Araştırma Makalesi

Evaluation of GPT-4o and GPT o1 pro in answering Turkish Neurosurgical Society proficiency board exam questions: A comparative study

Cilt: 19 Sayı: 3 10 Temmuz 2026
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Evaluation of GPT-4o and GPT o1 pro in answering Turkish Neurosurgical Society proficiency board exam questions: A comparative study

Öz

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate and compare the answering capabilities and accuracy of GPT-4o and GPT o1 pro for a set of 98 questions, including image-based questions, from the 2024 neurosurgery board certification examination.
Materials and methods: Answers to 98 questions, including image-based questions, were generated using GPT-4o and GPT o1 pro. We evaluated their performance through both one-shot and multiple-attempt methods, calculating accuracy and consistency rates. Comparisons were made between text-based and image-based questions to assess multimodal reasoning.
Results: GPT o1 pro achieved a one-shot accuracy of 92.9%, while GPT-4o reached 71.4% (p<0.001). Over three attempts, GPT o1 pro maintained 91.8% accuracy compared to GPT-4o’s 72.4% (p<0.001). GPT o1 pro also showed higher consistency (91.8% vs 78.6%, p=0.009). For text-only questions, GPT o1 pro reached 96.3% one-shot accuracy, compared to GPT-4o’s 72.8%. For image-based questions, GPT o1 pro scored 76.5%, and GPT-4o scored 64.7%, though this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.68). These results suggest that GPT o1 pro outperforms GPT-4o, especially for text-based items, but both models need further improvement for image-based tasks.
Conclusion: Both GPT o1 pro and GPT-4o successfully passed the 2024 Turkish Neurosurgical Society Board Certification Examination. GPT o1 pro showed notably higher accuracy and consistency than GPT-4o, suggesting a promising role for chain-of-thought reasoning in medical education.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Teşekkür

The authors would like to thank the Turkish Neurosurgical Society for making the examination questions available on their website, which helped make this study possible.

Kaynakça

  1. Noda M, Ueno T, Koshu R, et al. Performance of GPT-4V in Answering the Japanese Otolaryngology Board Certification Examination Questions: Evaluation Study. JMIR Med Educ. 2024;10:e57054. doi:10.2196/57054
  2. Brin D, Sorin V, Vaid A, et al. Comparing ChatGPT and GPT-4 performance in USMLE soft skill assessments. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):16492. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-43436-9
  3. Haddad F, Saade JS. Performance of ChatGPT on Ophthalmology-Related Questions Across Various Examination Levels: Observational Study. JMIR Med Educ. 2024;10:e50842. doi:10.2196/50842
  4. OpenAI. GPT-4 Technical Report. OpenAI. Available at: https://cdn.openai.com/papers/gpt-4.pdf. Accessed September 26, 2025
  5. Google. Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models. arXiv. Available at: https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.11805. Accessed September 26, 2025
  6. Hayden N, Gilbert S, Poisson LM, Griffith B, Klochko C. Performance of GPT-4 with Vision on Text- and Image-based ACR Diagnostic Radiology In-Training Examination Questions. Radiology. 2024;312(3):e240153. doi:10.1148/radiol.240153
  7. Hayden N, Gilbert S, Poisson LM, Griffith B, Klochko C. Performance of GPT-4 with Vision on Text- and Image-based ACR Diagnostic Radiology In-Training Examination Questions. Radiology. 2024;312(3):e240153. doi:10.1148/radiol.240153
  8. OpenAI. GPT-4o system card. OpenAI. Available at: https://cdn.openai.com/gpt-4o-system-card.pdf. Accessed December 16, 2024

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Beyin ve Sinir Cerrahisi (Nöroşirurji)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

10 Temmuz 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

5 Temmuz 2025

Kabul Tarihi

9 Ekim 2025

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA
Acar, A., & Tekirdaş, E. (2026). Evaluation of GPT-4o and GPT o1 pro in answering Turkish Neurosurgical Society proficiency board exam questions: A comparative study. Pamukkale Medical Journal, 19(3), 35-43. https://doi.org/10.31362/patd.1735217
AMA
1.Acar A, Tekirdaş E. Evaluation of GPT-4o and GPT o1 pro in answering Turkish Neurosurgical Society proficiency board exam questions: A comparative study. Pam Tıp Derg. 2026;19(3):35-43. doi:10.31362/patd.1735217
Chicago
Acar, Alaeddin, ve Eray Tekirdaş. 2026. “Evaluation of GPT-4o and GPT o1 pro in answering Turkish Neurosurgical Society proficiency board exam questions: A comparative study”. Pamukkale Medical Journal 19 (3): 35-43. https://doi.org/10.31362/patd.1735217.
EndNote
Acar A, Tekirdaş E (01 Temmuz 2026) Evaluation of GPT-4o and GPT o1 pro in answering Turkish Neurosurgical Society proficiency board exam questions: A comparative study. Pamukkale Medical Journal 19 3 35–43.
IEEE
[1]A. Acar ve E. Tekirdaş, “Evaluation of GPT-4o and GPT o1 pro in answering Turkish Neurosurgical Society proficiency board exam questions: A comparative study”, Pam Tıp Derg, c. 19, sy 3, ss. 35–43, Tem. 2026, doi: 10.31362/patd.1735217.
ISNAD
Acar, Alaeddin - Tekirdaş, Eray. “Evaluation of GPT-4o and GPT o1 pro in answering Turkish Neurosurgical Society proficiency board exam questions: A comparative study”. Pamukkale Medical Journal 19/3 (01 Temmuz 2026): 35-43. https://doi.org/10.31362/patd.1735217.
JAMA
1.Acar A, Tekirdaş E. Evaluation of GPT-4o and GPT o1 pro in answering Turkish Neurosurgical Society proficiency board exam questions: A comparative study. Pam Tıp Derg. 2026;19:35–43.
MLA
Acar, Alaeddin, ve Eray Tekirdaş. “Evaluation of GPT-4o and GPT o1 pro in answering Turkish Neurosurgical Society proficiency board exam questions: A comparative study”. Pamukkale Medical Journal, c. 19, sy 3, Temmuz 2026, ss. 35-43, doi:10.31362/patd.1735217.
Vancouver
1.Alaeddin Acar, Eray Tekirdaş. Evaluation of GPT-4o and GPT o1 pro in answering Turkish Neurosurgical Society proficiency board exam questions: A comparative study. Pam Tıp Derg. 01 Temmuz 2026;19(3):35-43. doi:10.31362/patd.1735217

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