İnsan Güvenliği ve Arktik’teki Çevresel Tehditler
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 13 Sayı: Özel Sayı, 58 - 71, 10.10.2024
Yusuf Zakir Baskın
,
Fatih Tekin
Öz
Arktik bölgesi küresel iklim değişikliğinden en çok etkilenen bölgelerden biridir ve çok hızlı bir şekilde değişmektedir. Arktik bölgesinde yaşanan bu değişim hem çevresel kirlilik açısından hem de yerli halkların geçim kaynakları ve kültürleri açısından insan güvenliği sorunlarından birine dönüşmektedir. Arktik konusunu insan güvenliği yaklaşımı çerçevesinde değerlendirmek gerekmektedir. Bu çalışma insan güvenliği yaklaşımıyla Arktik bölgesinde yerli halkların yaşam tarzlarına, geçim kaynaklarına ve çevresel bozulmaya odaklanmıştır. Çalışmada geleneksel güvenlik yaklaşımının dönüşümü sonrasında ortaya çıkan insan güvenliği yaklaşımı ele alınmıştır. Güvenlik çalışmalarının genişlemesi ve derinleşmesi sonucunda iklim değişikliği, çevresel kirlilik ve çevresel bozulma konularının insan güvenliği yaklaşımıyla ilişkisi ortaya konulmuştur. Arktik Konseyi üyesi ülkelerin strateji belgelerini inceleyen makale, bu ülkelerin bölgeye yönelik stratejilerine ve bu stratejilerinde insan güvenliği yaklaşımının bileşeni olan çevresel güvenlik konusuna verdikleri önemi tartışmaktadır. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinin kullanıldığı çalışmada elde edilen bilgiler betimsel ve yorumlayıcı analize tabi tutulmuştur.
Kaynakça
- Ağır, B. S. (2022). Güvenlik çalışmaları: kuram, kavram ve eleştiri. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
- Akhiyadov, M. (2019, 12 Haziran). Yeni bir jeopolitik mücadele alanı: Arktik bölgesi. İnsamer. https://www.insamer.com/tr/uploads/pdf/etkinlik-yeni-bir-jeopolitik-mucadele-alani-arktik-bolgesi.pdf
- AMAP. (2015, 30 Aralık). AMAP assesment 2015: Human health in the Arctic. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/amap-assessment-2015-human-health-in-the-arctic/1346
- AMAP. (2021, 20 Mayıs). Arctic climate change update 2021: Key trends and impacts summary for policy-makers. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/arctic-climate-change-update-2021-key-trends-and-impacts.-summary-for-policy-makers/3508
- Arctic Center. (2024, 22 Haziran). Arctic indigenous peoples. https://www.arcticcentre.org/EN/arcticregion/Arctic-Indigenous-Peoples
- Arctic Portal Library. (1991, 1 Kasım). Arctic environmental protection strategy. https://library.arcticportal.org/1542/1/artic_environment.pdf
- Arctic Portal Library. (2024, 20 Haziran). Kingdom of Denmark strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020. https://library.arcticportal.org/1890/1/DENMARK.pdf
- Barnett, J. (2017). Çevre güvenliği. A. Collins (Ed.), Çağdaş güvenlik çalışmaları içinde (s. 104-116). (Çev. N. Uslu). Uluslararası İlişkiler Kütüphanesi.
- Berk, M. B. (2023). Arktik enerji güvenliği: Yeni güvenlik tehdidi mi yoksa iş birliği alanı mı?, B. A. Soner, Ş. Toktaş & O. Çiftçi (Eds.), Yeni güvenlik tehditleri içinde (s. 185-214). Ankara: Polis Akademisi Yayınları.
- Brauch, H. G. (2008). Güvenliğin yeniden kavramsallaştırılması: Barış, güvenlik, kalkınma ve çevre kavramsal dörtlüsü. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 5(18), 1-47.
- Briggs, C. M. (2014). Arctic environmental security and abrupt climate change. G. H. Gjørv, D. R. Bazely, M. Goloviznina & A. J. Tanentzap (Eds.), Environmental and human security in the Arctic içinde (s. 98-112). Routledge.
- Buzan, B., Wæver, O. & Wilde, J. D. (1998). Security: A new framework for analysis. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Dalby, S. (2008). Environmental change. P. D. Williams (Ed.), Security studies: An introduction içinde (s. 260-273). Routledge.
- Ersoy, G. & Uysal Oğuz, C. (2021). Arktik yerli halkları için insan güvenliği sorunu olarak iklim değişikliği. International Journal of Politics and Security, 3(1), 156-179.
- Gjørv, G. H. & Goloviznina, M. (2014). Introduction: Can we broaden our understanding of security in the Arctic?. G. H. Gjørv, D. R. Bazely, M. Goloviznina & A. J. Tanentzap (Eds.), Environmental and human security in the Arctic içinde (s. 1-13). Routledge.
- Government of Canada. (2023, 22 Eylül). Canada’s Arctic and northern policy framework. https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1560523306861/1560523330587#s6
- Government of Finnish. (2021, 18 Temmuz). Finland’s strategy for Arctic policy. https://library.arcticportal.org/2813/1/Finlands_Strategy_for_Arctic_Policy.pdf
- Government of Iceland. (2021, 1 Ocak). Iceland’s policy on matters concerning the Arctic region. https://www.government.is/library/01-Ministries/Ministry-for-Foreign-Affairs/PDF-skjol/Arctic%20Policy_WEB.pdf
- Government of Norway. (2021, 1 Ocak). The Norwegian government's Arctic policy. https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/arctic_policy/id2830120/#tocNode_30
- Government of Sweden. (2016, 27 Ocak). New Swedish enviromental policy fort the Arctic. https://government.se/reports/2016/01/new-swedish-environmental-policy-for-the-arctic/
- Güçlü Akpınar, B. (2017). Uluslararası hukuk çerçevesinden Arktik güvenliği politikalarının analizi: Rusya ve ABD örneği. Savunma Stratejileri Dergisi, 16(2), 83-118.
- Hampson, F. O. (2008). Human security. P. D. Williams (Ed.), Security studies: an introduction içinde (s. 229-243). Routledge.
- Heininen, K. L. (2016). On climate changeas relevent geopolitical and security factor in the circumpolar north. L. Heininen, & H. Nicol (Eds.), Climate change and human security from a northern point of view içinde (s. 219-250). Centre on Foreign Policy and Federalism.
- Homer-Dixon, T. (1991). On the threshold: Environmental changes as causes of acute conflict. International Security, 16(4):76–116.
- IPCC. (2021, 12 Aralık). Climate change 2021: Summary for all. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/outreach/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SummaryForAll.pdf
- IPPC. (2022, 28 Şubat). Climate change: A threat to human wellbeing and health of the planet. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/press/IPCC_AR6_WGII_PressRelease-English.pdf
- Kaplan, R. D. (1994). The coming anarchy. The Atlantic Monthly, 273(2): 44–76.
- Karabulut, B. (2015). Küreselleşme sürecinde güvenliği yeniden düşünmek. Barış Kitabevi.
- Kerr, P. (2017). İnsani güvenlik. A. Collins (Ed.), Çağdaş güvenlik çalışmaları içinde (s. 190-207). (Çev. N. Uslu). Uluslararası İlişkiler Kütüphanesi.
- Krause, K. & Williams, M. C. (1996). Broadening the agenda of security studies: Politics and methods. Mershon International Studies Review, 40(2), 229-254.
- Lagutina, M. (2021). The place of the concept of ‘human security’ in the strategies of the Arctic countries. Northern Sustainable Development Forum 2020, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111200028
- Limon, O. & Gürdal Limon, E. (2023). Arktik güvenliğini yeniden düşünmek: Değişimler ve zorluklar. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(2), 223-248.
- Mathews J. T. (1989). Redefining security. Foreign Affairs, 68(2), 162-177.
- Sağsen, İ. (2019, 22 Nisan). Arktik bölgesi jeopolitiği. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/arktik-bolgesi-jeopolitigi/1459727
- Swiss Re Institue. (2021, 1 Nisan). The economics of climate change: No action not an option. swiss-re-institute-expertise-publication-economics-of-climate-change.pdf
- Szpak, A. (2017). Human security of the indigenous peoples in the Arctic: The Sami case. International Studies Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal, 20(1), 75-96.
- The Arctic Council, (2024). Norway’s chairship, 2023-2025. https://arctic-council.org/ru/about/norway-chair-2/
- The Arctic Council. (2023, 1 Ocak). The Arctic council a quick guide. https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/bitstreams/4afe5d8e-16be-4bf6-b7c3-1e2de9dde170/download
- The Historical Office. (2015, 6 Şubat). The national security strategy of the United States of America. https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/National-Security-Strategy/
- The Historical Office. (2017, 18 Aralık). National security strategy. https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/National-Security-Strategy/
- The United States Geological Survey. (2008, 24 Temmuz). Circum-Arctic Resource appraisal: Estimates of undiscovered oil and gas north of the arctic circle. https://www.usgs.gov/publications/circum-arctic-resource-appraisal-estimates-undiscovered-oil-and-gas-north-arctic
- The White House. (2022, 10 Ocak). National strategy for the Arctic region. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/National-Strategy-for-the-Arctic-Region.pdf
- United Nations. (1992, 9 Mayıs). United nations framework convention on climate change. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf
- United Nations. (1997, 10 Aralık). Kyoto protocol to the United Nations framework convention on climate change. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/docs/cop3/l07a01.pdf
- United Nations. (2015, 12 Aralık). Paris agreement. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf
- Walt, S. M. (1991). The renaissance of security studies. International Studies Quarterly, 35(2), 211-239.
- Watt, F. & Wilson, F. (2002). Hava ve iklim. (G. B. Bağcı, Çev.). Tübitak Yayınları.
- Williams, P. D. (2008). Security studies an introduction. P. D. Williams (Ed.), Security studies: An introduction içinde (s. 1-12). Routledge.
Human Security and Environmental Threats in the Arctic
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 13 Sayı: Özel Sayı, 58 - 71, 10.10.2024
Yusuf Zakir Baskın
,
Fatih Tekin
Öz
The Arctic is one of the regions most affected by global climate change and is changing very rapidly. This change in the Arctic region is becoming a human security issue, both in terms of environmental pollution and the livelihoods and cultures of indigenous peoples. It is necessary to evaluate the Arctic issue within the framework of a human security approach. This study focuses on indigenous peoples' lifestyles, livelihoods and environmental degradation in the Arctic region through a human security approach. The study focuses on the human security approach that emerged after the transformation of the traditional security approach. As a result of the expansion and deepening of security studies, the relationship between climate change, environmental pollution and environmental degradation with the human security approach has been revealed. Analyzing the strategy documents of the member states of the Arctic Council, the article discusses the strategies of these countries towards the region and the importance they attach to environmental security, which is a component of the human security approach. Using qualitative research methods, the information obtained in the study was subjected to descriptive and interpretive analysis
Kaynakça
- Ağır, B. S. (2022). Güvenlik çalışmaları: kuram, kavram ve eleştiri. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
- Akhiyadov, M. (2019, 12 Haziran). Yeni bir jeopolitik mücadele alanı: Arktik bölgesi. İnsamer. https://www.insamer.com/tr/uploads/pdf/etkinlik-yeni-bir-jeopolitik-mucadele-alani-arktik-bolgesi.pdf
- AMAP. (2015, 30 Aralık). AMAP assesment 2015: Human health in the Arctic. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/amap-assessment-2015-human-health-in-the-arctic/1346
- AMAP. (2021, 20 Mayıs). Arctic climate change update 2021: Key trends and impacts summary for policy-makers. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/arctic-climate-change-update-2021-key-trends-and-impacts.-summary-for-policy-makers/3508
- Arctic Center. (2024, 22 Haziran). Arctic indigenous peoples. https://www.arcticcentre.org/EN/arcticregion/Arctic-Indigenous-Peoples
- Arctic Portal Library. (1991, 1 Kasım). Arctic environmental protection strategy. https://library.arcticportal.org/1542/1/artic_environment.pdf
- Arctic Portal Library. (2024, 20 Haziran). Kingdom of Denmark strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020. https://library.arcticportal.org/1890/1/DENMARK.pdf
- Barnett, J. (2017). Çevre güvenliği. A. Collins (Ed.), Çağdaş güvenlik çalışmaları içinde (s. 104-116). (Çev. N. Uslu). Uluslararası İlişkiler Kütüphanesi.
- Berk, M. B. (2023). Arktik enerji güvenliği: Yeni güvenlik tehdidi mi yoksa iş birliği alanı mı?, B. A. Soner, Ş. Toktaş & O. Çiftçi (Eds.), Yeni güvenlik tehditleri içinde (s. 185-214). Ankara: Polis Akademisi Yayınları.
- Brauch, H. G. (2008). Güvenliğin yeniden kavramsallaştırılması: Barış, güvenlik, kalkınma ve çevre kavramsal dörtlüsü. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 5(18), 1-47.
- Briggs, C. M. (2014). Arctic environmental security and abrupt climate change. G. H. Gjørv, D. R. Bazely, M. Goloviznina & A. J. Tanentzap (Eds.), Environmental and human security in the Arctic içinde (s. 98-112). Routledge.
- Buzan, B., Wæver, O. & Wilde, J. D. (1998). Security: A new framework for analysis. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Dalby, S. (2008). Environmental change. P. D. Williams (Ed.), Security studies: An introduction içinde (s. 260-273). Routledge.
- Ersoy, G. & Uysal Oğuz, C. (2021). Arktik yerli halkları için insan güvenliği sorunu olarak iklim değişikliği. International Journal of Politics and Security, 3(1), 156-179.
- Gjørv, G. H. & Goloviznina, M. (2014). Introduction: Can we broaden our understanding of security in the Arctic?. G. H. Gjørv, D. R. Bazely, M. Goloviznina & A. J. Tanentzap (Eds.), Environmental and human security in the Arctic içinde (s. 1-13). Routledge.
- Government of Canada. (2023, 22 Eylül). Canada’s Arctic and northern policy framework. https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1560523306861/1560523330587#s6
- Government of Finnish. (2021, 18 Temmuz). Finland’s strategy for Arctic policy. https://library.arcticportal.org/2813/1/Finlands_Strategy_for_Arctic_Policy.pdf
- Government of Iceland. (2021, 1 Ocak). Iceland’s policy on matters concerning the Arctic region. https://www.government.is/library/01-Ministries/Ministry-for-Foreign-Affairs/PDF-skjol/Arctic%20Policy_WEB.pdf
- Government of Norway. (2021, 1 Ocak). The Norwegian government's Arctic policy. https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/arctic_policy/id2830120/#tocNode_30
- Government of Sweden. (2016, 27 Ocak). New Swedish enviromental policy fort the Arctic. https://government.se/reports/2016/01/new-swedish-environmental-policy-for-the-arctic/
- Güçlü Akpınar, B. (2017). Uluslararası hukuk çerçevesinden Arktik güvenliği politikalarının analizi: Rusya ve ABD örneği. Savunma Stratejileri Dergisi, 16(2), 83-118.
- Hampson, F. O. (2008). Human security. P. D. Williams (Ed.), Security studies: an introduction içinde (s. 229-243). Routledge.
- Heininen, K. L. (2016). On climate changeas relevent geopolitical and security factor in the circumpolar north. L. Heininen, & H. Nicol (Eds.), Climate change and human security from a northern point of view içinde (s. 219-250). Centre on Foreign Policy and Federalism.
- Homer-Dixon, T. (1991). On the threshold: Environmental changes as causes of acute conflict. International Security, 16(4):76–116.
- IPCC. (2021, 12 Aralık). Climate change 2021: Summary for all. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/outreach/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SummaryForAll.pdf
- IPPC. (2022, 28 Şubat). Climate change: A threat to human wellbeing and health of the planet. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/press/IPCC_AR6_WGII_PressRelease-English.pdf
- Kaplan, R. D. (1994). The coming anarchy. The Atlantic Monthly, 273(2): 44–76.
- Karabulut, B. (2015). Küreselleşme sürecinde güvenliği yeniden düşünmek. Barış Kitabevi.
- Kerr, P. (2017). İnsani güvenlik. A. Collins (Ed.), Çağdaş güvenlik çalışmaları içinde (s. 190-207). (Çev. N. Uslu). Uluslararası İlişkiler Kütüphanesi.
- Krause, K. & Williams, M. C. (1996). Broadening the agenda of security studies: Politics and methods. Mershon International Studies Review, 40(2), 229-254.
- Lagutina, M. (2021). The place of the concept of ‘human security’ in the strategies of the Arctic countries. Northern Sustainable Development Forum 2020, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111200028
- Limon, O. & Gürdal Limon, E. (2023). Arktik güvenliğini yeniden düşünmek: Değişimler ve zorluklar. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(2), 223-248.
- Mathews J. T. (1989). Redefining security. Foreign Affairs, 68(2), 162-177.
- Sağsen, İ. (2019, 22 Nisan). Arktik bölgesi jeopolitiği. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/arktik-bolgesi-jeopolitigi/1459727
- Swiss Re Institue. (2021, 1 Nisan). The economics of climate change: No action not an option. swiss-re-institute-expertise-publication-economics-of-climate-change.pdf
- Szpak, A. (2017). Human security of the indigenous peoples in the Arctic: The Sami case. International Studies Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal, 20(1), 75-96.
- The Arctic Council, (2024). Norway’s chairship, 2023-2025. https://arctic-council.org/ru/about/norway-chair-2/
- The Arctic Council. (2023, 1 Ocak). The Arctic council a quick guide. https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/bitstreams/4afe5d8e-16be-4bf6-b7c3-1e2de9dde170/download
- The Historical Office. (2015, 6 Şubat). The national security strategy of the United States of America. https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/National-Security-Strategy/
- The Historical Office. (2017, 18 Aralık). National security strategy. https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/National-Security-Strategy/
- The United States Geological Survey. (2008, 24 Temmuz). Circum-Arctic Resource appraisal: Estimates of undiscovered oil and gas north of the arctic circle. https://www.usgs.gov/publications/circum-arctic-resource-appraisal-estimates-undiscovered-oil-and-gas-north-arctic
- The White House. (2022, 10 Ocak). National strategy for the Arctic region. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/National-Strategy-for-the-Arctic-Region.pdf
- United Nations. (1992, 9 Mayıs). United nations framework convention on climate change. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf
- United Nations. (1997, 10 Aralık). Kyoto protocol to the United Nations framework convention on climate change. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/docs/cop3/l07a01.pdf
- United Nations. (2015, 12 Aralık). Paris agreement. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf
- Walt, S. M. (1991). The renaissance of security studies. International Studies Quarterly, 35(2), 211-239.
- Watt, F. & Wilson, F. (2002). Hava ve iklim. (G. B. Bağcı, Çev.). Tübitak Yayınları.
- Williams, P. D. (2008). Security studies an introduction. P. D. Williams (Ed.), Security studies: An introduction içinde (s. 1-12). Routledge.