Designing and optimizing a hybrid microgrid supplying various electric vehicle charging modes

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 7, 701 - 710, 30.12.2023

Farhia Adullahi Mohamud İpek Çetinbaş , Mehmet Demirtaş , Hasan Hüseyin Erkaya

Öz

A microgrid system has been designed and optimized via hybrid optimization of multiple energy resources (HOMER) software for the electricity needs of Eskisehir Osmangazi University (ESOGU). The microgrid consists of photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT) units with utility grid connection and battery energy storage system (BESS). The microgrid also supplies energy to electric vehicle (EV) charging units. The combination of EVs and renewable microgrids make a major contribution to the clean energy transition of the global energy system. It also minimizes the cost of energy (COE) and EV charging. Before analyzing the EV loads, a proper hybrid combination of the microgrid was optimized. The comparison and analysis of the proposed systems were performed according to their reliability, economic and environmental impact. The financial analysis of the winning microgrid system was carried out and its performance assessed throughout the duration of the project. Deferrable and on-demand EV charging modes were proposed in this study. To see the impact of EVs on the microgrid, various scenarios were created and applied to the design. The aim was to find a suitable charging method that uses mostly the renewable energy sources to minimize the cost of electricity while protecting the environment. This study demonstrates the importance of smart charging and how it manages charging sessions by leveraging renewable resources and charging only when electricity is at the lowest cost. The result also shows that the cost of the electricity bill of the investigated area is reduced by 36% by using the hybrid microgrid.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Electric vehicle, Deferrable EV charging, Hybrid microgrid, On-demand EV charging, Optimization, Renewable energy

Çeşitli elektrikli araç şarj modları sağlayan hibrit bir mikro şebekenin tasarımı ve optimizasyonu

Öz

Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi'nin (ESOGU) elektrik ihtiyacı için çoklu enerji kaynaklarının hibrit optimizasyonu (HOMER) yazılımı ile bir mikro şebeke sistemi tasarlanmış ve optimize edilmiştir. Mikro şebeke, elektrik şebekesi bağlantılı ve batarya enerji depolama sistemine (BESS) sahip fotovoltaik (PV) ve rüzgâr türbini (WT) ünitelerinden oluşmaktadır. Mikro şebeke ayrıca elektrikli araç (EV) şarj ünitelerine enerji sağlamaktadır. EV'ler ve yenilenebilir mikro şebekelerin kombinasyonu, küresel enerji sisteminin temiz enerji geçişine büyük katkı sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca enerji maliyeti (COE) ve EV şarjını da en aza indirmektedir. EV yüklerini analiz etmeden önce, mikro şebekenin uygun bir hibrit kombinasyonu optimize edilmiştir. Önerilen sistemlerin güvenilirliği, ekonomik ve çevresel etkilerine göre karşılaştırılmış ve analizleri yapılmıştır. Kazanan mikro şebeke sisteminin finansal analizi yapılmış ve proje süresince performansı değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada ertelenebilir ve isteğe bağlı EV şarj modları önerilmiştir. EV’nın mikro şebeke üzerindeki etkisini görmek için çeşitli senaryolar oluşturulmuş ve tasarıma uygulanmıştır. Amaç, çevreyi korurken elektrik maliyetini en aza indirmek için çoğunlukla yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarını kullanan uygun bir şarj yöntemi bulmaktır. Bu çalışma, akıllı şarjın önemini ve yenilenebilir kaynaklardan yararlanarak ve yalnızca elektrik en düşük maliyette olduğunda şarj ederek şarj oturumlarını nasıl yönettiğini göstermektir. Sonuç ayrıca, hibrit mikro şebeke kullanılarak incelenen alanın elektrik faturasının maliyetinin %36 oranında azaldığını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Elektrikli araç, Ertelenebilir EV şarjı, Hibrit mikro şebeke, İsteğe bağlı EV şarjı, Optimizasyon, Yenilenebilir enerji

Kaynakça

• [1] Arıkan O, İşen E, Kekezoğlu B. “Performance analysis of stand-alone hybrid (wind-photovoltaic) energy system”. Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 25(5), 571-576, 2019.
• [2] Yıldız M, Bingol F. “Hybrid energy model for small and micro scale energy investments”. Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 25(1), 1-6, 2019.
• [3] Mazzeo D, Matera N, De Luca P, Baglivo C, Congedo PM, Oliveti G. “A literature review and statistical analysis of photovoltaic-wind hybrid renewable system research by considering the most relevant 550 articles: an upgradable matrix literature database”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 295(126070), 126070-126116, 2021.
• [4] Aljohani TM, Ebrahim AF, Mohammed O. “Hybrid microgrid energy management and control based on metaheuristic-driven vector-decoupled algorithm considering intermittent renewable sources and electric vehicles charging lot”. Energies, 13(13), 3423-3441, 2020.
• [5] Ton DT, Smith MA. “The U.S. department of energy’s microgrid initiative”. Electricity Journal, 25(8), 84-94, 2012.
• [6] Çetin E. “Investigation of the revision requirement of an existing electrical installation integrated with electric vehicle charging station in Simaris software”. Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 28(2), 222-233, 2022.
• [7] Tor OB, Teimourzadeh S, Koc M, Cebeci ME, Akınc H, Gemici O, Bahar C, Hildermeier J, Saygin D. “Transport sector transformation: integrating electric vehicles in Turkey’s distribution grids”. Energy Sources Part B: Economics, Planning and Policy, 16(11-12), 1026-1047, 2021.
• [8] Atmaja TD, Mirdanies M. “Electric vehicle mobile charging station dispatch algorithm”. Energy Procedia, 68, 326-335, 2015.
• [9] Gönül Ö, Duman AC, Güler Ö. “Electric vehicles and charging infrastructure in Turkey: an overview”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 143, 110913-110927, 2021.
• [10] Özay C. Optimal Power Scheduling of a Renewable Microgrid System Using a Meta-Heuristic Method. MSc Thesis, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey, 2016.
• [11] Jin X, Mu Y, Jia H, Wu J, Xu X, Yu X, Qi F. “Hierarchical management for building microgrid considering virtual storage system and plug-in electric vehicles”. Energy Procedia, 103, 219-224, 2016.
• [12] Erdogan N, Erden F, Altun T. “Coordinated electric vehicle charging strategy in microgrids containing PV system”. 4th European Conference on Renewable Energy Systems, İstanbul, Turkey, 28-31 August 2016.
• [13] Mwasilu F, Justo JJ, Kim E-K, Do TD, Jung J-W. “Electric vehicles and smart grid interaction: a review on vehicle to grid and renewable energy sources integration”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 34, 501-516, 2014.
• [14] Panhwar I, Sahito AR, Dursun S. “Designing off-grid and on-grid renewable energy systems using HOMER Pro software”. Journal of International Environmental Application and Science, 12(4), 270-276, 2017.
• [15] Astatike W, Chandrasekar, P. “Design and performance analysis of hybrid microgrid power supply system using HOMER software for rural village in Adama area, Ethiopia”. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 8(6), 267-275, 2019.
• [16] Ahmad J, Imran M, Khalid A, Iqbal W, Ashraf SR, Adnan M, Ali SF, Khokhar KS. “Techno economic analysis of a windphotovoltaic-biomass hybrid renewable energy system for rural electrification: a case study of Kallar Kahar”. Energy (Oxford, England), 148, 208-234, 2018.
• [17] Lee J, Park GL. “Integrated coordination of electric vehicle operations and renewable energy generation in a microgrid”. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 7(2), 706-712, 2017.
• [18] Li Y, Mohammed SQ, Nariman GS, Aljojo N, Rezvani A, Dadfar S. “Energy management of microgrid considering renewable energy sources and electric vehicles using the backtracking search optimization algorithm”. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 142(5), 1-18, 2020.
• [19] Salvatti GA, Carati EG, Costa JP da, Cardoso R, Stein CMO. “Integration of electric vehicles in smart grids for optimization and support to distributed generation”. 13th IEEE International Conference on Industry Applications (INDUSCON), São Paulo, Brazil, 11-14 November 2018.
• [20] Travaille P, Benamar A, Clairand J-M, Escriva-Escriva G. “Operation of DC microgrids considering different strategies of electric vehicle charging”. 2020 IEEE ANDESCON, Quito, Ecuador, 13-16 October 2020.
• [21] Savio Abraham D, Verma R, Kanagaraj L, Giri Thulasi Raman SR, Rajamanickam N, Chokkalingam B, Marimuthu Sekar K, Mihet-Popa L. “Electric vehicles charging stations’ architectures, criteria, power converters, and control strategies in microgrids”. Electronics, 10(16), 1895-1939, 2021.
• [22] Cheikh-Mohamad S, Sechilariu M, Locment F. “Real-time power management including an optimization problem for PV-powered electric vehicle charging stations”. Applied Sciences, 12, 4323-4355, 2022.
• [23] Brihmat F, Mekhtoub S. “PV cell temperature/PV power output relationships HOMER methodology calculation”. 17th Conference on Integer Programming and Combinatorial Optimization, Bonn, Germany, 23-25 June 2014.
• [24] Moazzami M, al-Din Hosseini SJ, Shahinzadeh H. “Optimal “Sizing of an isolated hybrid wind/PV/battery system with considering loss of power supply probability.” Majlesi Journal of Electrical Engineering, 11(3), 63-69, 2017.
• [25] Garg VK, Sharma S. “Optimum sizing and economic assessment of hybrid microgrid for domestic load under various scenario”. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 11(1), 235-246, 2021.
• [26] Das BK, Hoque N, Mandal S, Pal TK, Raihan MA. “A technoeconomic feasibility of a stand-alone hybrid power generation for remote area application in Bangladesh”. Energy (Oxford, England), 134, 775-788, 2017.
• [27] Brka A, Al-Abdeli YM, Kothapalli G. “Predictive power management strategies for stand-alone hydrogen systems: operational impact”. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41(16), 6685-6698, 2016.
• [28] Bahrami A. “EV Charging Definitions, Modes, Levels, Communication Protocols and Applied Standards”. Technical Report, Switzerland, 2020.
• [29] Electric Vehicle Database. “Current and Upcoming Electric Vehicles”. https://ev-database.org (20.04.2021).
• [30] Frisk M. “Simulation and Optimization of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System for Application on a Cuban Farm”. MSc Thesis, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, 2017.