A review on mechanical and durability properties of concrete with waste rubber aggregate

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 5, 513 - 528, 31.10.2023

Arif Yılmazoğlu , Salih Yıldırım

Öz

This study examines the use of rubber particle (RP) recycled from waste vehicle tires, which is one of today's most serious environmental problems in concrete. For this purpose, studies on rubber aggregate concrete (RAC) were compiled and analyzed. The physical, mechanical and durability properties of RAC were investigated. When the results were analyzed, the addition of rubber decreased the compressive and flexural strength, and the modulus of elasticity. The porosity percentage, water absorption, sorptivity and water permeability of RAC generally increased with increasing rubber percentage and rubber size. The addition of rubber aggregate to the concrete increased the toughness of the concrete up to 3 times because of the energy absorbing property of the rubber particles (RPs). Besides, the addition of rubber had positive effects on the properties of concrete such as abrasion resistance and freeze-thaw resistance. The drying shrinkage of RAC varies depending on the percentage, size and stiffness of RPs. The findings reveal that less than 10% of RPs should be used in concrete for structural applications where strength is important.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Waste vehicle tires, Physical, Mechanical and durability properties, Recycling, Rubber aggregate concrete

Atık kauçuk agregalı betonların mekanik ve durabilite özellikleri üzerine bir inceleme

Öz

Bu çalışma günümüzün en önemli çevresel problemlerinden biri olan atık araç lastiklerinden geridönüştürülmüş kauçuk parçacıklarının betonda kullanımını incelemektedir. Bu amaçla kauçuk agregalı beton (RAC) üzerine yapılmış çalışmalar derlenmiş ve analiz edilmiştir. RAC’lerin fiziksel, mekanik ve durabilite özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Sonuçlar analiz edildiğinde; kauçuk ilavesi RAC’nin basınç ve eğilme dayanımını ve elastisite modülünü düşürmektedir. RAC’nin boşluk yüzdesi, su emmesi, kılcallığı ve su geçirimliliği kauçuk yüzdesi ve kauçuk boyutunun artışıyla genel olarak artmıştır. Enerji sönümleme özelliğinden dolayı betona kauçuk parçacıklarının agrega olarak ilavesi betonun tokluğunu 3 katına kadar çıkarmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra betonun aşınma direnci ve donma-çözülme direnci gibi özelliklerinde kauçuk parçacıklarının ilavesi olumlu etkiler yapmıştır. RAC’nin kuruma büzülmesi kauçuk parçacıklarının yüzdesine, boyutuna ve rijitliğine bağlı olarak değişmektedir. Elde edilen bulgular; dayanımın önemli olduğu yapısal uygulamalar için kauçuk parçacıklarının betonda %10’dan daha az kullanılması gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Atık araç lastikleri, Fiziksel, Mekanik ve durabilite özellikleri, Geridönüşüm, Kauçuk agregalı beton

Kaynakça

• [1] Hernández-Olivares F, Barluenga G. "Fire performance of recycled rubber-filled high-strength concrete". Cement and Concrete Research, 34(1), 109-117, 2004.
• [2] Batayneh MK, Marie I, Asi I. "Promoting the use of crumb rubber concrete in developing countries". Waste Management, 28(11), 2171-2176, 2008.
• [3] Ozbay E, Lachemi M, Sevim UK. "Compressive strength, abrasion resistance and energy absorption capacity of rubberized concretes with and without slag". Materials and Structures, 44(7), 1297-1307, 2011.
• [4] Al-Mutairi N, Al-Rukaibi F, Bufarsan A. "Effect of microsilica addition on compressive strength of rubberized concrete at elevated temperatures". Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 12(1), 41-49, 2010.
• [5] Aiello MA, Leuzzi F. "Waste tyre rubberized concrete: Properties at fresh and hardened state". Waste Management, 30(8-9), 1696-1704, 2010.
• [6] Issa CA, Salem G. "Utilization of recycled crumb rubber as fine aggregates in concrete mix design". Construction and Building Materials, 42, 48-52, 2013.
• [7] Güneyisi E, Gesoğlu M, Özturan T. "Properties of rubberized concretes containing silica fume". Cement and Concrete Research, 34(12), 2309-2317, 2004.
• [8] Ganjian E, Khorami M, Maghsoudi AA. "Scrap-tyrerubber replacement for aggregate and filler in concrete". Construction and Building Materials, 23(5), 1828-1836, 2009.
• [9] Freitas C, Galvão JCA, Portella KF, Joukoski A, Gomes Filho CV, Ferreira ES. "Physicochemical and mechanical performance of portland cement concrete with recycled styrene-butadiene tyre-rubber waste". Química Nova, 32, 913-918, 2009.
• [10] Boudaoud Z, Beddar M. "Effects of recycled tires rubber aggregates on the characteristics of cement concrete". Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 2(4), 193-197, 2012.
• [11] Liu F, Meng LY, Ning GF, Li LJ. "Fatigue performance of rubber-modified recycled aggregate concrete (RRAC) for pavement". Construction and Building Materials, 95, 207-217, 2015.
• [12] Lv J, Du Q, Zhou T, He Z, Li K. "Fresh and mechanical properties of self-compacting rubber lightweight aggregate concrete and corresponding mortar". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2019, 1-14, 2019.
• [13] Gupta T, Chaudhary S, Sharma RK. "Assessment of mechanical and durability properties of concrete containing waste rubber tire as fine aggregate". Construction and Building Materials, 73, 562-574, 2014.
• [14] Atahan AO, Sevim UK. "Testing and comparison of concrete barriers containing shredded waste tire chips". Materials Letters, 62(21-22), 3754-3757, 2008.
• [15] Tantala MW, Lepore JA, Zandi I. "Quasi-elastic behavior of rubber included concrete(RIC) using waste rubber tires". In Proceedings of the International Conference on Solid Waste Technology and Management, Philadelphia, USA, 17-20 November 1996.
• [16] Avcular N. "Analysis of rubberized concrete as a composite material". Cement and Concrete Research, 27(8), 1135-1139, 1997.
• [17] Topçu IB, Avcular N. "Collision behaviours of rubberized concrete". Cement and Concrete Research, 27(12), 1893-1898, 1997.
• [18] Eldin NN, Senouci AB. "Rubber-tire particles as concrete aggregate". Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 5(4), 478-496, 1993.
• [19] Pelisser F, Zavarise N, Longo TA, Bernardin AM. "Concrete made with recycled tire rubber: effect of alkaline activation and silica fume addition". Journal of Cleaner Production, 19(6-7), 757-763, 2011.
• [20] Mohammed BS, Hossain KMA, Swee JTE, Wong G, Abdullahi M. "Properties of crumb rubber hollow concrete block". Journal of Cleaner Production, 23(1), 57-67, 2012.
• [21] Bravo M, de Brito J. "Concrete made with used tyre aggregate: durability-related performance". Journal of Cleaner Production, 25, 42-50, 2012.
• [22] Savas BZ, Ahmad S, Fedroff D. "Freeze-thaw durability of concrete with ground waste tire rubber". Transportation Research Record, 1574(1), 80-88, 1997.
• [23] Topçu İB, Demir A. "Durability of rubberized mortar and concrete". Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 19(2), 173-178, 2007.
• [24] Paine KA, Dhir RK, Moroney R, Kopasakis K. "Use of crumb rubber to achieve freeze thaw resisting concrete". In Proceedings of the International Conference on Concrete for Extreme Conditions, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK, 9-11 September 2002.
• [25] Muñoz-Sánchez B, Arévalo-Caballero MJ, PachecoMenor MC. "Influence of acetic acid and calcium hydroxide treatments of rubber waste on the properties of rubberized mortars". Materials and Structures, 50(1), 1-16, 2017.
• [26] Raffoul S, Garcia R, Pilakoutas K, Guadagnini M, Medina NF. "Optimisation of rubberised concrete with high rubber content: An experimental investigation". Construction and Building Materials, 124, 391-404, 2016.
• [27] Roychand R, Gravina RJ, Zhuge Y, Ma X, Youssf O, Mills JE. "A comprehensive review on the mechanical properties of waste tire rubber concrete". Construction and Building Materials, 237, 1-20, 2020.
• [28] Formela K, Hejna A, Zedler L, Colom Fajula X, Cañavate Ávila FJ. "Microwave treatment in waste rubber recycling–recent advances and limitations". Express Polymer Letters, 13(6), 565-588, 2019.
• [29] Venkatesan G, Saravanakumar M, Kapgate BP, Rajkumar K. "Laboratory studies on strength behavior of concrete added with tire derived products". Materials Today: Proceedings, 33, 2665-2670, 2020.
• [30] Nematzadeh M, Mousavimehr M. "Residual compressive stress–strain relationship for hybrid recycled PET– crumb rubber aggregate concrete after exposure to elevated temperatures". Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 31(8), 1-19, 2019.
• [31] Zhu H, Liang J, Xu J, Bo M, Li J, Tang, B. "Research on antichloride ion penetration property of crumb rubber concrete at different ambient temperatures". Construction and Building Materials, 189, 42-53, 2018.
• [32] Yu Y, Zhu H. "Effects of rubber size on the cracking resistance of rubberized mortars". Materials, 12(19), 3132, 1-12, 2019.
• [33] Thomas BS, Gupta RC, Kalla P, Cseteneyi L. "Strength, abrasion and permeation characteristics of cement concrete containing discarded rubber fine aggregates". Construction and Building Materials, 59, 204-212, 2014.
• [34] Thomas BS, Gupta RC, Panicker VJ. "Recycling of waste tire rubber as aggregate in concrete: durability-related performance". Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 504-513, 2016.
• [35] Aslani F, Khan M. "Properties of high-performance selfcompacting rubberized concrete exposed to high temperatures". Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 31(5), 1-15, 2019.
• [36] Sodupe-Ortega E, Fraile-Garcia E, Ferreiro-Cabello J, Sanz-Garcia A. "Evaluation of crumb rubber as aggregate for automated manufacturing of rubberized long hollow blocks and bricks". Construction and Building materials, 106, 305-316, 2016.
• [37] Liu R, Zhang L. "Utilization of waste tire rubber powder in concrete". Composite Interfaces, 22(9), 823-835, 2015.
• [38] Bisht K, Ramana PV. "Waste to resource conversion of crumb rubber for production of sulphuric acid resistant concrete". Construction and Building Materials, 194, 276-286, 2019.
• [39] Fraile-Garcia E, Ferreiro-Cabello J, Mendivil-Giro M, San Vicente-Navarro A. "Thermal behaviour of hollow blocks and bricks made of concrete doped with waste tyre rubber". Construction and Building Materials, 176, 193-200, 2018.
• [40] Aslani F, Ma G, Wan DLY, Le VXT. "Experimental investigation into rubber granules and their effects on the fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete". Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 1835-1847, 2018.
• [41] López-Zaldívar O, Lozano-Díez R, del Cura SH, MayorLobo P, Hernández-Olivares F. "Effects of water absorption on the microstructure of plaster with end-oflife tire rubber mortars". Construction and Building Materials, 150, 558-567, 2017.
• [42] Chen JH, Chen KS, Tong LY. "On the pyrolysis kinetics of scrap automotive tires". Journal of Hazardous Materials, 84(1), 43-55, 2001.
• [43] Angelin AF, Miranda Jr EJP, Dos Santos JMC, Lintz RCC, Gachet-Barbosa LA. "Rubberized mortar: The influence of aggregate granulometry in mechanical resistances and acoustic behavior". Construction and Building Materials, 200, 248-254, 2019.
• [44] Eldan Recycling. "Tyre-Recycling". https://eldanrecycling.com/tyre-recycling/ (08.05.2022).
• [45] Mohajerani A, Burnett L, Smith JV, Markovski S, Rodwell G, Rahman MT, ... & Maghool F. "Recycling waste rubber tyres in construction materials and associated environmental considerations: A review". Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 155, 1-17, 2020.
• [46] Lv J, Zhou T, Du Q, Wu H. "Effects of rubber particles on mechanical properties of lightweight aggregate concrete". Construction and Building Materials, 91, 145-149, 2015.
• [47] Dey S, Pandey M. "Waste management by utilization of tire rubber aggregate in concrete". International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 7(7), 40-43, 2017.
• [48] Yildirim ST, Duygun NP. "Mechanical and physical performance of concrete including waste electrical cable rubber". In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 245(2), 1-12, 2017.
• [49] Choi YW, Moon DJ, Kim YJ, Lachemi M. "Characteristics of mortar and concrete containing fine aggregate manufactured from recycled waste polyethylene terephthalate bottles". Construction and Building Materials, 23(8), 2829-2835, 2009.
• [50] Choi YW, Moon DJ, Chung JS, Cho SK. "Effects of waste PET bottles aggregate on the properties of concrete". Cement and Concrete Research, 35(4), 776-781, 2005.
• [51] Al-Manaseer AA, Dalal TR. "Concrete containing plastic aggregates". Concrete İnternational, 19(8), 47-52, 1997.
• [52] Gerges NN, Issa CA, Fawaz SA. "Rubber concrete: Mechanical and dynamical properties". Case Studies in Construction Materials, 9, 1-13, 2018.
• [53] Ling TC. "Prediction of density and compressive strength for rubberized concrete blocks". Construction and Building Materials, 25(11), 4303-4306, 2011.
• [54] Feng W, Liu F, Yang F, Li L, Jing L, Chen B, Yuan B. "Experimental study on the effect of strain rates on the dynamic flexural properties of rubber concrete". Construction and Building Materials, 224, 408-419, 2019.
• [55] Bisht K, Ramana PV. "Evaluation of mechanical and durability properties of crumb rubber concrete". Construction and Building Materials, 155, 811-817, 2017.
• [56] Turatsinze A, Garros M. "On the modulus of elasticity and strain capacity of self-compacting concrete incorporating rubber aggregates". Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52(10), 1209-1215, 2008.
• [57] Zheng L, Huo XS, Yuan Y. "Experimental investigation on dynamic properties of rubberized concrete". Construction and Building Materials, 22(5), 939-947, 2008.
• [58] Emiroglu M, Yildiz S, Ozgan E. "Experimental and theoretical study of modulus of elasticity on rubberized concrete". Journal of The Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 24(3), 469-476, 2009.
• [59] Atahan AO, Yücel AÖ. "Crumb rubber in concrete: Static and dynamic evaluation". Construction and Building Materials, 36, 617-622, 2012.
• [60] Noaman AT, Bakar BA, Akil HM. "Experimental investigation on compression toughness of rubberized steel fibre concrete". Construction and Building Materials, 115, 163-170, 2016.
• [61] Xie JH, Guo YC, Liu LS, Xie ZH. "Compressive and flexural behaviours of a new steel-fibre-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete with crumb rubber". Construction and Building Materials, 79, 263-272, 2015.
• [62] Strukar K, Šipoš TK, Miličević I, Bušić R. "Potential use of rubber as aggregate in structural reinforced concrete element–A review". Engineering Structures, 188, 452-468, 2019.
• [63] Huang X, Ranade R, Ni W, Li VC. "On the use of recycled tire rubber to develop low E-modulus ECC for durable concrete repairs". Construction and Building Materials, 46, 134-141, 2013.
• [64] Mousavimehr M, Nematzadeh M. "Predicting post-fire behavior of crumb rubber aggregate concrete". Construction and Building Materials, 229, 1-17, 2019.
• [65] Medina NF, Medina DF, Hernández-Olivares F, Navacerrada MA. "Mechanical and thermal properties of concrete incorporating rubber and fibres from tyre recycling". Construction and Building Materials, 144, 563-573, 2017.
• [66] Chaikaew C, Sukontasukkul P, Chaisakulkiet U, Sata V, Chindaprasirt P. "Properties of concrete pedestrian blocks containing crumb rubber from recycle waste tyres reinforced with steel fibres". Case Studies in Construction Materials, 11, 1-12, 2019.
• [67] Ismail MK, Hassan AA. "An experimental study on flexural behaviour of large-scale concrete beams incorporating crumb rubber and steel fibres". Engineering Structures, 145, 97-108, 2017.
• [68] Gesoglu M, Güneyisi E, Khoshnaw G, İpek S. "Abrasion and freezing–thawing resistance of pervious concretes containing waste rubbers". Construction and Building Materials, 73, 19-24, 2014.
• [69] Si R, Guo S, Dai Q. "Durability performance of rubberized mortar and concrete with NaOH-Solution treated rubber particles". Construction and Building Materials, 153, 496-505, 2017.
• [70] Richardson A, Coventry K, Edmondson V, Dias E. "Crumb rubber used in concrete to provide freeze–thaw protection (optimal particle size)". Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 599-606, 2016.
• [71] Gonen T. "Freezing-thawing and impact resistance of concretes containing waste crumb rubbers". Construction and Building Materials, 177, 436-442, 2018.
• [72] Alsaif A, Bernal SA, Guadagnini M, Pilakoutas K. "Freezethaw resistance of steel fibre reinforced rubberised concrete". Construction and Building Materials, 195, 450-458, 2019.
• [73] Pham NP, Toumi A, Turatsinze A. "Effect of an enhanced rubber-cement matrix interface on freeze-thaw resistance of the cement-based composite". Construction and Building Materials, 207, 528-534, 2019.
• [74] Wang J, Dai Q, Si R, Guo S. "Mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties of macro synthetic polypropylene (PP) fiber-reinforced rubber concrete". Journal of Cleaner Production, 234, 1351-1364, 2019.
• [75] Assaggaf RA, Ali MR, Al-Dulaijan SU, Maslehuddin M. "Properties of concrete with untreated and treated crumb rubber–A review". Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 11, 1753-1798, 2021.
• [76] Aliabdo AA, Abd Elmoaty M, AbdElbaset MM. "Utilization of waste rubber in non-structural applications". Construction and Building Materials, 91, 195-207, 2015.
• [77] Pham TM, Elchalakani M, Hao H, Lai J, Ameduri S, Tran TM. "Durability characteristics of lightweight rubberized concrete". Construction and Building Materials, 224, 584-599, 2019.
• [78] Binti Salehuddin S, Rahim NL, Ibrahim NM, Tajri SAN, Zainol Abidin MZ. "The behaviour of rubber tyre as fine aggregate in concrete mix". In Applied Mechanics and Materials, 754, 427-431, 2015.
• [79] Marie I. "Thermal conductivity of hybrid recycled aggregate–Rubberized concrete". Construction and Building Materials, 133, 516-524, 2017.
• [80] Hesami S, Hikouei IS, Emadi SAA. "Mechanical behavior of self-compacting concrete pavements incorporating recycled tire rubber crumb and reinforced with polypropylene fiber". Journal of Cleaner Production, 133, 228-234, 2016.
• [81] Girskas G, Nagrockienė D. "Crushed rubber waste impact of concrete basic properties". Construction and Building Materials, 140, 36-42, 2017.
• [82] Gheni AA, ElGawady MA, Myers JJ. "Mechanical characterization of concrete masonry units manufactured with crumb rubber aggregate". ACI Materials Journal, 114(1), 65-76, 2017.
• [83] Mohammed B, Azmi NJ. "Failure mode and modulus elasticity of concrete containing recycled tire rubber". The Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management, 37(1), 16-24, 2011.
• [84] Thomas BS, Gupta RC. "Properties of high strength concrete containing scrap tire rubber". Journal of Cleaner Production, 113, 86-92, 2016.
• [85] Thomas BS, Gupta RC. "Long term behaviour of cement concrete containing discarded tire rubber". Journal of Cleaner Production, 102, 78-87, 2015.
• [86] Segre N, Joekes I. "Use of tire rubber particles as addition to cement paste". Cement and Concrete Research, 30(9), 1421-1425, 2000.
• [87] Su H, Yang J, Ling TC, Ghataora GS, Dirar S. "Properties of concrete prepared with waste tyre rubber particles of uniform and varying sizes". Journal of Cleaner Production, 91, 288-296, 2015.
• [88] Li N, Long G, Ma C, Fu Q, Zeng X, Ma K, Xie Y, Luo B. "Properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) with recycled tire rubber aggregate: A comprehensive study". Journal of Cleaner Production, 236, 1-14, 2019.
• [89] Oikonomou N, Mavridou S. "Improvement of chloride ion penetration resistance in cement mortars modified with rubber from worn automobile tires". Cement and Concrete Composites, 31(6), 403-407, 2009.
• [90] Fu Q, Xie YJ, Long GC, Qian Z, Ma K. "Study on capillary water absorption properties of rubberized selfcompacting concrete". Journal of Building Materials, 18 (1), 17-23, 2015.
• [91] Sambucci M, Marini D, Valente M. "Tire recycled rubber for more eco-sustainable advanced cementitious aggregate". Recycling, 5(2), 1-13, 2020.
• [92] Siad H, Lachemi M, Ismail MK, Sherir MA, Sahmaran M, Hassan AA. "Effect of rubber aggregate and binary mineral admixtures on long-term properties of structural engineered cementitious composites". Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 31(11), 04019253, 1-15, 2019.
• [93] Azevedo F, Pacheco-Torgal F, Jesus C, De Aguiar JB, Camões AF. "Properties and durability of HPC with tyre rubber wastes". Construction and Building Materials, 34, 186-191, 2012.
• [94] Khern YC, Paul SC, Kong SY, Babafemi AJ, Anggraini V, Miah MJ, Šavija B. "Impact of chemically treated waste rubber tire aggregates on mechanical, durability and thermal properties of concrete". Frontiers in Materials, 7, 1-11, 2020.
• [95] Kumar S, Sharma AK, Sherawat D, Dutt M, Gupta RC. "Technical note on sorption and permeability of concrete containing rubber and quartz sandstone aggregates". Construction and Building Materials, 145, 311-317, 2017.
• [96] Khoshnaw G. Experimentally İnvestigating Properties of The Pervious Concrete Containing Waste Rubbers. PhD Thesis, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey, 2014.
• [97] Kang J, Zhang B, Li G. "The abrasion-resistance investigation of rubberized concrete". Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Materals Science Edition, 27(6), 1144-1148, 2012.
• [98] Ridgley K, Abouhussien AA, Hassan AA, Colbourne B. "Evaluation of abrasion resistance of self-consolidating rubberized concrete by acoustic emission analysis". Journal of Materials in civil Engineering, 30(8), 1-9, 2018.
• [99] Onuaguluchi O. "Effects of surface pre-coating and silica fume on crumb rubber-cement matrix interface and cement mortar properties". Journal of cleaner Production, 104, 339-345, 2015.
• [100] Yung WH, Yung LC, Hua LH. "A study of the durability properties of waste tire rubber applied to selfcompacting concrete". Construction and Building Materials, 41, 665-672, 2013.
• [101] Elchalakani M. "High strength rubberized concrete containing silica fume for the construction of sustainable road side barriers". Structures, 1, 20-38, 2015.
• [102] Mohammadi I, Khabbaz H. "Shrinkage performance of crumb rubber concrete (CRC) prepared by watersoaking treatment method for rigid pavements". Cement and Concrete Composites, 62, 106-116, 2015.
• [103] Alsaif A, Koutas L, Bernal SA, Guadagnini M, Pilakoutas K. "Mechanical performance of steel fibre reinforced rubberised concrete for flexible concrete pavements". Construction and Building Materials, 172, 533-543, 2018.
• [104] Sukontasukkul P, Tiamlom K. "Expansion under water and drying shrinkage of rubberized concrete mixed with crumb rubber with different size". Construction and Building Materials, 29, 520-526, 2012.
• [105] Sun X, Wu S, Yang J, Yang R. "Mechanical properties and crack resistance of crumb rubber modified cementstabilized macadam". Construction and Building Materials, 259, 1-8, 2020.
• [106] Chunlin L, Kunpeng Z, Depeng C. "Possibility of concrete prepared with steel slag as fine and coarse aggregates: A preliminary study". Procedia Engineering, 24, 412-416, 2011.
• [107] Aules WA. "Utilization of crumb rubber as partial replacement in sand for cement mortar". European Journal of Scientific Research, 51(2), 203-210, 2011.
• [108] Uygunoğlu T, Topcu IB. "The role of scrap rubber particles on the drying shrinkage and mechanical properties of self-consolidating mortars". Construction and Building Materials, 24(7), 1141-1150, 2010.
• [109] Mohammed BS, Xian LW, Haruna S, Liew MS, Abdulkadir I, Zawawi NAWA. "Deformation properties of rubberized engineered cementitious composites using response surface methodology". Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering, 45(2), 729-740, 2021.
• [110] Na O, Xi Y. "Mechanical and durability properties of insulation mortar with rubber powder from waste tires". Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 19(2), 763-773, 2017.