Araştırma Makalesi
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Review of the Position of Greenland in Combating Climate Change Within the Framework of the European Union Law

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: Özel Sayı, 129 - 139, 10.10.2024

Öz

This research is an effort to review the position of Greenland, which is located in the Arctic Region and important in the global combating climate change, both within the scope of European Union law, as it is a part of overseas country and territory of the European Union, and within the scope of its own authorities, as it is an autonomous region of the Kingdom of Denmark. In this research both the documents in the European Union law and international law and research in the literature are reviewed as methodology and method. In this context, after explaining why Greenland is important in combating climate change in the introduction part, Greenland’s relations with the European Union within the scope of the constitutional order of the European Union are examined. In the next section, the effects of combating climate change on the relations between Greenland and the European Union is discussed. The results indicate that, although Greenland left the European Economic Community and became a part of the overseas countries and territories of the European Union, and gained extended autonomy from the Kingdom of Denmark, the field of combating climate change has restrengthened relations between the European Union and Greenland, bringing the two Parties together for stronger cooperation in this area.

Kaynakça

  • Arat, T., Baykal, S. & Göçmen, İ. (2023). Avrupa bütünleşmesi: 1957-1993 arası. B.Akçay & İ. Göçmen (Ed.),
  • Avrupa Birliği: Tarihçe, teoriler, kurumlar ve politikalar içinde (4. baskı, s. 39-54). Seçkin Yayınları.
  • Arctic Council. (2021). Arctic Council strategic plan 2021 to 2030. https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/118e0bce-9013-460a-81e0-1dbd0870ee05/content
  • Commission of the European Communities. (2008). The European Union and the Arctic region. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/lexuriserv/lexuriserv.do?uri=com:2008:0763:fın:en:pdf
  • Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities. (2023). Denmark’s eighth national communication and fifth biennial report under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/dnk-nc8br5_ımprovedlayout_25august2023.pdf
  • Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. (2011). Kingdom of Denmark strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020. https://um.dk/en/-/media/websites/umen/foreign-policy/the-artic/arctic-strategy.ashx
  • EUR-Lex. (1985). Treaty amending, with regard to Greenland, the treaties establishing the European
  • Communities. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/txt/pdf/?uri=celex:11985g/txt
  • EUR-Lex. (2021). Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 June 2021 establishing the framework for achieving climate neutrality and amending Regulations (EC) No 401/2009 and (EU) 2018/1999 (‘European Climate Law’). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2021/1119/oj
  • EUR-Lex. (t.y.). Member states. 02.08.2024 tarihinde https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/glossary/member-states.html adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • European Commission (2021). A stronger EU engagement for a peaceful, sustainable and prosperous Arctic. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/txt/pdf/?uri=celex:52021jc0027
  • European Commission. (2023). EU and Greenland sign strategic partnership on sustainable raw materials value chains. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_6166
  • European Commission. (2024, 15 Mart). President von der Leyen inaugurates the EU Office in Nuuk and signs cooperation agreements to strengthen the EU-Greenland Partnership. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ıp_24_1425
  • European Commission. (t.y.). Memorandum of Understanding between the European Union and the government of Greenland on a strategic partnership on sustainable raw materials value chains. 02.08.2024 tarihinde https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-12/mou%20eu-greenland%20fınal%20en.pdf adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • European Union. (2023). The update of the nationally determined contribution of the European Union and its member states. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/ndc/2023-10/es-2023-10-17%20eu%20submission%20ndc%20update.pdf
  • European Union External Action. (2024, 1 Ocak). EU special envoy for Arctic matter, Clara Ganslandt. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/eu-arctic_en#:~:text=ın%20september%202022%2c%20clara%20ganslandt,special%20envoy%20for%20arctic%20matters
  • Gad, U.P. (2013). Greenland: A post-Danish sovereign nation state in the making, Cooperation and Conflict, 49(1), 98-118. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836713514151.
  • Hossain, K. (2015). EU engagement in the Arctic: Do the policy responses from the Arctic states recognise the EU as a legitimate stakeholder?, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 6(2), 89-110.
  • Hund, A.J. (2014). Antarctica and the Arctic Circle: A geographic encyclopedia of the Earth's Polar Regions. Bloomsbury.
  • Kobza, P. (2016). European Union-Greenland relations after 2015 – a partnership beyond fisheries, Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, 16(4), 130-153.
  • Lebel, J. & Nilsson, A.E. (2024). EU engagement in the Arctic: Challenges to achieving ambitions in an area outside its jurisdiction, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 15, 47–71.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. (t.y.). Modern state: Facts about Denmark. 02.08.2024 tarihinde https://kina.um.dk/en/about-denmark/country-facts-about-denmark adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Ross, S.G. (2018). From consultation to consent: A comparative analysis of Arctic states. B. O'Donnell, M. Gruenig & A. Riedel (Ed.) Arctic Summer College Yearbook An Interdisciplinary Look into Arctic Sustainable Development içinde, (1. baskı, s. 9-21), Springer International.
  • Rottem, S.V. (2017). The Arctic Council between national and international governance. S.V. Rottem & I. F Soltvedt (Ed.), Arctic Governance: Law and Politics içinde (1. baskı, s. 181-205), I.B. Tauris.
  • Schunz, S., Botselierb, B.D. & Piqueres, S.L. (2021). The European Union’s Arctic policy discourse: green by omission, Environmental Politics, 30(4), 579–599, https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2020.1787041.
  • Shapovalova, D. (2016). The effectiveness of the regulatory regime for black carbon mitigation in the Arctic, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 7(2), 136-151.
  • Statsministeriet. (2009). Act on Greenland self-government. https://english.stm.dk/media/10522/gl- selvstyrelov-uk.pdf
  • The Council of the European Union. (2006). 2006/526/EC: Council Decision of 17 July 2006 on relations between the European Community on the one hand, and Greenland and the Kingdom of Denmark on the other. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/txt/?uri=celex%3a32006d0526
  • The Council of the European Union. (2014). Council Decision 2014/137/EU of 14 March 2014 on relations between the European Union on the one hand, and Greenland and the Kingdom of Denmark on the other. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/txt/?uri=celex%3a32014d0137
  • The Council of the European Union. (2021). Council Decision (EU) 2021/1764 of 5 October 2021 on the association of the Overseas Countries and Territories with the European Union including relations between the European Union on the one hand, and Greenland and the Kingdom of Denmark on the other (Decision on the Overseas Association, including Greenland). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2021/1764/oj
  • Tomala, M. (2017). The European Union’s relations with Greenland, International Studies Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal, 20(1), 31–46.
  • The United Nations Regional Information Center For Western Europe. (2023, 19 Kasım). Greenland signs up for Paris agreement. https://unric.org/en/greenland-signs-up-for-paris-agreement/
  • United Nations Climate Change. (t.y.). The Paris agreement. 02.08.2024 tarihinde https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Wegge, N. (2012). The EU and the Arctic: European foreign policy in the making, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 3(1), 6–29.
  • Zhang, Y., Wei, X. & Grydehøj, A. (2021). Electoral politics, party performance, and governance in Greenland: Parties, personalities, and cleavages in an autonomous subnational island jurisdiction, Island Studies Journal, 16(1), 343-372.

İklim Değişikliği İle Mücadelede Grönland’ın Konumunun Avrupa Birliği Hukuku Çerçevesinde İncelenmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: Özel Sayı, 129 - 139, 10.10.2024

Öz

Bu çalışmada, küresel iklim değişikliği ile mücadelede önem arz eden Kuzey Kutup Bölgesi’nde yer alan Grönland’ın hem Avrupa Birliği’nin deniz aşırı ülke ve toprakları kapsamında bulunması nedeniyle Avrupa Birliği hukuku hem de Danimarka Krallığı’nın bir özerk bölgesi olması vesilesiyle de kendi yetkileri çerçevesinde konumu değerlendirilmektedir. Çalışmada metodoloji ve yöntem olarak Avrupa Birliği hukuku ve uluslararası hukuk belgelerinden ve literatürdeki araştırmalardan faydalanılmıştır. Bu çerçevede giriş kısmında, Grönland’ın iklim değişikliği ile mücadelede niçin önem arz ettiği ifade edildikten sonra, Avrupa Birliği’nin anayasal düzeni kapsamında Grönland’ın Avrupa Birliği ile ilişkileri incelenmiş, sonraki kısımda da iklim değişikliği ile mücadelenin Grönland ile Avrupa Birliği arasındaki ilişkilere yansıması ele alınmıştır. Elde edilen neticede, her ne kadar Grönland Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu’ndan ayrılarak Avrupa Birliği’nin deniz aşırı ülke ve topraklarının bir parçası haline gelmiş ve Danimarka Krallığı’ndan genişletilmiş özerkliğini elde etmişse de, iklim değişikliği ile mücadelenin Avrupa Birliği ile Grönland arasındaki ilişkilerin tekrar sıkılaştırdığını ve iki tarafı bu alanda daha sağlam bir işbirliği yapmak üzere biraraya getirdiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Arat, T., Baykal, S. & Göçmen, İ. (2023). Avrupa bütünleşmesi: 1957-1993 arası. B.Akçay & İ. Göçmen (Ed.),
  • Avrupa Birliği: Tarihçe, teoriler, kurumlar ve politikalar içinde (4. baskı, s. 39-54). Seçkin Yayınları.
  • Arctic Council. (2021). Arctic Council strategic plan 2021 to 2030. https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/118e0bce-9013-460a-81e0-1dbd0870ee05/content
  • Commission of the European Communities. (2008). The European Union and the Arctic region. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/lexuriserv/lexuriserv.do?uri=com:2008:0763:fın:en:pdf
  • Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities. (2023). Denmark’s eighth national communication and fifth biennial report under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/dnk-nc8br5_ımprovedlayout_25august2023.pdf
  • Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. (2011). Kingdom of Denmark strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020. https://um.dk/en/-/media/websites/umen/foreign-policy/the-artic/arctic-strategy.ashx
  • EUR-Lex. (1985). Treaty amending, with regard to Greenland, the treaties establishing the European
  • Communities. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/txt/pdf/?uri=celex:11985g/txt
  • EUR-Lex. (2021). Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 June 2021 establishing the framework for achieving climate neutrality and amending Regulations (EC) No 401/2009 and (EU) 2018/1999 (‘European Climate Law’). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2021/1119/oj
  • EUR-Lex. (t.y.). Member states. 02.08.2024 tarihinde https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/glossary/member-states.html adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • European Commission (2021). A stronger EU engagement for a peaceful, sustainable and prosperous Arctic. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/txt/pdf/?uri=celex:52021jc0027
  • European Commission. (2023). EU and Greenland sign strategic partnership on sustainable raw materials value chains. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_6166
  • European Commission. (2024, 15 Mart). President von der Leyen inaugurates the EU Office in Nuuk and signs cooperation agreements to strengthen the EU-Greenland Partnership. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ıp_24_1425
  • European Commission. (t.y.). Memorandum of Understanding between the European Union and the government of Greenland on a strategic partnership on sustainable raw materials value chains. 02.08.2024 tarihinde https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-12/mou%20eu-greenland%20fınal%20en.pdf adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • European Union. (2023). The update of the nationally determined contribution of the European Union and its member states. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/ndc/2023-10/es-2023-10-17%20eu%20submission%20ndc%20update.pdf
  • European Union External Action. (2024, 1 Ocak). EU special envoy for Arctic matter, Clara Ganslandt. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/eu-arctic_en#:~:text=ın%20september%202022%2c%20clara%20ganslandt,special%20envoy%20for%20arctic%20matters
  • Gad, U.P. (2013). Greenland: A post-Danish sovereign nation state in the making, Cooperation and Conflict, 49(1), 98-118. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836713514151.
  • Hossain, K. (2015). EU engagement in the Arctic: Do the policy responses from the Arctic states recognise the EU as a legitimate stakeholder?, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 6(2), 89-110.
  • Hund, A.J. (2014). Antarctica and the Arctic Circle: A geographic encyclopedia of the Earth's Polar Regions. Bloomsbury.
  • Kobza, P. (2016). European Union-Greenland relations after 2015 – a partnership beyond fisheries, Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, 16(4), 130-153.
  • Lebel, J. & Nilsson, A.E. (2024). EU engagement in the Arctic: Challenges to achieving ambitions in an area outside its jurisdiction, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 15, 47–71.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. (t.y.). Modern state: Facts about Denmark. 02.08.2024 tarihinde https://kina.um.dk/en/about-denmark/country-facts-about-denmark adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Ross, S.G. (2018). From consultation to consent: A comparative analysis of Arctic states. B. O'Donnell, M. Gruenig & A. Riedel (Ed.) Arctic Summer College Yearbook An Interdisciplinary Look into Arctic Sustainable Development içinde, (1. baskı, s. 9-21), Springer International.
  • Rottem, S.V. (2017). The Arctic Council between national and international governance. S.V. Rottem & I. F Soltvedt (Ed.), Arctic Governance: Law and Politics içinde (1. baskı, s. 181-205), I.B. Tauris.
  • Schunz, S., Botselierb, B.D. & Piqueres, S.L. (2021). The European Union’s Arctic policy discourse: green by omission, Environmental Politics, 30(4), 579–599, https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2020.1787041.
  • Shapovalova, D. (2016). The effectiveness of the regulatory regime for black carbon mitigation in the Arctic, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 7(2), 136-151.
  • Statsministeriet. (2009). Act on Greenland self-government. https://english.stm.dk/media/10522/gl- selvstyrelov-uk.pdf
  • The Council of the European Union. (2006). 2006/526/EC: Council Decision of 17 July 2006 on relations between the European Community on the one hand, and Greenland and the Kingdom of Denmark on the other. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/txt/?uri=celex%3a32006d0526
  • The Council of the European Union. (2014). Council Decision 2014/137/EU of 14 March 2014 on relations between the European Union on the one hand, and Greenland and the Kingdom of Denmark on the other. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/txt/?uri=celex%3a32014d0137
  • The Council of the European Union. (2021). Council Decision (EU) 2021/1764 of 5 October 2021 on the association of the Overseas Countries and Territories with the European Union including relations between the European Union on the one hand, and Greenland and the Kingdom of Denmark on the other (Decision on the Overseas Association, including Greenland). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2021/1764/oj
  • Tomala, M. (2017). The European Union’s relations with Greenland, International Studies Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal, 20(1), 31–46.
  • The United Nations Regional Information Center For Western Europe. (2023, 19 Kasım). Greenland signs up for Paris agreement. https://unric.org/en/greenland-signs-up-for-paris-agreement/
  • United Nations Climate Change. (t.y.). The Paris agreement. 02.08.2024 tarihinde https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Wegge, N. (2012). The EU and the Arctic: European foreign policy in the making, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 3(1), 6–29.
  • Zhang, Y., Wei, X. & Grydehøj, A. (2021). Electoral politics, party performance, and governance in Greenland: Parties, personalities, and cleavages in an autonomous subnational island jurisdiction, Island Studies Journal, 16(1), 343-372.
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Bölgesel Çalışmalar
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Halil Çeçen 0000-0001-5569-4511

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 7 Ekim 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 10 Ekim 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Ağustos 2024
Kabul Tarihi 21 Eylül 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 13 Sayı: Özel Sayı

Kaynak Göster

APA Çeçen, H. (2024). İklim Değişikliği İle Mücadelede Grönland’ın Konumunun Avrupa Birliği Hukuku Çerçevesinde İncelenmesi. Paradigma: İktisadi Ve İdari Araştırmalar Dergisi, 13(Özel Sayı), 129-139.