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Pre-Chamber spark ignition: a reliability analysis of pre-chamber valve functions

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 5, 418 - 425, 31.10.2023

Öz

A pre-chamber ignition allows spark-ignition engines to operate in lean air-fuel settings. It improves fuel efficiency and reduces emissions. In this study, a reliability analysis of a single GE Jenbacher J620 natural gas engine was done. It was operational on continuous load in the power generation sector in Karachi, Pakistan. The bathtub curve of GE J620 pre-chamber gas valve (PCV) was generated. The three-year industrial data comprised PCV failures that occurred between two overhauls. During infant mortality, the curve revealed 7 failures during 1000 hours. This decreased to a failure for the next two cycles of thousand hours each. The mean-time-to-failure (MTTF) of the gas valve at 2500 hours and 4500 hours was calculated. There was a 50% decrease in reliability after 1500 hours. Exponential distribution revealed that the mean time-to-failure (MTTF) was 545.5 hours. This study was the first of its kind in the facility. Previously, much time was lost in breakdown maintenance. Thus, it helped to increase the system’s reliability.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Wakeel M, Chen B, Jahangir S. "Overview of energy portfolio in Pakistan". Energy Procedia, 88, 71-75, 2016.
  • [2] Bhutto AW, Bazmi AA, Zahedi G. "Greener energy: Issues and challenges for Pakistan-wind power prospective". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 20, 519-538, 2013.
  • [3] Nakata T, Silva D, Rodionov M. "Application of energy system models for designing a low-carbon society". Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 37(4), 462-502, 2011.
  • [4] Lin B, Raza MY. "Analysis of energy related CO2 emissions in Pakistan". Journal of Cleaner Production, 219, 981-993, 2019.
  • [5] International EA. “CO2 Emission from Fuels Combustions: Highlights”. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France, Scientific Report, 2017.
  • [6] State Bank of Pakistan. “The State of Pakistan's Economy: Third Quarterly Report for the Year 2017-2018 of the Board of Directors of State Bank of Pakistan”. Islamabad, Pakistan, Quarterly Report, 3, 2018.
  • [7] Malik S, Qasim M, Saeed H, Chang Y, Taghizadeh-Hesary F. "Energy security in Pakistan: Perspectives and policy implications from a quantitative analysis". Energy Policy, 144, 2020.
  • [8] Taylor CF. Internal Combustion Engine in Theory and Practice, revised, Volume 1: Thermodynamics, Fluid Flow, Performance. Massachusetts, USA, MIT Press, 1985.
  • [9] Rajasegar R, Niki Y, García-Oliver JM, Li Z, Musculus MPB. "Fundamental insights on ignition and combustion of natural gas in an active fueled pre-chamber spark-ignition system". Combustion and Flame, 232, 1-20, 2021.
  • [10] Roethlisberger RP, Favrat D. "Comparison between direct and indirect (prechamber) spark ignition in the case of a cogeneration natural gas engine, part I: engine geometrical parameters". Applied Thermal Engineering, 22(11), 1217-1229, 2002.
  • [11] Roethlisberger RP, Favrat D. "Comparison between direct and indirect (prechamber) spark ignition in the case of a cogeneration natural gas engine,: part II: engine operating parameters and turbocharger characteristics". Applied Thermal Engineering, 22(11), 1231-1243, 2002.
  • [12] Roethlisberger RP, Favrat D. "Investigation of the prechamber geometrical configuration of a natural gas spark ignition engine for cogeneration: part I. Numerical simulation". International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 42(3), 223-237, 2003.
  • [13] Roethlisberger RP, Favrat D. "Investigation of the prechamber geometrical configuration of a natural gas spark ignition engine for cogeneration: part II. Experimentation". International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 42(3), 239-253, 2003.
  • [14] Attard WP, Parsons P. "A New Combustion System Achieving High Drive Cycle Fuel Economy Improvements in a Modern Vehicle Powertrain". SAE Technical Paper, California, USA, January 2011.
  • [15] Shah A, Tunestal P. "Effect of Pre-Chamber Volume and Nozzle Diameter on Pre-Chamber Ignition in Heavy Duty Natural Gas Engines". SAE Technical Paper, California, USA, Jan 2015.
  • [16] Attard WP, Blaxill H. "A Gasoline fueled pre-chamber jet ıgnition combustion system at unthrottled conditions". SAE Intenational Journal Engines, 5(2), 315-329, 2012.
  • [17] Cho E-S, Chung SH. "Improvement of flame stability and NOx reduction in hydrogen-added ultra lean premixed combustion". Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 23(3), 650-658, 2009.
  • [18] Graham LA, Belisle SL, Rieger P. "Nitrous oxide emissions from light duty vehicles". Atmospheric Environment, 43(12), 2031-2044, 2009.
  • [19] Attard WP. "A Lean Burn Gasoline Fueled Pre-Chamber Jet Ignition Combustion System Achieving High Efficiency and Low NOx at Part Load". SAE Technical Paper, California, USA, Jan 2012.
  • [20] Benajes J, Novella R, Gomez-Soriano J, Martinez-Hernandiz PJ, Libert C, Dabiri M. "Evaluation of the passive pre-chamber ignition concept for future high compression ratio turbocharged spark-ignition engines". Applied Energy, 248, 576-588, 2019.
  • [21] Peterson B, Reuss DL, Sick V. "On the ignition and flame development in a spray-guided direct-injection spark-ignition engine". Combustion and Flame, 161(1), 240-255, 2014.
  • [22] Gentz G, Thelen B, Gholamisheeri M, Litke P, Brown A, Hoke J, Toulson E. "A study of the influence of orifice diameter on a turbulent jet ignition system through combustion visualization and performance characterization in a rapid compression machine". Applied Thermal Engineering, 81, 399-411, 2015.
  • [23] Rajasegar R, Niki Y. “Spatio-Temporal Progression of Two-Stage Autoignition for Diesel Sprays in a Low-Reactivity Ambient: n-Heptane Pilot-Ignited Premixed Natural Gas”. SAE Technical Paper, California, USA, 5-25 Jan 2021.
  • [24] Karim GA. "A review of combustion processes in the dual fuel engine-The gas diesel engine". Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 6(3), 277-285, 1980.
  • [25] Rajasegar R, Niki Y, Li Z, García-Oliver JM, Musculus MPB. "Influence of pilot-fuel mixing on the spatio-temporal progression of two-stage autoignition of diesel-sprays in low-reactivity ambient fuel-air mixture". Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 38(4), 5741-5750, 2021.
  • [26] Das A, Watson HC. "Development of a natural gas spark ignition engine for optimum performance". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 211(5), 361-378, 1997.
  • [27] Gentz G, Gholamisheeri M, Toulson E. "A study of a turbulent jet ignition system fueled with iso-octane: Pressure trace analysis and combustion visualization". Applied Energy, 189, 385-394, 2017.
  • [28] Alvarez CEC, Couto GE, Roso VR, Thiriet AB, Valle RM. "A review of prechamber ignition systems as lean combustion technology for SI engines". Applied Thermal Engineering, 128, 107-120, 2018.
  • [29] Toulson E, Schock HJ. "A Review of Pre-Chamber Initiated Jet Ignition Combustion Systems". SAE Technical Paper, California, USA, Jan 2010.
  • [30] Litke P, Attard WP, Blaxill H, Anderson EK. "Knock Limit Extension with a Gasoline Fueled Pre-Chamber Jet Igniter in a Modern Vehicle Powertrain". SAE International Journal Engines, 5(3), 1201-1215, 2012.
  • [31] Yin X, Sun N, Sun T, Shen H, Mehra RK, Liu J, Wang Y, Yang B, Zeng K. "Experimental investigation the effects of spark discharge characteristics on the heavy-duty spark ignition natural gas engine at low load condition". Energy, 239, 1-13, 2022.
  • [32] Furukawa Y, Tamura, T, et al. . "Technology for Improving Combustion Reliability of High Speed Engines". Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review, 54(1), 33-38, 2017.
  • [33] Daejin L, Kwang-Cheol H. Precombustion Chamber Structure for Gas Engine. Korea, WIPO, Patent, 2013.
  • [34] Couet S, Pascal H. “APIR: A new firing concept for the ınternal combustion engines-sensitivity to knock and ın-cylinder aerodynamics”. International Spring Fuels & Lubricants Meeting, Warrendale, USA, 2001.
  • [35] Getzlaff J, Pape J. “Investigations on pre-chamber spark plug with pilot injection”. SAE World Congress and Exhibition, Warrendale, USA, 16-19 April 2007.
  • [36] Attard WP, Blaxill H. “A single fuel pre-chamber jet ignition powertrain achieving high load, high efficiency and near zero NOx emissions”. Journal of Engines, 5(3), 734-746, 2011.
  • [37] Jamrozik A, Tutak W. "A study of performance and emissions of SI engine with a two-stage combustion system". Chemical and Process Engineering, 32(4), 453-471, 2011.
  • [38] Arkadiusz J. "Lean combustion by a pre-chamber charge stratification in a stationary spark ignited engine". Journal of Mechanical Science Technology, 29(5), 2269-2278, 2015.
  • [39] Aliramezani M, Chitsaz I, Mozafari AA. "Thermodynamic modeling of partially stratified charge engine characteristics for hydrogen-methane blends at ultra-lean conditions". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38(25), 10640-10647, 2013.
  • [40] Rodrigues Filho FA, Moreira TAA, Valle RM, Baêta JGC, Pontoppidan M, Teixeira AF. "E25 stratified torch ignition engine performance, CO2 emission and combustion analysis". Energy Conversion and Management, 115, 299-307, 2016.
  • [41] Heywood JB. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. New York, USA, McGraw-Hill Education, 2018.
  • [42] Nezhadfard M, Khalili-Garakani A. "Power generation as a useful option for flare gas recovery: Enviro-Economic evaluation of different scenarios". Energy, 204, 1-13, 2020.
  • [43] Soltic P, Hilfiker T. "Efficiency and raw emission benefits from hydrogen addition to methane in a Prechamber–Equipped engine". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 45(43), 23638-23652, 2020.
  • [44] Zardoya AR, Lucena IL, Bengoetxea IO, Orosa JA. "Research on an internal combustion engine with an injected pre-chamber to operate with low methane number fuels for future gas flaring reduction". Energy, 253, 1-14, 2022.
  • [45] Jacob R. Pre-chamber gas valve. Canada, Patent, 2015.
  • [46] Kosky P, Balmer, R, Keat WD, Wise G. Exploring Engineering: An Introduction to Engineering and Design. 5th ed. Cambridge, USA, Academic Press, 2021.
  • [47] GE Power & Water. “Jenbacher Gas Engines Austria”. https://nes-wes.com/pdf/jenbacher-type-6-wes.pdf. 2022.
  • [48] Western Energy Systems. “Power Systems Specialists”. https://www.clarke-energy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/CEL-type-6.pdf. 2022.

Hazne öncesi kıvılcım ateşlemesi: ön yanma odalı valf fonksiyonlarının güvenilirlik analizi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 5, 418 - 425, 31.10.2023

Öz

Ön oda ateşlemesi, kıvılcım ateşlemeli motorların zayıf hava yakıtı ayarlarında çalışmasına izin verir. Yakıt verimliliğini artırır ve emisyonları azaltır. Bu çalışmada tek bir GE Jenbacher J620 doğal gaz motorunun güvenilirlik analizi yapılmıştır. Pakistan, Karaçi'de elektrik üretim sektöründe sürekli yükte çalışıyordu. GE J620 ön oda gaz vanasının (PCV) bir küvet eğrisi oluşturuldu. Üç yıllık endüstriyel veriler, iki revizyon arasında meydana gelen PCV arızalarını içeriyordu. Bebek ölümleri sırasında, eğri 1000 saat boyunca 7 başarısızlık ortaya çıkardı. Bu, her biri bin saatlik sonraki iki döngü için başarısızlığa düştü. Gaz vanasının 2500 saat ve 4500 saatte ortalama arıza süresi (MTTF) hesaplandı. 1500 saat sonra güvenilirlikte %50 azalma oldu. Üstel dağılım, ortalama başarısızlık süresinin (MTTF) 545,5 saat olduğunu ortaya koydu. Bu çalışma, tesiste türünün ilk örneğiydi. Daha önce, arıza bakımında çok zaman kaybedildi. Böylece sistemin güvenilirliğinin artmasına yardımcı oldu.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Wakeel M, Chen B, Jahangir S. "Overview of energy portfolio in Pakistan". Energy Procedia, 88, 71-75, 2016.
  • [2] Bhutto AW, Bazmi AA, Zahedi G. "Greener energy: Issues and challenges for Pakistan-wind power prospective". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 20, 519-538, 2013.
  • [3] Nakata T, Silva D, Rodionov M. "Application of energy system models for designing a low-carbon society". Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 37(4), 462-502, 2011.
  • [4] Lin B, Raza MY. "Analysis of energy related CO2 emissions in Pakistan". Journal of Cleaner Production, 219, 981-993, 2019.
  • [5] International EA. “CO2 Emission from Fuels Combustions: Highlights”. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France, Scientific Report, 2017.
  • [6] State Bank of Pakistan. “The State of Pakistan's Economy: Third Quarterly Report for the Year 2017-2018 of the Board of Directors of State Bank of Pakistan”. Islamabad, Pakistan, Quarterly Report, 3, 2018.
  • [7] Malik S, Qasim M, Saeed H, Chang Y, Taghizadeh-Hesary F. "Energy security in Pakistan: Perspectives and policy implications from a quantitative analysis". Energy Policy, 144, 2020.
  • [8] Taylor CF. Internal Combustion Engine in Theory and Practice, revised, Volume 1: Thermodynamics, Fluid Flow, Performance. Massachusetts, USA, MIT Press, 1985.
  • [9] Rajasegar R, Niki Y, García-Oliver JM, Li Z, Musculus MPB. "Fundamental insights on ignition and combustion of natural gas in an active fueled pre-chamber spark-ignition system". Combustion and Flame, 232, 1-20, 2021.
  • [10] Roethlisberger RP, Favrat D. "Comparison between direct and indirect (prechamber) spark ignition in the case of a cogeneration natural gas engine, part I: engine geometrical parameters". Applied Thermal Engineering, 22(11), 1217-1229, 2002.
  • [11] Roethlisberger RP, Favrat D. "Comparison between direct and indirect (prechamber) spark ignition in the case of a cogeneration natural gas engine,: part II: engine operating parameters and turbocharger characteristics". Applied Thermal Engineering, 22(11), 1231-1243, 2002.
  • [12] Roethlisberger RP, Favrat D. "Investigation of the prechamber geometrical configuration of a natural gas spark ignition engine for cogeneration: part I. Numerical simulation". International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 42(3), 223-237, 2003.
  • [13] Roethlisberger RP, Favrat D. "Investigation of the prechamber geometrical configuration of a natural gas spark ignition engine for cogeneration: part II. Experimentation". International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 42(3), 239-253, 2003.
  • [14] Attard WP, Parsons P. "A New Combustion System Achieving High Drive Cycle Fuel Economy Improvements in a Modern Vehicle Powertrain". SAE Technical Paper, California, USA, January 2011.
  • [15] Shah A, Tunestal P. "Effect of Pre-Chamber Volume and Nozzle Diameter on Pre-Chamber Ignition in Heavy Duty Natural Gas Engines". SAE Technical Paper, California, USA, Jan 2015.
  • [16] Attard WP, Blaxill H. "A Gasoline fueled pre-chamber jet ıgnition combustion system at unthrottled conditions". SAE Intenational Journal Engines, 5(2), 315-329, 2012.
  • [17] Cho E-S, Chung SH. "Improvement of flame stability and NOx reduction in hydrogen-added ultra lean premixed combustion". Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 23(3), 650-658, 2009.
  • [18] Graham LA, Belisle SL, Rieger P. "Nitrous oxide emissions from light duty vehicles". Atmospheric Environment, 43(12), 2031-2044, 2009.
  • [19] Attard WP. "A Lean Burn Gasoline Fueled Pre-Chamber Jet Ignition Combustion System Achieving High Efficiency and Low NOx at Part Load". SAE Technical Paper, California, USA, Jan 2012.
  • [20] Benajes J, Novella R, Gomez-Soriano J, Martinez-Hernandiz PJ, Libert C, Dabiri M. "Evaluation of the passive pre-chamber ignition concept for future high compression ratio turbocharged spark-ignition engines". Applied Energy, 248, 576-588, 2019.
  • [21] Peterson B, Reuss DL, Sick V. "On the ignition and flame development in a spray-guided direct-injection spark-ignition engine". Combustion and Flame, 161(1), 240-255, 2014.
  • [22] Gentz G, Thelen B, Gholamisheeri M, Litke P, Brown A, Hoke J, Toulson E. "A study of the influence of orifice diameter on a turbulent jet ignition system through combustion visualization and performance characterization in a rapid compression machine". Applied Thermal Engineering, 81, 399-411, 2015.
  • [23] Rajasegar R, Niki Y. “Spatio-Temporal Progression of Two-Stage Autoignition for Diesel Sprays in a Low-Reactivity Ambient: n-Heptane Pilot-Ignited Premixed Natural Gas”. SAE Technical Paper, California, USA, 5-25 Jan 2021.
  • [24] Karim GA. "A review of combustion processes in the dual fuel engine-The gas diesel engine". Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 6(3), 277-285, 1980.
  • [25] Rajasegar R, Niki Y, Li Z, García-Oliver JM, Musculus MPB. "Influence of pilot-fuel mixing on the spatio-temporal progression of two-stage autoignition of diesel-sprays in low-reactivity ambient fuel-air mixture". Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 38(4), 5741-5750, 2021.
  • [26] Das A, Watson HC. "Development of a natural gas spark ignition engine for optimum performance". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 211(5), 361-378, 1997.
  • [27] Gentz G, Gholamisheeri M, Toulson E. "A study of a turbulent jet ignition system fueled with iso-octane: Pressure trace analysis and combustion visualization". Applied Energy, 189, 385-394, 2017.
  • [28] Alvarez CEC, Couto GE, Roso VR, Thiriet AB, Valle RM. "A review of prechamber ignition systems as lean combustion technology for SI engines". Applied Thermal Engineering, 128, 107-120, 2018.
  • [29] Toulson E, Schock HJ. "A Review of Pre-Chamber Initiated Jet Ignition Combustion Systems". SAE Technical Paper, California, USA, Jan 2010.
  • [30] Litke P, Attard WP, Blaxill H, Anderson EK. "Knock Limit Extension with a Gasoline Fueled Pre-Chamber Jet Igniter in a Modern Vehicle Powertrain". SAE International Journal Engines, 5(3), 1201-1215, 2012.
  • [31] Yin X, Sun N, Sun T, Shen H, Mehra RK, Liu J, Wang Y, Yang B, Zeng K. "Experimental investigation the effects of spark discharge characteristics on the heavy-duty spark ignition natural gas engine at low load condition". Energy, 239, 1-13, 2022.
  • [32] Furukawa Y, Tamura, T, et al. . "Technology for Improving Combustion Reliability of High Speed Engines". Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review, 54(1), 33-38, 2017.
  • [33] Daejin L, Kwang-Cheol H. Precombustion Chamber Structure for Gas Engine. Korea, WIPO, Patent, 2013.
  • [34] Couet S, Pascal H. “APIR: A new firing concept for the ınternal combustion engines-sensitivity to knock and ın-cylinder aerodynamics”. International Spring Fuels & Lubricants Meeting, Warrendale, USA, 2001.
  • [35] Getzlaff J, Pape J. “Investigations on pre-chamber spark plug with pilot injection”. SAE World Congress and Exhibition, Warrendale, USA, 16-19 April 2007.
  • [36] Attard WP, Blaxill H. “A single fuel pre-chamber jet ignition powertrain achieving high load, high efficiency and near zero NOx emissions”. Journal of Engines, 5(3), 734-746, 2011.
  • [37] Jamrozik A, Tutak W. "A study of performance and emissions of SI engine with a two-stage combustion system". Chemical and Process Engineering, 32(4), 453-471, 2011.
  • [38] Arkadiusz J. "Lean combustion by a pre-chamber charge stratification in a stationary spark ignited engine". Journal of Mechanical Science Technology, 29(5), 2269-2278, 2015.
  • [39] Aliramezani M, Chitsaz I, Mozafari AA. "Thermodynamic modeling of partially stratified charge engine characteristics for hydrogen-methane blends at ultra-lean conditions". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38(25), 10640-10647, 2013.
  • [40] Rodrigues Filho FA, Moreira TAA, Valle RM, Baêta JGC, Pontoppidan M, Teixeira AF. "E25 stratified torch ignition engine performance, CO2 emission and combustion analysis". Energy Conversion and Management, 115, 299-307, 2016.
  • [41] Heywood JB. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. New York, USA, McGraw-Hill Education, 2018.
  • [42] Nezhadfard M, Khalili-Garakani A. "Power generation as a useful option for flare gas recovery: Enviro-Economic evaluation of different scenarios". Energy, 204, 1-13, 2020.
  • [43] Soltic P, Hilfiker T. "Efficiency and raw emission benefits from hydrogen addition to methane in a Prechamber–Equipped engine". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 45(43), 23638-23652, 2020.
  • [44] Zardoya AR, Lucena IL, Bengoetxea IO, Orosa JA. "Research on an internal combustion engine with an injected pre-chamber to operate with low methane number fuels for future gas flaring reduction". Energy, 253, 1-14, 2022.
  • [45] Jacob R. Pre-chamber gas valve. Canada, Patent, 2015.
  • [46] Kosky P, Balmer, R, Keat WD, Wise G. Exploring Engineering: An Introduction to Engineering and Design. 5th ed. Cambridge, USA, Academic Press, 2021.
  • [47] GE Power & Water. “Jenbacher Gas Engines Austria”. https://nes-wes.com/pdf/jenbacher-type-6-wes.pdf. 2022.
  • [48] Western Energy Systems. “Power Systems Specialists”. https://www.clarke-energy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/CEL-type-6.pdf. 2022.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Makine Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm Makale
Yazarlar

Faraz Akbar

Sarah Zaki Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Akbar, F., & Zaki, S. (2023). Pre-Chamber spark ignition: a reliability analysis of pre-chamber valve functions. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(5), 418-425.
AMA Akbar F, Zaki S. Pre-Chamber spark ignition: a reliability analysis of pre-chamber valve functions. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. Ekim 2023;29(5):418-425.
Chicago Akbar, Faraz, ve Sarah Zaki. “Pre-Chamber Spark Ignition: A Reliability Analysis of Pre-Chamber Valve Functions”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 29, sy. 5 (Ekim 2023): 418-25.
EndNote Akbar F, Zaki S (01 Ekim 2023) Pre-Chamber spark ignition: a reliability analysis of pre-chamber valve functions. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 29 5 418–425.
IEEE F. Akbar ve S. Zaki, “Pre-Chamber spark ignition: a reliability analysis of pre-chamber valve functions”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 29, sy. 5, ss. 418–425, 2023.
ISNAD Akbar, Faraz - Zaki, Sarah. “Pre-Chamber Spark Ignition: A Reliability Analysis of Pre-Chamber Valve Functions”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 29/5 (Ekim 2023), 418-425.
JAMA Akbar F, Zaki S. Pre-Chamber spark ignition: a reliability analysis of pre-chamber valve functions. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2023;29:418–425.
MLA Akbar, Faraz ve Sarah Zaki. “Pre-Chamber Spark Ignition: A Reliability Analysis of Pre-Chamber Valve Functions”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 29, sy. 5, 2023, ss. 418-25.
Vancouver Akbar F, Zaki S. Pre-Chamber spark ignition: a reliability analysis of pre-chamber valve functions. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2023;29(5):418-25.





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