Göz Hareketleri İle Duyarsızlaştırma Ve Yeniden İşleme (EMDR) Müdahalesinin Anksiyete Bozukluklarında Kullanımı

Öz

Bu sistematik olmayan derlemenin amacı, Göz Hareketleri ile Duyarsızlaştırma ve Yeniden İşleme (EMDR)’nin anksiyete bozukluklarındaki kullanımına dair literatürde yer alan bulguları derleyerek, farklı bozukluk türlerindeki etkilerine ve uygulama biçimlerine ilişkin bir çerçeve sunmaktır. Araştırma sürecinde; Google Scholar, Ulakbim veri tabanı, Pubmed, Yöktez gibi veri tabanlarında, Türkçe ve İngilizce anahtar kelimeler kullanılarak, 1992-2025 yılları arasında yayımlanmış bilimsel yayınlar taranmıştır. EMDR, anıların nasıl depolandığına ve bilginin işlenme sistemine odaklanır. Bireyin güncel olarak deneyimlediği zorluklar, geçmişte düzgün işlenmemiş deneyimlerinden kaynaklanmaktadır. EMDR ile bu işlevsiz depolanan anıların normal bir deneyim olarak yorumlanması sağlanmaktadır. Bu derlemede, EMDR uygulanan sosyal anksiyete bozukluğu, panik bozukluk, yaygın anksiyete bozukluğu, özgül fobi, ayrılma anksiyetesi bozukluğu, seçici konuşmazlık, performans anksiyetesi ile ilgili araştırmalara yer verilmektedir. Özgül fobi, panik bozukluk ve performans anksiyetesi (sınav ve müzik performans anksiyetesi) ile ilgili yapılan randomize kontrollü araştırmalar, EMDR müdahalesinin etkili olabileceğini göstermektedir. Ancak bulguların genellenebilmesi için daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır. Sosyal anksiyete bozukluğu ve panik bozuklukta, EMDR’nin anksiyete bozukluklarında etkinliği kanıtlanan bir yöntem olan Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi (BDT) kadar etkili olabileceğinin belirtilmesi umut vadetmektedir. Ancak bu karşılaştırma araştırmaları, iki müdahalenin birbirine göre etkili olduğunu gösterse de plasebo kontrol grubunun bulunmaması, müdahalenin tek başına etkinliğini sınırlamaktadır. VRET (Sanal Gerçeklik Temelli Maruz Bırakma Terapisi) ile EMDR’nin özgül fobi semptomları üzerinde kontrol grubuna kıyasla benzer etkide olduğu belirtilmektedir. Performans anksiyetesi bağlamında ise, EMDR’in biofeedback ve bilişsel hipnoterapiye kıyasla daha yüksek etkililik düzeyine sahip olduğu rapor edilmektedir. Ancak EMDR’nin diğer müdahalelere göre avantaj, dezavantajlarının değerlendirilmesi ve sonuçların genellenebilirliğini artırmak için daha geniş örneklemli, plasebo kontrol gruplu ve uzun süreli takip içeren araştırmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, dünyada ve Türkiye’de kullanım sıklığı artış gösteren EMDR’nin etkileri, kısa sürede ortaya çıkabilmektedir. EMDR, anksiyete bozukluklarında umut verici bir yaklaşımdır. Bununla birlikte, etkinliğine dair daha fazla randomize kontrollü çalışma yürütülmesine ihtiyaç vardır. Özellikle yaygın anksiyete bozukluğu, seçici konuşmazlık ve ayrılma anksiyetesi bozukluğu gibi alt türlerde EMDR müdahalesine ilişkin araştırma sayısı oldukça azdır. EMDR müdahalesi tamamlandıktan sonra etkileri takip eden araştırmalar bulunsa da uzun vadeli sonuçları inceleyen çalışmaların sayısı sınırlıdır ve bu, alandaki önemli bir boşluğu işaret etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• EMDR
• Anksiyete Bozukluğu
• Psikoterapi

Use of Eye Movement Densensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Intervention in Anxiety Disorders

Öz

The aim of this non-systematic review is to compile findings from the existing literature on the use of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in anxiety disorders, and to present a framework regarding its effectiveness and methods of application across various subtypes of anxiety disorders. During the research process, scientific publications published between 1992 and 2025 were reviewed using both Turkish and English keywords in databases such as Google Scholar, Ulakbim, Pubmed, and Yöktez. EMDR focuses on how memories are stored and on the mechanisms of information processing. It is based on the assumption that current psychological difficulties stem from inadequately processed past experiences. EMDR aims to facilitate the reprocessing of these dysfunctionally stored memories so that they can be interpreted as ordinary experiences. This review includes studies on the application of EMDR in social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobia, separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, and performance anxiety. Randomized controlled trials conducted on specific phobias, panic disorder, and performance anxiety (exam and musical performance anxiety) suggest that EMDR may be an effective intervention. However, further studies are needed to generalize these findings. In the treatment of social anxiety disorder and panic disorder, EMDR has been reported to be potentially as effective as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), a well-established and evidence-based treatment method for anxiety disorders. Although these comparative studies show that both interventions can be effective, the absence of placebo control groups limits conclusions about the independent efficacy of EMDR. Regarding specific phobia symptoms, EMDR and Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) have been found to produce comparable outcomes relative to control groups. In the context of performance anxiety, EMDR has been reported to demonstrate a higher level of effectiveness than both biofeedback and cognitive hypnotherapy. Nonetheless, there remains a need for studies with larger sample sizes, placebo-controlled groups, and long-term follow-up in order to assess the advantages and disadvantages of EMDR in comparison to other interventions and to improve the generalizability of results. In conclusion, the use of EMDR is increasing both globally and in Turkey, and its therapeutic effects may emerge within a relatively short period. EMDR represents a promising approach in the treatment of anxiety disorders. However, further randomized controlled trials are needed to more robustly establish its efficacy. In particular, the number of studies investigating EMDR interventions in specific subtypes such as generalized anxiety disorder, selective mutism, and separation anxiety disorder remains notably limited. Although some studies have examined the outcomes following EMDR treatment, research exploring its longterm effects is scarce, highlighting a significant gap in the current literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• EMDR
• Anxiety Disorder
• Psychotherapy

Kaynakça

1. Abdi, M. S., Vatankhah, H., Razavi, M. S. (2019). The Effect of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on Anxiety and Physical Performance in Athletes. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences, 17(1), 151-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/rbs.17.1.151
2. Akbağ G. (2023). Flash EMDR yaklaşımının özgül fobi tanısı olan bireylerde kullanımı: vaka çalışması. [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi.
3. Akyol, C. Ç., ve Inci Izmir, S. B. (2025). Exploring the impact of Flash technique on test anxiety among adolescents. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30(3), 735-751. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591045251329437
4. American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
5. Aslani, J., Miratashi, M., Aslani, L. (2014). Effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy on public speaking anxiety of university students. Zahedan journal of research in medical sciences, 16(10), 46-49.
6. Avcı, M. (2023). Sınav kaygısı olan ergenlerde flash tekniğinin tek seanslık etkisinin incelenmesi: Bir grup uygulaması. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), 222-231. https://doi.org/10.47525/ulasbid.1239585
7. Azimisefat, P., de Jongh, A., Rajabi, S., … Jamshidi, F. (2022). Efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy on symptoms of acrophobia and anxiety sensitivity in adolescent girls: A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 919148. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.919148
8. Barker, R. T., ve Barker, S. B. (2007). The use of EMDR in reducing presentation anxiety. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1(2), 100-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.1.2.100

9. Begum, M. (2023). EMDR Therapy in Specific Phobia of Vomiting (SPOV). Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 17(4), 239-249. https://doi.org/10.1891/EMDR-2023-0010
10. Bolu, A., Erdem, M., Öznur, T. (2014). Travma sonrası stres bozukluğu. Anatolian Journal of Clinical Investigation, 8(2),98-104.
11. Bögels, S.M., Knappe, S., Clark LA. (2013). Adult seperation anxiety disorder in DSM-5. Clin Psychol Rev,33:663-674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.03.006
12. Brooker, E. (2018). Music performance anxiety: A clinical outcome study into the effects of cognitive hypnotherapy and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing in advanced pianists. Psychology of Music, 46(1), 107-124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735617703473
13. Carletto, S., Malandrone, F., Berchialla, P., … Ostacoli, L. (2021). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European journal of psychotraumatology, 12(1),1894736. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1894736
14. Cook-Vienot, R., ve Taylor, R. J. (2012). Comparison of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and biofeed- back/stress inoculation training in treating test anxiety. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6(2), 62–72.https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1891/1933-3196.6.2.62
15. Coubard, O.A. (2016). An integrative model for the neural mechanism of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Front. Behav. Neurosci. 10 (52). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00052
16. Cuijpers, P., Harrer, M., Miguel, C., … Furukawa, T. A. (2025). Cognitive behavior therapy for mental disorders in adults: A unified series of meta-analyses. JAMA psychiatry, 82(6), 563-571. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.0482
17. Cuijpers, P., Sijbrandij, M., Koole, S., … Andersson, G. (2014). Psychological treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a metaanalysis. Clinical psychology review, 34(2), 130-140. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.01.002
18. Cuijpers, P., Veen, S. C. V., Sijbrandij, M.,Cristea, I. A. (2020). Eye movement desensiti- zation and reprocessing for mental health problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 49(3),165–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2019.1703801
19. Çıtak, S. (2018). Anksiyete bozukluklarında tedavi yaklaşımları: Psikoterapi ve farmakoterapi. Turkiye Klinikleri Family Medicine-Special Topics, 9(3), 141-149.
20. De Jongh, A., Ten Broeke, E., & Renssen, M. R. (1999). Treatment of specific phobias with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Protocol, empirical status, and conceptual issues. Journal of anxiety disorders, 13(1-2), 69-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0887-6185(98)00040-1
21. De Jongh, A., ve Ten Broeke, E. (2007). Treatment of specific phobias with EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 1(1), 46-55. https://doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.1.1.46
22. De Ponti, N., Matbouriahi, M., Franco, P., …Karyotaki, E. (2024). The efficacy of psychotherapy for social anxiety disorder, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of anxiety disorders, 104, 102881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102881
23. De Roos, C., ve De Jongh, A. (2008). EMDR treatment of children and adolescents with a choking phobia. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(3), 201-211. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1891/1933-3196.2.3.201
24. De Witte, N. A., Scheveneels, S., Sels, R., Debard, G., Hermans, D., & Van Daele, T. (2020). Augmenting exposure therapy: Mobile augmented reality for specific phobia. Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 1, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2020.00008
25. Demirci, O. O., Sağaltıcı, E., & Yıldırım, A. (2015). Özgül fobinin göz hareketleri ile duyarsızlaştırma ve yeniden işleme yöntemi ile tedavisi: bir olgu sunumu. Klinik Psikiyatri, 18(4), 124-129.
26. Doering, S., Ohlmeier, M. C., de Jongh, A., … Bisping, V. (2013). Efficacy of a trauma‐focused treatment approach for dental phobia: a randomized clinical trial. European journal of oral sciences, 121(6), 584-593. https://doi.org/10.1111/eos.12090
27. Dönmez, E., & Güzel, H. Ş. (2025). Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Görülen Özgül Fobi için Kullanılan Üç Müdahalenin Etkililiğinin Karşılaştırılması: Sistematik Gözden Geçirme. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 17(4):773-778. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1561033
28. Duman, R. N., Bayram, S., Demirtaş, B. (2018). EMDR: Olgu sunumları. Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi, 1(1), 142-164.
29. Duydu Altunpala, E. (2021). Özgül fobi tedavisinde EMDR terapisi uygulanması ve etkisinin araştırılması. [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Maltepe Üniversitesi
30. Eaton, W. W., Bienvenu, O. J., Miloyan, B. (2018). Specific phobias. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(8), 678-686. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30169-x
31. Efron, G., & Wootton, B. M. (2021). Remote cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder: A meta-analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 79, 102385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102385
32. Enright, M., Baldo, T. D., ve Wykes, S. D. (2000). The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy technique in the treatment of test anxiety of college students. Journal of College Counseling, 3(1), 36–48. http://dx.doi. org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2000.tb00162.x
33. Erdoğan, S. (2007) Panik bozukluğunun nörobiyolojisi. Klinik Psikiyatri, 10(Ek-4): 3-13.
34. Faretta, E. (2013). EMDR and cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of panic disorder: A comparison. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 7(3), 121–133. https://doi.org/10.1708/1071.11735
35. Farima, R., Dowlatabadi, S., Behzadi, S. (2015). The effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in reducing pathological worry in patients with generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary study. Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 17(1), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.12740/APP/39259
36. Fernandez, I., ve Faretta, E. (2007). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in the Treatment of Panic Disorder With Agoraphobia. Clinical Case Studies, 6(1), 44–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534650105277220
37. Feske, U., ve Goldstein, A. J. (1997). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment for panic disorder: a controlled outcome and partial dismantling study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(6), 1026. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-006X.65.6.1026
38. Gauvreau, P., ve Bouchard, S. (2008). Preliminary evidence for the efficacy of EMDR in treating generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(1), 26-40. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1891/1933-3196.2.1.26
39. Gençtürk, M. (2019). Sınav kaygısı yaşayan lise öğrencilerinde emdr terapinin etkisinin incelenmesi [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi.
40. Goldstein, A. J., De Beurs, E., Chambless, D. L., Wilson, K. A. (2000). EMDR for panic disorder with agoraphobia: Comparison with waiting list and credible attention placebo control conditions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(6), 947. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-006X.68.6.947
41. Goldstein, A. J., ve Feske, U. (1994). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for panic disorder: A case series. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 8(4), 351–362. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/0887-6185(94)00023-9
42. Gök, B. G., ve Inozu, M. (2023). Sosyal kaygı bozukluğu: Mevcut yaygınlık, eştanı ve bozulma durumu.Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi,7(3),448-467.
43. Griffioen, B. T., Van der Vegt, A. A., de Groot, I. W., … De Jongh, A. (2017). The effect of EMDR and CBT on low self-esteem in a general psychiatric population: A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 1910. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01910
44. Herbert JD, ve Mueser KT (1992). Eye movement desensitization: a critique of the evidence. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 23, 169–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(92)90033-f
45. Homer, SR., ve Deeprose, C. (2018). Eye movement attenuation of intrusive social anxiety imagery: A pilot study. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2018; 59:87–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.11.003
46. Horst, F., Den Oudsten, B., Zijlstra, W., … De Vries, J. (2017). Cognitive behavioral therapy vs. eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for treating panic disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 278739. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01409
47. Howard, M. D., ve Cox, R. P. (2006). Use of EMDR in the treatment of water phobia at Navy boot camp: A case study. Traumatology,12(4), 302-313. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534765606297821
48. Huang, H. H., ve Pfuetze, M. (2021). Using EMDR to address social anxiety with clients who stutter: Treatment considerations. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 15(1), 60-72. https://doi.org/10.1891/EMDR-D-20-00035
49. Huntley, C. D., Young, B., Temple, J., … Fisher, P. L. (2019). The efficacy of interventions for test-anxious university students: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of anxiety disorders, 63, 36-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.01.007
50. Inci Izmir, S. B., Korkmazlar, Ü., Ercan, E. S. (2024). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy in adolescents with panic disorder: a twelve-week follow-up study. Clinical child psychology and psychiatry, 29(3), 966-981. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591045231184757
51. Kaan, H., Karayağmurlu, A., Soylu, N. (2019). Dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu komorbiditesi olan ergen bir hastanın göz hareketleriyle duyarsızlaştırma ve yeniden işlemleme (EMDR) yöntemiyle tedavisi. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 23(1):116-120. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.5505/kpd.2020.19327
52. Karael, B., ve Karaaziz, M. (2024). Yaygın Anksiyete Bozukluğu ve Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi Üzerine Sistematik Derleme. Ulusal ve Uluslararası Sosyoloji ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 5(6), 942-956. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13379810
53. Karagülmez, K., & Gül, M. (2022). Çocuklara yönelik bilişsel davranıştı terapi uygulamaları üzerine bir inceleme: bir derleme çalışması. International journal of su-ay development association (IJOSDA), 1(2), 117-128.
54. Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Jin, R., … Walters, E. E. (2006). The epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(4), 415. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.63.4.415
55. Kessler, R.C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., …. E. Walters. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 62, no. 6: 593–602. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
56. Konnopka, A., K¨ onig, H. (2020). Economic burden of anxiety disorders: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Pharmacoeconomics 38 (1), 25–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-019-00849-7
57. Landin-Romero, R., Moreno-Alcazar, A., Pagani, M., Amann, B. L. (2018). How does eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy work? A systematic review on suggested mechanisms of action. Frontiers in psychology, 9,1395. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01395
58. Lapsekili, N., ve Yelboğa, Z. (2014). Treatment of flight phobia (aviophobia) through the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) method: A case report. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 27(2), 168-172. https://doi.org/10.5350/Dajpn2014270211
59. Lee, C. W., ve Cuijpers, P. (2013). A meta-analysis of the contribution of eye movements inprocessing emotional memories. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44,231-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.11.001
60. Leeds, A. M. (2012). EMDR treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia: Two model treatment plans. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 6(3), 110–119. https://doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.6.3.110
61. Lider, H.C. (2023). Sosyal anksiyete tanısı alan hastalarda EMDR terapisinin ve hipnoterapinin etkisinin incelenmesi [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi.
62. Lyssenko, L., Schmahl, C., Bockhacker, L., … Kleindienst, N. (2018).Dissociation in psychiatric disorders: a meta-analysis of studies using the dissociative experiences scale. American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(1),37-46. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17010025
63. Maxfield, L., ve Melnyk, W. T. (2000). Single session treatment of test anxiety with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). International Journal of Stress Management, 7(2), 87- 101. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009580101287
64. Mesman, C., Van Der Horst, I., Spijker-Verkerk, F., & Bunt, J. E. (2024). Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in preterm children with selective mutism. BMJ Case Reports CP, 17(10), e260548. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2024-260548
65. Moghbeli, F., Bahrami, M., Jafari, D. (2024). Comparison of the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on the quality of life in adolescents with social anxiety disorder. Journal of Adolescent and Youth Psychological Studies (JAYPS), 5(4), 129-137. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.jayps.5.4.14
66. Morrissey, M. (2013). EMDR as an integrative therapeutic approach for the treatment of separation anxiety disorder. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 7(4), 200-207. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1891/1933-3196.7.4.200
67. Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Holdrinet, I., Sijsenaar, M. (1998). Treating phobic children: effects of EMDR versus exposure. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 66(1), 193. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.66.1.193
68. Namlı, Z., Özbay, A., Tamam, L. (2022). Yetişkin ayrılma anksiyetesi bozukluğu: Bir gözden geçirme. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 14(1), 46-56. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.940071
69. Nicolas, F., ve Vautier, V. (2017). Case report: EMDR therapy of an agoraphobic patient. Ann. Med. Psychol. 175, 926–928. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.amp.2017.10.003
70. Osmanağaoğlu, N., Zeytünlü, Ö., Soba, E. E., … Kankal, Ö. (2025). Göz Hareketleriyle Duyarsızlaştırma ve Yeniden İşleme (EMDR) Üzerine Türkiye’de Yapılan Lisansüstü Tezlerin Analizi: Bir Sistematik İnceleme ve Meta-Analiz Çalışması. Klinik ve Ruh Sağlığı Psikolojik Danışmanlığı Dergisi, 5(1), 21-41.
71. Özsoy, E. V. (2021). Sosyal anksiyete ve performans anksiyetesi bağlamında müzik performans anksiyetesi. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 7(3), 285-301. https:// doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.872381
72. Papola, D., Miguel, C., Mazzaglia, M., … Barbui, C. (2024). Psychotherapies for generalized anxiety disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. JAMA psychiatry, 81(3),250-259. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.3971
73. Perrotta, G. (2019). Anxiety disorders: definitions, contexts, neural correlates and strategic therapy. J Neur Neurosci, 6 (1), 042.
74. Rapee, R.M., Creswell, C., Kendall, P.C., … Waters, A.M. (2023). Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: a summary and overview of the literature. Behav. Res. Ther, 104376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2023.104376
75. Rasines_Laudes, P., & Serrano Pintado, I. (2023). Efficacy of EMDR in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Psicothema, 35(4), 385-396. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2022.309
76. Rodriguez de Behrends, M. (2021). Treating cognitive symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder using EMDR therapy with bilateral alternating tactile stimulation. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 15(1), 44-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/EMDR-D-20-00026
77. Rose, G. M., ve Tadi, P. (2022). Social anxiety disorder. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
78. Ruscio, A. M., Hallion, L. S., Lim, C. C., … Scott, K. M. (2017). Cross-sectional comparison of the epidemiology of DSM-5 generalized anxiety disorder across the globe. JAMA psychiatry, 74(5), 465-475. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0056
79. Sagaltici, E., ve Demirci, O.O. (2019). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment in social anxiety disorder: a case report. Psychiatr. Danub. 31, 358–359. https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2019.358
80. Salari, N., Heidarian, P., Hassanabadi, M., Babajani, F., Abdoli, N., Aminian, M., & Mohammadi, M. (2024). Global prevalence of social anxiety disorder in children, adolescents and youth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Prevention, 45(5), 795-813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-024-00789-9
81. Scelles, C., & Bulnes, L. C. (2021). EMDR as treatment option for conditions other than PTSD: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 644369. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.644369
82. Seydaoğulları, Ö., ve Sarı, İ. (2023). Spor Yaralanmalarında EMDR Terapisinin İşlevselliği: Bir Olgu Sunumu. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 10(3),589-611. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.935887
83. Shapiro, F. (2001). Enhancing self-belief with EMDR: Developing a sense of mastery in the early phase of treatment. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 55(4), 531–542. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2001.55.4.531
84. Shapiro, F. (2002). EMDR 12 years after its introductions: past and future research. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.1126
85. Shapiro, F., ve Maxfield, L. (2002). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): Information Processing in the Treatment of Trauma. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 933–946. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10068
86. Shapiro, F. (2016). EMDR Göz hareketleriyle duyarsızlaştırma ve yeniden işleme prensipler, protokoller ve prosedürler (çev.:Murat Şaşzade), İstanbul: Okuyanus Yayınları.
87. Solomon, R. M., ve Maxfield, L. (2019). Obituary: Francine Shapiro. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 13, 158–162. https://doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.13.3.158
88. Stewart, R. E., ve Chambless, D. L. (2009). Cognitive–behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders in clinical practice: A metaanalysis of effectiveness studies. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 77(4), 595. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016032
89. Szuhany, K. L., & Simon, N. M. (2022). Anxiety disorders: a review. Jama, 328(24), 2431-2445. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.22744
90. Şahin, M. (2019). Korku, kaygi ve kaygi (anksiyete) bozukluklari. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(10), 117-135.
91. Thng, C. E., Lim-Ashworth, N. S., Poh, B. Z., & Lim, C. G. (2020). Recent developments in the intervention of specific phobia among adults: a rapid review. F1000Research, 9, F1000-Faculty. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.20082.1
92. Thunnissen, M. R., de Jong, P. J., Weijermans, J., … Nauta, M. H. (2024). Negative flashforward imagery in adolescent social anxiety disorder: A pilot study of imagery reports and a short EMDR intervention. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 31(5), e3063. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.3063
93. Trenhaile, J., Trenhaile, T., Munce, T., LP, C. (2025). Pilot study of the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) intervention for injured Division I student-athletes. Sport Journal.
94. Triscari, M. T., Faraci, P., Catalisano, D., …Urso, V. (2015). Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy integrated with systematic desensitization, cog- nitive behavioral therapy combined with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy combined with virtual reality exposure therapy methods in the treatment of flight anxiety: A randomized trial. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 11, 2591. https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s93401
95. Tunca, R. D., & Akdemir, D. (2020). Seçici konuşmazlık tanısı konan bir çocukta çok eksenli tedavi yaklaşımı. Turk J Child Adolesc Ment Health, 27(2), 120-3.
96. Uslusoy, Ö., ve Gülsoy, E. (2025). Uçuş fobisinde EMDR uygulamasının etkinliği: İki olgu sunumu. Topkapı Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(1), 83-91. https://doi.org/10.15659/tjss.2025.006
97. Uslusoy, Ö., ve Kahraman, S. (2024). Sosyal kaygı düzeyi üzerinde EMDR terapisinin uygulanması ve etkisinin incelenmesi. Humanistic Perspective, 6(3), 297-314. https://doi.org/10.47793/ hp.1468013
98. Usta, M. B. (2018). Travma sonrası stres bozukluğunda HPA ekseninin disregülasyonu. Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi, 27(1), 109-125. https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.345474
99. Van den Hout, M. A., Rijkeboer, M. M., Engelhard, I. M., … Cath, D. C. (2012). Tones inferior to eye movements in the EMDR treatment of PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(5), 275–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2012.02.001
100. Wu, Y., Li, X., Ji, X., … Du, X. (2025). Trends in the epidemiology of anxiety disorders from 1990 to 2021: A global, regional, and national analysis with a focus on the sociodemographic index. Journal of Affective Disorders, 373, 166-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.12.086
101. Yang, X., Fang, Y., Chen, H., … Lu., M. (2021). Global, regional and national burden of anxiety disorders from 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci. 30, e36. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796021000275
102. Yaşar, A.B., Kiraz, S., Usta, D., … Kavakçı, Ö. (2018). Şizofreni olgusunda göz hareketleri ile duyarsızlaştırma ve yeniden işleme (EMDR) uygulaması ve kliniğe etkileri: olgu sunumu. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 29(2):138-142. https://www.doi.org/10.5080/u18328
103. Yıldırım, N. G., ve Bahayi, K. (2023). Examination of the Effect of EMDR Therapy in Adolescents with Specific Phobia and Test Anxiety. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (16), 171-189. https://doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.9.16.124
104. Yılmazer, E., Hamamci, Z., & Türk, F. (2024). Effects of mindfulness on test anxiety: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1401467. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1401467
105. Yöyen, I. E., Altunpala, E. D., Barış, T. (2023). Özgül fobi tedavisinde bir terapi yöntemi olarak”Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing” uygulaması: Deneysel bir çalışma. Nobel Medicus Journal, 19(1).
106. Yunitri, N., Kao, C. C., Chu, H., . . . Chou, K. R. (2020). The effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing toward anxiety disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 123, 102– 113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.01.005
107. Zhang, X., Li, W., & Wang, J. (2022). Effects of Exercise Intervention on Students' Test Anxiety: A Systematic Review with a Meta-Analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(11), 6709. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116709