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Economic Globalization, Export Diversification and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Evidence from OECD Countries

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: Özel Sayı, 85 - 98, 29.10.2023

Öz

Global warming increases the pressure on our world as greenhouse gases accumulate in the atmosphere. By implementing more environmentally friendly technologies, we will be able to eliminate this destruction caused by our economic activities. This study examines the impact of economic globalization and export diversification on environmental degradation. The expansion of international trade and the integration of countries into world markets are indisputable aspects of this discussion. There are those who believe that trade has a negative impact on the environment, while others believe that transforming trade improves the quality of the environment. In this study, the research question is applied to the OECD for the period 1995-2019, and empirical analysis is conducted using panel data methods. The results of the study indicate a negative relationship between export diversification and greenhouse gas emissions. The results of this study indicate that each country is expanding its export basket, as well as advancing the green economy through the diffusion of eco-innovative technological advancements across all sectors.

Kaynakça

  • ​​Aditya, A., and Acharyya, R. (2013). Export diversification, composition, and economic growth: Evidence from cross-country analysis. The Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 22(7), 959-992. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2011.619009
  • ​Aghion, P., and Howitt, P. (1998). Endogenous growth theory. MIT Press.
  • ​Agosin, M. R. (2009). Export diversification and growth. Cepal Review, 97, 115-131.
  • ​Ahmed, K., Bhattacharya, M., Shaikh, Z., Ramzan, M., and Ozturk, I. (2017). Emission intensive growth and trade in the era of the association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) integration: An empirical investigation from ASEAN-8. Journal of Cleaner Production, 154, 530-540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.008
  • ​Ahmed, K., Shahbaz, M., and Kyophilavong, P. (2016). Revisiting the emissions-energy-trade nexus: Evidence from the newly industrializing countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 7676-7691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-6018-x
  • ​Alhassana, A., Usman, O., Ikea, G. N., and Sarkodie, S. A. (2020). Impact assessment of trade on environmental performance: Accounting for the role of government integrity and economic development in 79 countries. Heliyon, 6(9), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05046
  • ​Ali, S., Can, M., Shah, M. I., Jiang, J., Ahmed, Z., and Murshed, M. (2022). Exploring the linkage between export diversification and ecological footprint: Evidence from advanced time series estimation techniques. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 38395–38409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18622-3
  • ​Antweiler, W., Copeland, B. R., and Taylor, M. S. (2001). Is free trade good for the environment? American Economic Review, 91(4), 877-908.
  • ​Apergis, N., Jebli, M. B., and Youssef, S. B. (2018). Does renewable energy consumption and health expenditures decrease carbon dioxide emissions? Evidence for Sub-Saharan Africa Countries. Renewable Energy, 127, 1011-1016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.05.043
  • ​Awan, A. M., Azam, M., Saeed, I. U., and Bakhtyar, B. (2020). Does globalization and financial sector development affect environmental quality? A panel data investigation for the Middle East and North African countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 45405-45418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10445-4
  • ​Bashir, M. A., Sheng, B., Doğan, B., Sarwar, S., and Shahzad, U. (2020). Export product diversification and energy efficiency: Empirical evidence from OECD countries. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 55, 232-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2020.09.002
  • ​Breusch, T. S., and Pagan, A. R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111
  • ​Can, M., Dogan, B., and Saboori, B. (2020). Does trade matter for environmental degradation in developing countries? New evidence in the context of export product diversification. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 14702–14710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08000-2
  • ​Chenery, H. B. (1979). Structural change and development policy. Oxford University Press.
  • ​Chudik, A., and Pesaran, M. H. (2015). Common correlated effects estimation of heterogeneous dynamic panel data models with weakly exogenous regressors. Journal of Econometrics, 188(2), 393-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2015.03.007
  • ​Eicher, T. S., and Kuenzel, D. J. (2016). The elusive effects of trade on growth: Export diversity and economic take-off. Canadian Journal of Economics, 49(1), 264-295. https://doi.org/10.1111/caje.12197
  • ​Erdoğan, S., Çakar, N. D., Ulucak, R., Danish, and Kassouri, Y. (2021). The role of natural resources abundance and dependence in achieving environmental sustainability: Evidence from resource-based economies. Sustainable Development, 29(1), 143-154. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2137
  • ​Fang, J., Gozgor, G., Lu, Z., and Wu, W. (2019). Effects of the export product quality on carbon dioxide emissions: evidence from developing economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 12181–12193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04513-7
  • ​Finger, J. M., and Kreinin, M. E. (1979). A measure of `export similarity' and its possible uses. The Economic Journal, 89(356), pp. 905-912. https://doi.org/10.2307/2231506
  • ​Gaiesa, B., Nakhli, M. S., and Sahut, J.-M. (2022). What are the effects of economic globalization on CO2 emissions in MENA countries? Economic Modelling, 116, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2022.106022
  • ​Gozgor, G., and Can, M. (2016). Export product diversification and the environmental Kuznets curve: Evidence from Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 21594–21603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7403-9
  • ​Grossman, G. M., and Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353-377. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118443
  • ​Gygli, S., Haelg, F., Potrafke, N., and Sturm, J.-E. (2019). The KOF globalisation index – revisited. The Review of International Organizations, 14, 543–574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-019-09344-2
  • ​Halicioglu, F. (2009). An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey. Energy Policy, 37(3), 1156-1164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.11.012
  • ​Hao, L.-N., Umar, M., Khan, Z., and Ali, W. (2021). Green growth and low carbon emission in G7 countries: How critical the network of environmental taxes, renewable energy and human capital is? Science of The Total Environment, 752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141853
  • ​Haseeb, A., Xia, E., Danish, Baloch, M. A., and Abbas, K. (2018). Financial development, globalization, and co2 emission in the presence of EKC: Evidence from BRICS countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 31283-31296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3034-7
  • ​Hesse, H. (2008). Export diversification and economic growth. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank.
  • ​Hummels, D., and Klenow, P. J. (2005). The variety and quality of a nation's exports. American Economic Review, 95(3), 704-723. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828054201396
  • ​Jahanger, A. (2022). impact of globalization on CO2 emissions based on EKC hypothesis in developing world: The moderating role of human capital. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 20731-20751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17062-9
  • ​Kaitila, V. (2019). Export product range and economic growth in the EU countries. The World Economy, 42(3), 711-737. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12715
  • ​Le, H. P., and Ozturk, I. (2020). The impacts of globalization, financial development, government expenditures, and institutional quality on CO2 emissions in the presence of environmental Kuznets curve. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 22680-22697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08812-2
  • ​Levin, K., Cashore, B., Bernstein, S., and Auld, G. (2012). Overcoming the tragedy of super wicked problems: Constraining our future selves to ameliorate global climate change. Policy Sciences, 45, 123-152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-012-9151-0
  • ​Lin, B., Omoju, O. E., Nwakeze, N. M., Okonkwo, J. U., and Megbowon, E. T. (2016). Is the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis a sound basis for environmental policy in Africa? Journal of Cleaner Production, 133, 712-724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.173
  • ​Liu, H., Kim, H., and Choe, J. (2019). Export diversification, CO2 emissions and EKC: Panel data analysis of 125 countries. Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science, 3, 361-393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41685-018-0099-8
  • ​Liu, H., Kim, H., Liang, S., and Kwon, O.-S. (2018). export diversification and ecological footprint: A comparative study on EKC theory among Korea, Japan, and China. Sustainability, 10, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103657
  • ​Lv, Z., and Xu, T. (2019). Trade openness, urbanization and CO2 Emissions: Dynamic panel data analysis of middle-income countries. The Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 28(3), 317-330. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2018.1534878
  • ​Mania, E. (2020). Export diversification and CO2 emissions: An augmented environmental Kuznets curve. Journal of International Development, 32(2), 168-185. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3441
  • ​Meng, Y., Wu, H., Wang, Y., and Duan, Y. (2022). International trade diversification, green innovation, and consumption-based carbon emissions: The role of renewable energy for sustainable development in BRICST countries. Renewable Energy, 198, 1243-1253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.08.045
  • ​Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951
  • ​Puertas, R., and Marti, L. (2021). Eco-innovation and determinants of GHG emissions in OECD countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 319, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128739
  • ​Rodrik, D. (2006). What’s so special about China’s Exports? China and World Economy, 14(5), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-124X.2006.00038.x
  • ​Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 71-102.
  • ​Saboori, B., Zaibet, L., and Boughanmi, H. (2022). Export diversification, energy consumption, economic growth and environmental degradation: Evidence from Oman. International Journal of Ambient Energy, 43(1), 8486-8504. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2022.2091026
  • ​Shahzad, U., Ferraz, D., Doğan, B., and Rebelatto, D. A. (2020). Export product diversification and CO2 emissions: contextual evidences from developing and developed economies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124146
  • ​Shapiro, J. S., and Walker, R. (2018). Why is pollution from US manufacturing declining? The roles of environmental regulation, productivity, and trade. American Economic Review, 108(12), 3814-3854. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20151272
  • ​Sun, X., Dong, Y., Wang, Y., and Ren, J. (2022). Sources of greenhouse gas emission reductions in OECD countries: Composition or technique effects. Ecological Economics, 193, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107288
  • ​UNCTAD. (2023). Merchandise: product concentration and diversification indices of exports and imports, Annual. Retrieved from https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/summary.aspx
  • ​Wang, L., Chang, H.-L., Rizvi, S. K., and Sari, A. (2020). Are eco-innovation and export diversification mutually exclusive to control carbon emissions in G-7 Countries? Journal of EnvironmentalManagement,, 270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110829
  • ​Wang, Z., and Ye, X. (2017). Re-examining environmental Kuznets curve for China’s city-level carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Spatial Statistics, 21, 377-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spasta.2016.09.005
  • ​World Bank. (2023a). GDP (constant 2015 US$). Retrieved from World Development Indicators: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD
  • ​World Bank. (2023b). Exports of goods and services (current US$). Retrieved from World Development Indicators: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.CD
  • ​World Bank. (2023c). Total greenhouse gas emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent). Retrieved from World Development Indicators: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.GHGT.KT.CE
  • ​Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2021). Panel veri ekonometrisi: Stata uygulamalı (Genişletilmiş 6. ed.). Beta Yayıncılık.
  • ​Zafar, M. W., Saleem, M. M., Destek, M. A., and Caglar, A. E. (2022). The dynamic linkage between remittances, export diversification, education, renewable energy consumption, economic growth, and CO2 emissions in top remittance-receiving countries. Sustainable Development, 30(1), 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2236
  • ​Zaidi, S. A., Zafar, M. W., Shahbaz, M., and Hou, F. (2019). Dynamic linkages between globalization, financial development and carbon emissions: Evidence from Asia Pacific economic cooperation countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 228, 533-543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.210

Ekonomik Küreselleşme, İhracat Çeşitlendirmesi ve Sera Gazları Emisyonu: OECD Ülkelerinden Kanıtlar

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: Özel Sayı, 85 - 98, 29.10.2023

Öz

Atmosferde biriken sera gazı miktarı arttıkça küresel ısınma iklim değişikliği tehlikesinin dünyamız üzerindeki baskısını artırır. Ekonomik faaliyetlerimizin neden olduğu bu yıkımın giderilmesi ekonomik yapının daha çevre dostu teknolojilerle dönüştürülmesine bağlıdır. Bu kapsamda çalışma ekonomik küreselleşmenin ve ihracat çeşitlendirmesinin çevre bozulmaları üzerindeki etkisini analiz eder. Bu tartışma yapılırken ülkelerin dünya piyasalarına entegre olması ve uluslararası ticaretin genişlemesi kaçınılmazdır. Ticareti bazı araştırmacılar çevre için zararlı bulurken diğer araştırmacılar dönüşen ticaretin çevre kalitesini artırdığını belirtir. Bu çalışma araştırma sorusunu OECD için 1995-2019 dönemini kapsayacak şekilde sorar ve ampirik analizi panel veri metodolojisi kullanarak gerçekleştirir. Çalışmanın bulguları ihracat çeşitlendirmesi ile sera gazları emisyonu arasında negatif ilişki tespit etmiştir. Bu sonuç tek başına her ülkenin ihracat sepetini genişletmesi anlamına gelmez, aynı zaman eko-yenilikçi teknolojik ilerlemelerin tüm sektörlere yayılmasına ve yeşil ekonominin ilerlemesine işaret eder.

Kaynakça

  • ​​Aditya, A., and Acharyya, R. (2013). Export diversification, composition, and economic growth: Evidence from cross-country analysis. The Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 22(7), 959-992. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2011.619009
  • ​Aghion, P., and Howitt, P. (1998). Endogenous growth theory. MIT Press.
  • ​Agosin, M. R. (2009). Export diversification and growth. Cepal Review, 97, 115-131.
  • ​Ahmed, K., Bhattacharya, M., Shaikh, Z., Ramzan, M., and Ozturk, I. (2017). Emission intensive growth and trade in the era of the association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) integration: An empirical investigation from ASEAN-8. Journal of Cleaner Production, 154, 530-540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.008
  • ​Ahmed, K., Shahbaz, M., and Kyophilavong, P. (2016). Revisiting the emissions-energy-trade nexus: Evidence from the newly industrializing countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 7676-7691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-6018-x
  • ​Alhassana, A., Usman, O., Ikea, G. N., and Sarkodie, S. A. (2020). Impact assessment of trade on environmental performance: Accounting for the role of government integrity and economic development in 79 countries. Heliyon, 6(9), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05046
  • ​Ali, S., Can, M., Shah, M. I., Jiang, J., Ahmed, Z., and Murshed, M. (2022). Exploring the linkage between export diversification and ecological footprint: Evidence from advanced time series estimation techniques. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 38395–38409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18622-3
  • ​Antweiler, W., Copeland, B. R., and Taylor, M. S. (2001). Is free trade good for the environment? American Economic Review, 91(4), 877-908.
  • ​Apergis, N., Jebli, M. B., and Youssef, S. B. (2018). Does renewable energy consumption and health expenditures decrease carbon dioxide emissions? Evidence for Sub-Saharan Africa Countries. Renewable Energy, 127, 1011-1016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.05.043
  • ​Awan, A. M., Azam, M., Saeed, I. U., and Bakhtyar, B. (2020). Does globalization and financial sector development affect environmental quality? A panel data investigation for the Middle East and North African countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 45405-45418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10445-4
  • ​Bashir, M. A., Sheng, B., Doğan, B., Sarwar, S., and Shahzad, U. (2020). Export product diversification and energy efficiency: Empirical evidence from OECD countries. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 55, 232-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2020.09.002
  • ​Breusch, T. S., and Pagan, A. R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111
  • ​Can, M., Dogan, B., and Saboori, B. (2020). Does trade matter for environmental degradation in developing countries? New evidence in the context of export product diversification. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 14702–14710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08000-2
  • ​Chenery, H. B. (1979). Structural change and development policy. Oxford University Press.
  • ​Chudik, A., and Pesaran, M. H. (2015). Common correlated effects estimation of heterogeneous dynamic panel data models with weakly exogenous regressors. Journal of Econometrics, 188(2), 393-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2015.03.007
  • ​Eicher, T. S., and Kuenzel, D. J. (2016). The elusive effects of trade on growth: Export diversity and economic take-off. Canadian Journal of Economics, 49(1), 264-295. https://doi.org/10.1111/caje.12197
  • ​Erdoğan, S., Çakar, N. D., Ulucak, R., Danish, and Kassouri, Y. (2021). The role of natural resources abundance and dependence in achieving environmental sustainability: Evidence from resource-based economies. Sustainable Development, 29(1), 143-154. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2137
  • ​Fang, J., Gozgor, G., Lu, Z., and Wu, W. (2019). Effects of the export product quality on carbon dioxide emissions: evidence from developing economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 12181–12193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04513-7
  • ​Finger, J. M., and Kreinin, M. E. (1979). A measure of `export similarity' and its possible uses. The Economic Journal, 89(356), pp. 905-912. https://doi.org/10.2307/2231506
  • ​Gaiesa, B., Nakhli, M. S., and Sahut, J.-M. (2022). What are the effects of economic globalization on CO2 emissions in MENA countries? Economic Modelling, 116, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2022.106022
  • ​Gozgor, G., and Can, M. (2016). Export product diversification and the environmental Kuznets curve: Evidence from Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 21594–21603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7403-9
  • ​Grossman, G. M., and Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353-377. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118443
  • ​Gygli, S., Haelg, F., Potrafke, N., and Sturm, J.-E. (2019). The KOF globalisation index – revisited. The Review of International Organizations, 14, 543–574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-019-09344-2
  • ​Halicioglu, F. (2009). An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey. Energy Policy, 37(3), 1156-1164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.11.012
  • ​Hao, L.-N., Umar, M., Khan, Z., and Ali, W. (2021). Green growth and low carbon emission in G7 countries: How critical the network of environmental taxes, renewable energy and human capital is? Science of The Total Environment, 752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141853
  • ​Haseeb, A., Xia, E., Danish, Baloch, M. A., and Abbas, K. (2018). Financial development, globalization, and co2 emission in the presence of EKC: Evidence from BRICS countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 31283-31296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3034-7
  • ​Hesse, H. (2008). Export diversification and economic growth. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank.
  • ​Hummels, D., and Klenow, P. J. (2005). The variety and quality of a nation's exports. American Economic Review, 95(3), 704-723. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828054201396
  • ​Jahanger, A. (2022). impact of globalization on CO2 emissions based on EKC hypothesis in developing world: The moderating role of human capital. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 20731-20751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17062-9
  • ​Kaitila, V. (2019). Export product range and economic growth in the EU countries. The World Economy, 42(3), 711-737. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12715
  • ​Le, H. P., and Ozturk, I. (2020). The impacts of globalization, financial development, government expenditures, and institutional quality on CO2 emissions in the presence of environmental Kuznets curve. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 22680-22697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08812-2
  • ​Levin, K., Cashore, B., Bernstein, S., and Auld, G. (2012). Overcoming the tragedy of super wicked problems: Constraining our future selves to ameliorate global climate change. Policy Sciences, 45, 123-152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-012-9151-0
  • ​Lin, B., Omoju, O. E., Nwakeze, N. M., Okonkwo, J. U., and Megbowon, E. T. (2016). Is the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis a sound basis for environmental policy in Africa? Journal of Cleaner Production, 133, 712-724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.173
  • ​Liu, H., Kim, H., and Choe, J. (2019). Export diversification, CO2 emissions and EKC: Panel data analysis of 125 countries. Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science, 3, 361-393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41685-018-0099-8
  • ​Liu, H., Kim, H., Liang, S., and Kwon, O.-S. (2018). export diversification and ecological footprint: A comparative study on EKC theory among Korea, Japan, and China. Sustainability, 10, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103657
  • ​Lv, Z., and Xu, T. (2019). Trade openness, urbanization and CO2 Emissions: Dynamic panel data analysis of middle-income countries. The Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 28(3), 317-330. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2018.1534878
  • ​Mania, E. (2020). Export diversification and CO2 emissions: An augmented environmental Kuznets curve. Journal of International Development, 32(2), 168-185. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3441
  • ​Meng, Y., Wu, H., Wang, Y., and Duan, Y. (2022). International trade diversification, green innovation, and consumption-based carbon emissions: The role of renewable energy for sustainable development in BRICST countries. Renewable Energy, 198, 1243-1253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.08.045
  • ​Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951
  • ​Puertas, R., and Marti, L. (2021). Eco-innovation and determinants of GHG emissions in OECD countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 319, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128739
  • ​Rodrik, D. (2006). What’s so special about China’s Exports? China and World Economy, 14(5), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-124X.2006.00038.x
  • ​Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 71-102.
  • ​Saboori, B., Zaibet, L., and Boughanmi, H. (2022). Export diversification, energy consumption, economic growth and environmental degradation: Evidence from Oman. International Journal of Ambient Energy, 43(1), 8486-8504. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2022.2091026
  • ​Shahzad, U., Ferraz, D., Doğan, B., and Rebelatto, D. A. (2020). Export product diversification and CO2 emissions: contextual evidences from developing and developed economies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124146
  • ​Shapiro, J. S., and Walker, R. (2018). Why is pollution from US manufacturing declining? The roles of environmental regulation, productivity, and trade. American Economic Review, 108(12), 3814-3854. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20151272
  • ​Sun, X., Dong, Y., Wang, Y., and Ren, J. (2022). Sources of greenhouse gas emission reductions in OECD countries: Composition or technique effects. Ecological Economics, 193, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107288
  • ​UNCTAD. (2023). Merchandise: product concentration and diversification indices of exports and imports, Annual. Retrieved from https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/summary.aspx
  • ​Wang, L., Chang, H.-L., Rizvi, S. K., and Sari, A. (2020). Are eco-innovation and export diversification mutually exclusive to control carbon emissions in G-7 Countries? Journal of EnvironmentalManagement,, 270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110829
  • ​Wang, Z., and Ye, X. (2017). Re-examining environmental Kuznets curve for China’s city-level carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Spatial Statistics, 21, 377-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spasta.2016.09.005
  • ​World Bank. (2023a). GDP (constant 2015 US$). Retrieved from World Development Indicators: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD
  • ​World Bank. (2023b). Exports of goods and services (current US$). Retrieved from World Development Indicators: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.CD
  • ​World Bank. (2023c). Total greenhouse gas emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent). Retrieved from World Development Indicators: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.GHGT.KT.CE
  • ​Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2021). Panel veri ekonometrisi: Stata uygulamalı (Genişletilmiş 6. ed.). Beta Yayıncılık.
  • ​Zafar, M. W., Saleem, M. M., Destek, M. A., and Caglar, A. E. (2022). The dynamic linkage between remittances, export diversification, education, renewable energy consumption, economic growth, and CO2 emissions in top remittance-receiving countries. Sustainable Development, 30(1), 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2236
  • ​Zaidi, S. A., Zafar, M. W., Shahbaz, M., and Hou, F. (2019). Dynamic linkages between globalization, financial development and carbon emissions: Evidence from Asia Pacific economic cooperation countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 228, 533-543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.210
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İktisatta Bölgesel Gelişme ve Küreselleşme, Yeşil Ekonomi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ali Pişkin 0000-0002-6138-7697

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 20 Ekim 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Ekim 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 12 Sayı: Özel Sayı

Kaynak Göster

APA Pişkin, A. (2023). Economic Globalization, Export Diversification and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Evidence from OECD Countries. Paradigma: İktisadi Ve İdari Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(Özel Sayı), 85-98.