, 2006.
- [23] Sun X, Stephens EV, Davies RW, Khaleel M, Spinella DJ. “Effects of fusion zone size on failure modes and static strength of aluminum resistance spot welds”. Welding Journal, 83(11), 308-318, 2004.
- [24] Pouranvari M, Marashi SPH. “Critical sheet thickness for weld nugget growth during resistance spot welding of three-steel sheets”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 16(2), 162-165, 2011.
- [25] Sam S, Shome M. “Static and fatigue performance of weld bonded dual-phase steel sheets”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 15(3), 242-247, 2010.
- [26] Khan MI, Kuntz ML, Su P, Gerlich A, North T, Zhou Y. “Resistance and friction stir spot welding of DP600: a comparative study”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 12(2), 175-182, 2007.
- [27] Varjenja ONPOS, To PU, Naprednega KV, Jekla FMVT. “Dependence of the fracture mode on the welding variables in the resistance spot welding of ferritemartensite DP980 advanced high-strength steel”. Materiali in Tehnologije, 46(6), 665-671, 2012.
- [28] De A, Gupta OP, Dorn L. “An experimental study of resistance spot welding in 1 mm thick sheet of low carbon steel”. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 210(4), 341-347, 1996.
- [29] Mukhopadhyay G, Bhattacharya S, Ray KK. “Strength assessment of spot-welded sheets of interstitial free steels”. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 209(4), 1995-2007, 2009.
- [30] Pedersen KR, Harthøj A, Friis KL, Bay N, Somers MA, Zhang W. “Microstructure and hardness distribution of resistance welded advanced high strength steels”. 5th International Seminar on Advances in Resistance Welding, Toronto, Canada, 2008, 24-26 August 2008.
- [31] Wang B, Hua L, Wang X, Song Y, Liu Y. “Effects of electrode tip morphology on resistance spot welding quality of DP590 dual-phase steel”. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 83(9-12), 1917-1926, 2016.
- [32] Zhang XQ, Chen GL, Zhang YS. “Characteristics of electrode wear in resistance spot welding dual-phase steels”. Materials & Design, 29(1), 279-283, 2008.
- [33] Khan MI, Kuntz ML, Biro E, Zhou Y. “Microstructure and mechanical properties of resistance spot welded advanced high strength steels”. Materials Transactions, 49(7), 1629-1637, 2008.
- [34] Zhang H, Wei A, Qiu X, Chen J. “Microstructure and mechanical properties of resistance spot welded dissimilar thickness DP780/DP600 dual-phase steel joints”. Materials & Design, 54, 443-449, 2014.
- [35] Choi HS, Park GH, Lim WS, Kim B. “Evaluation of weldability for resistance spot welded single-lap joint between GA780DP and hot-stamped 22MnB5 steel sheets”. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 25(6), 1543-1550, 2011.
- [36] Rathbun RW, Matlock DK, Speer JG. “Fatigue behavior of spot-welded high-strength sheet steels”. Welding Journal, 82(8), 207-218, 2003.
- [37] Hilditch TB, Speer JG, Matlock DK. “Effect of susceptibility to interfacial fracture on fatigue properties of spot-welded high strength sheet steel”. Materials & Design, 28(10), 2566-2576, 2007.
- [38] Swellam MH, Aś GB, Lawrence FV. “A fatigue design parameter for spot welds”. Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures, 17(10), 1197-1204, 1994.
- [39] Long X, Khanna SK. “Fatigue properties and failure characterization of spot-welded high strength steel sheet”. International Journal of Fatigue, 29(5), 879-886, 2007.
- [40] Yang YS, Son KJ, Cho SK, Hong SG, Kim SK, Mo KH. “Effect of residual stress on fatigue strength of resistance spot weldment”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 6(6), 397-401, 2001.
- [41] Xu J, Zhang YS, Xinmin L, Chen GL. “Experimental investigation of fatigue performance of spot-welded dual phase sheet steels”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 13(8), 726-731, 2008.
- [42] Long X, Khanna SK. “Fatigue performance of spot-welded and weld bonded advanced high strength steel sheets”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 13(3), 241-247, 2008.
- [43] Daneshpour S, Riekehr S, Kocak M, Gerritsen CHJ. “Mechanical and fatigue behavior of laser and resistance spot welds in advanced high strength steels”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 14(1), 20-25, 2009.
- [44] Gaul H, Weber G, Rethmeier M. “Influence of HAZ cracks on the fatigue resistance of resistance spot welded joints made of advanced high strength steels”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 16(5), 440-445, 2011.
- [45] Daneshpour S, Kokabi AH, Ekrami AA, Motarjemi AK. “Crack initiation and kinking behaviors of spot-welded coach peel specimens under cyclic loading”. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 12(8), 696-702, 2007.
- [46] Wung P, Walsh T, Ourchane A, Stewart W, Jie M. “Failure of spot welds under in-plane static loading”. Experimental Mechanics, 41(1), 100-106, 2001.
- [47] Pouranvari M, Marashi SPH. “Failure of resistance spot welds: tensile shear versus coach peel loading conditions”. Ironmaking & Steelmaking, 39(2), 104-111, 2012.
- [48] Pouranvari M, Marashi SPH. “Failure mode transition in AISI 304 resistance spot welds”. Welding Journal, 91(11), 303-309, 2012.
- [49] Pouranvari M, Marashi SPH. “Failure mode transition in AHSS resistance spot welds. Part I. Controlling factors”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 528(29-30), 8337-8343, 2011.
- [50] Marashi P, Pouranvari M, Amirabdollahian S, Abedi A, Goodarzi M. “Microstructure and failure behavior of dissimilar resistance spot welds between low carbon galvanized and austenitic stainless steels”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 480(1-2), 175-180, 2008.
- [51] Fukumoto S, Fujiwara K, Toji S, Yamamoto A. “Small-scale resistance spot welding of austenitic stainless steels”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 492(1-2), 243-249, 2008.
- [52] Tutar M, Aydın H, Bayram A. “Elektrik direnç punta kaynağı ile kaynak edilmiş TWIP çeliklerinde kaynak parametrelerinin Taguchi yöntemi ile optimizasyonu”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 24(4), 650-657, 2018.
- [53] Sun DQ, Lang B, Sun DX, Li JB. “Microstructures and mechanical properties of resistance spot welded magnesium alloy joints”. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 460-461, 494-498, 2007.
- [54] Elitas M, Demir B. “The effects of the welding parameters on tensile properties of RSW junctions of DP1000 sheet steel”. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 8(4), 3116-3120, 2018.
- [55] Alzahougi A, Elitas M, Demir B. “RSW junctions of advanced automotive sheet steel by using different electrode pressures”. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 8(5), 3492-3495, 2018.