Araştırma Makalesi
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The investigation for the influence of the transtheoretical model on women with low bone mineral density by their progress to aim the habit of continious excercises.

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 107 - 117, 14.05.2018
https://doi.org/10.5505/ptd.2017.72602

Öz

INTRODUCTION: To increase the physical activity level and monitor the impact in case of continuously repeats by using Transtheoretical Model providing continuously training with women adults with low bone mineral density. 
METHODS: 48 women were divided randomly in two groups. The experimental group were taken for 12 weeks and then were educated with Transtheoretical Model. Excersises within first 3 month were applied by physiotherapist and in the second 3 month period the experimentals were monitored if they were willing to continue their exercise habit. Various changes at the parameters were followed up Body Muscle Index, Strenght, Balance Test, Mini Mental State Test (MMSE), International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), QUALEFFO-41, Stages of Exercise Change Questionnaire (SECQ), Metabolic Holter, SF-36 were evaluated at the start, in the third month and in the sixth month.
RESULTS: At the end of the study, a significant increase was observed in the study group (p<0,01) and control group (p<0,05) in the Strenght and Balance results. Significant increase was found in the study group in MMSE, IPAQ, QUALEFFO-41, SECQ parameters (p<0.01). According to SECQ results, there was no significant difference between control group and study group (p>0,05), whereas in third and sixth month there was a significant difference in favor of study group (p<0,01). Regular increase in the study group (p<0.05) was determined in the Metabolic Holter recordings when there was no change in the control group (p>0.05). SF-36 results of the study group showed a significant change in all sub-dimensions except Social Function (p<0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It could be determined that the group which has been passed through exercise and education protocol according to Transtheoretical Model method did continue their training habit and the parameters measured progressed positively.

İngilizce Kısa Başlık: Osteoporosis and Exercise


Kaynakça

  • 1. World Health Organization. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. WHO technical report series. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1994.
  • 2. Melton JL. Epidemiology of spinalosteoporosis. Spine (Phila PA 1976) 1997;22:2-11.
  • 3. Carter MI, Hinton PS. Physical activity and bone health. Mo Med 2014;111:59-64.
  • 4. World Health Organization. Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2010.
  • 5. Barnett A, Smith B, Lord SR, Williams M, Baumand A. Community-based group exercise improves balance and reduces falls in at-risk older people: a randomised controlled trial. Age Ageing 2003;32:407-414.
  • 6. Nıelsen D, Ryg J, Nıssen N, Nıelsen W, Knold B, Brıxen K. Multidisciplinary patient education in groups increases knowledge on osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Public Health 2010;36:346-352.
  • 7. Shakil A, Gimpel NE, Rizvi H, et al. Awareness and prevention of osteoporosis among south asian women. J Community Health 2010;35:392-397. 8. Puttapitakpong P, Chaikittisilpa S, Panyakhamlerd K, Nimnuan C, Jaisamram U, Taechakraichana N. Inter-correlation of knowledge, attitude and osteoporosis preventive behaviors in women around the age of peak bone mass. BMC Womens Health 2014;14:35.
  • 9. Shirazi KK, Wallace LM, Niknami S, et al. A home-based, transtheoretical change model designed strength training intervention to increase exercise to prevent osteoporosis in iranian women aged 40–65 years: A randomized controlled trial. Health Educ Res 2007;22:305-317.
  • 10. Folstein MF,Folstein S, McHugh PR. "Mini mental state" a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975;12:189-198.
  • 11. Güngen C, Ertan T, Eker, Yaşar R, Engin F. Standardize mini mental test’in türk toplumunda hafif demans tanısında geçerlik ve güvenilirliği. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2002;13:273-281.
  • 12. Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjostrom M, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003;35:1381-1389.
  • 13. Saglam M, Arikan H, Savci S, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: reliability and validity of the turkish version. Percept Mot Skills 2010;111:278-284.
  • 14. Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 1992;30:473-483.
  • 15. Koçyigit H, Aydemir Ö. Kısa Form-36’nın Türkçe versiyonunun güvenilirligi ve geçerliligi. İlaç ve tedavi 1999;12:102-106
  • 16. Hopman W,Towheed T, Anastassiades T. Canadian normative data for the SF–36 health survey. CMAJ 2000;16:30-33.
  • 17. Lips P, Van Schoor NM. Quality of life in patients with osteoporosis. Osteoporosis In 2005;16:447-455.
  • 18. Koçyiğit H, Gülseren S, Erol A, Hizli N. The reliability and validity of the turkish version of quality of life questionnaire of the european foundation for osteoporasis (QUALEFFO). Clin Rheumatol 2003;22:18-23.
  • 19. Jakicic JM, Marcus M, Gallagher KI, et al. Evaluation of the sensewear proarmband to assess energy expenditure during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004;36:897-904.
  • 20. Mayhew JL,Prinster JL, Ware JS. Muscular endurance repetitions to predict bench presss strength in men of different training levels. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1995;35:108-113.
  • 21. Kerschan-Schindl K, Uher E. A neuromuscular test battery for osteoporotic women: a pilot study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2001;80:351-357.
  • 22. Hill KD, Bernhardt J, McGann AM, Maltese D, Berkovits D. A new test of dynamic standing balance for stroke patients: reliability, validity and comparison with healthy elderly. Physiother Can 1996;48:257-262.
  • 23. Marcus BH, Selby VC, Niaura RS, Rossi JS. Self-efficacy and the stages of exercise behavior change. Res Q Exerc Sport 1992;63:60-66.
  • 24. Cengiz C, Aşçı H, İnce L. Egzersiz davranışı değişim basamakları anketi: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. J Sports Sci Med 2010;2:32-37.
  • 25. Haskell VL, Lee RR, Pate KE, Powell SN. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the american college of sports medicine and the american hearth association. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007;39:1423-1434.
  • 26. Rydwik E, Frandin K, Akner G. Physical training in institutionalized elderly people with multiple diagnoses: a controlled pilot study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2005;40:29-44.
  • 27. Abreu DC, Trevisan DC, Costa GC. The association between osteoporosis and static balance in elderly women. Osteoporos Int 2010;21:1487-1491.
  • 28. Taşkıran Ö, Taş N, Meray J. Altmış beş yaş ve üzeri kadınlarda izokinetik gövde fleksör ve ekstansör kas kuvvetleri ile osteoporoz ilişkisi. Fiz Tıp Rehab Derg 2012;58:272-276.
  • 29. Henwood TR, Taaffe DR. Short- term resistance training and the older adult: the effect of varied programmes for the enhancement of muscle strength and functional performance. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2006;26:305-313.
  • 30. Hongo M, Itoi E, Sinaki M, et al. Effect of low-intensity back exercise on quality of life and back extensor strength in patients with osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporos Int 2007;18:1389-1395.
  • 31. Szmedra L, Lemura LM, Shearn WM. Exercise tolerance, body composition and blood lipids in obese african-american woman following short-term training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1998;38:59-65.
  • 32. Egana M, Done B. Physiological change sfollowing a 12 week gym based stair-climbing, elliptical trainer and treadmill running program in female. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2004;44:141-146.
  • 33. Amano M, Kanda, T, UE H,Maritani T. Exercise training and autonomic nervous system activity in obese individuals. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33:1287-1291.
  • 34. Soyuer F, Soyuer A. Yaşlılık ve fiziksel aktivite. İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2008;15:219-224.
  • 35. Pamuk G, Kutlu R, Çivi S. Osteoporozu olan ve olmayan postmenopozal kadınlarda QUALEFFO-41 ölçeği ile yaşam kalitesinin değerlendirilmesi. Türk Fiz Tıp Rehab Derg 2014;60:139-46.
  • 36. Küçükçayır N, Altan L, Korkmaz N. Effects of pilates exercises on pain, functional status and quality of life in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2013;17:204-211.
  • 37. Akpınar P, İçağasıoğlu A. D vitamininin yaşam kalitesi ile ilişkisi. Türk Ostoporoz Dergisi 2012;18:13-18.
  • 38. Dempster DW. Osteoporosis and the burden of osteoporosis related fractures. Am J Manag Care 2011;17:164-169.
  • 39. Şule Şahin Onat. Yaşlı bireylerde sosyodemografik özellikler ve kognitif fonksiyonların yaşam kalitesine etkisi. Türk Osteoporoz Dergisi 2013;19:69-73.
  • 40. Özdemir F, Demirbağ D, Güldiken S, Türe M. Kadınların yaşam tarzı ve egzersiz alışkanlıklarının postmenopozal dönemdeki kemik mineral yoğunluklarına etkisi. Osteoporoz Dünyasından 2003;9:54-58.
  • 41. Rejeski WJ, Brawley LR. Functional health: innovations in research on physical activity with older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006;38:93-99.
  • 42. Ghaffari M, Sharifirad G, Malekmakan E, Hassanzadeh A. Effect of educational intervention on physical activity-related knowledge, attitude and behavior of among first-gradestudents of male high schools. J Educ Health Promot 2013;2:4.
  • 43. Koç A, Aypak C, Yıkılkan H, Akbıyık D, Görpelioğlu S. On sekiz-35 yaş arası kadınların osteoporoz hakkındaki bilgi tutum ve davranış düzeyleri. Turk J Osteoporos 2016;22:11-16.
  • 44. Kavlak Y. Huzurevinde kalan bireylerin demografik özelliklerinin günlük yaşam aktiviteleri, yaşam kalitesi ve depresyon üzerine etkisi. Akad Geriatri 2012;4:97-103.
  • 45. Aarsland D, Sardahaee FS, Anderssen S, Ballard C. Is physical activity a potential preventive factor for vascular dementia? A systematic review. Aging Ment Health 2010;14:386-395.
  • 46. Jones H, Edwards L, Vallis TM, et al. Changes in diabetes self-care behaviors make a difference in glycemic control. Diabetes Care 2003;26:732-737.
  • 47. Vallis M, Ruggiero L, Greene G, et al. Stages of change for healthy eating in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26:1468-1474.
  • 48. Rubak S, Sandback A, Lauritzen T, Christensen B. Motivational interviewing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Gen Pract 2005;55:305-312.
  • 49. Van Nes M, Sawatzky JA. Improving cardiovascular health with motivational interviewing: a nurse practioner perspective. J Am Acad Nurse Pract 2010;22:654-660.
  • 50. Kirk AF, Higgins LA, Hughes AR, Fisher BM, Mutrie N, Hillis S. A randomized, controlled trial to study the effect of exercise consultation on the promotion of physical activity in people with type 2 diabetes: a pilot study. Diabet Med 2001;18:877-882.
  • 51. Kirk AF, Mutrie N, MacIntyre PD, Fisher MB. Promoting and maintaining physical activity in people with type 2 diabetes. Am J Prev Med 2004;27:289-296.

Düşük kemik mineral yoğunluğu olan kadınlarda kuramlar üstü modelin egzersiz yapma alışkanlığı kazandırma üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi.

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 107 - 117, 14.05.2018
https://doi.org/10.5505/ptd.2017.72602

Öz

GİRİŞ ve AMAÇ: 40-65 yaş arası Düşük kemik mineral yoğunluğu olan
kadınlarda Kuramlar Üstü Model yöntemi ile egzersiz yapma alışkanlığını sürekli
hale getirmek, katılımcıların fiziksel aktivite düzeyini arttırmak ve
sürdürülebilirlik üzerine etkisini incelemektir.

YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Çalışmaya düşük kemik mineral yoğunluğu olan 48 gönüllü
kadın katılmış, bireyler rastgele olarak çalışma ve kontrol gruplarına
ayrılmıştır. Her iki gruba da 12 hafta fizyoterapist eşliğinde egzersiz
yaptırılmıştır. Çalışma grubuna egzersizlere ek olarak Kuramlar Üstü Model
yöntemi ile eğitim verilmiştir. Sonraki 12 haftalık süreçte tüm katılımcılardan
çalışmalara ev egzersizi olarak devam etmeleri istenmiştir. Her iki grubun
Beden Kitle İndeksi, Kuvvet, Denge, Step Test, Mini Mental Test (MMT),
Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite (UAFAA),
Avrupa Osteoporoz Derneği Yaşam
Kalitesi (QUALEFFO–41), Egzersiz Davranışı Değişim Basamakları Anketi (EDDBA),
Metabolik Holter ve Yaşam Kalitesi Kısa formu (SF-36) ile yapılan ölçümleri
çalışmanın başında, üçüncü ve altıncı ay sonunda değerlendirilmiştir.

BULGULAR: Çalışma sonunda Kuvvet ve Denge sonuçlarında çalışma grubunda
(p<0,01) ve kontrol grubunda (p<0,05) anlamlı bir artış gözlemlenmiştir.
MMT, UAFAA, QUALEFFO-41 parametrelerinde ise çalışma grubunda anlamlı bir artış
bulunmuştur (p<0,01). EDDBA sonuçlarına göre, çalışma öncesi kontrol ve
çalışma grubu arası fark olmadığı (p>0,05), üçüncü ve altıncı ayda ise
çalışma grubu lehine anlamlı bir fark görülmektedir (p<0,01). Metabolik
Holter kayıtlarında kontrol grubunda değişim olmazken (p>0,05), çalışma
grubunda düzenli bir artış (p<0,05) belirlenmiştir. Çalışma grubunun SF-36 sonuçlarında
ise Sosyal Fonksiyon dışında diğer tüm alt boyutlarında anlamlı bir değişim
gözlemlenmiştir (p<0.05).

TARTIŞMA ve SONUÇ: Kuramlar Üstü Model ile egzersiz uygulanan grubun, egzersiz
yapma alışkanlıklarını sürdürdükleri ve ölçülen değişkenlerdeki iyileşmenin
devam ettiği belirlenmiştir. Aynı değişim kontrol grubunda gözlenmemiştir.

Türkçe Kısa Başlık: Osteoporoz ve Egzersiz

Kaynakça

  • 1. World Health Organization. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. WHO technical report series. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1994.
  • 2. Melton JL. Epidemiology of spinalosteoporosis. Spine (Phila PA 1976) 1997;22:2-11.
  • 3. Carter MI, Hinton PS. Physical activity and bone health. Mo Med 2014;111:59-64.
  • 4. World Health Organization. Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2010.
  • 5. Barnett A, Smith B, Lord SR, Williams M, Baumand A. Community-based group exercise improves balance and reduces falls in at-risk older people: a randomised controlled trial. Age Ageing 2003;32:407-414.
  • 6. Nıelsen D, Ryg J, Nıssen N, Nıelsen W, Knold B, Brıxen K. Multidisciplinary patient education in groups increases knowledge on osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Public Health 2010;36:346-352.
  • 7. Shakil A, Gimpel NE, Rizvi H, et al. Awareness and prevention of osteoporosis among south asian women. J Community Health 2010;35:392-397. 8. Puttapitakpong P, Chaikittisilpa S, Panyakhamlerd K, Nimnuan C, Jaisamram U, Taechakraichana N. Inter-correlation of knowledge, attitude and osteoporosis preventive behaviors in women around the age of peak bone mass. BMC Womens Health 2014;14:35.
  • 9. Shirazi KK, Wallace LM, Niknami S, et al. A home-based, transtheoretical change model designed strength training intervention to increase exercise to prevent osteoporosis in iranian women aged 40–65 years: A randomized controlled trial. Health Educ Res 2007;22:305-317.
  • 10. Folstein MF,Folstein S, McHugh PR. "Mini mental state" a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975;12:189-198.
  • 11. Güngen C, Ertan T, Eker, Yaşar R, Engin F. Standardize mini mental test’in türk toplumunda hafif demans tanısında geçerlik ve güvenilirliği. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2002;13:273-281.
  • 12. Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjostrom M, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003;35:1381-1389.
  • 13. Saglam M, Arikan H, Savci S, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: reliability and validity of the turkish version. Percept Mot Skills 2010;111:278-284.
  • 14. Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 1992;30:473-483.
  • 15. Koçyigit H, Aydemir Ö. Kısa Form-36’nın Türkçe versiyonunun güvenilirligi ve geçerliligi. İlaç ve tedavi 1999;12:102-106
  • 16. Hopman W,Towheed T, Anastassiades T. Canadian normative data for the SF–36 health survey. CMAJ 2000;16:30-33.
  • 17. Lips P, Van Schoor NM. Quality of life in patients with osteoporosis. Osteoporosis In 2005;16:447-455.
  • 18. Koçyiğit H, Gülseren S, Erol A, Hizli N. The reliability and validity of the turkish version of quality of life questionnaire of the european foundation for osteoporasis (QUALEFFO). Clin Rheumatol 2003;22:18-23.
  • 19. Jakicic JM, Marcus M, Gallagher KI, et al. Evaluation of the sensewear proarmband to assess energy expenditure during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004;36:897-904.
  • 20. Mayhew JL,Prinster JL, Ware JS. Muscular endurance repetitions to predict bench presss strength in men of different training levels. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1995;35:108-113.
  • 21. Kerschan-Schindl K, Uher E. A neuromuscular test battery for osteoporotic women: a pilot study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2001;80:351-357.
  • 22. Hill KD, Bernhardt J, McGann AM, Maltese D, Berkovits D. A new test of dynamic standing balance for stroke patients: reliability, validity and comparison with healthy elderly. Physiother Can 1996;48:257-262.
  • 23. Marcus BH, Selby VC, Niaura RS, Rossi JS. Self-efficacy and the stages of exercise behavior change. Res Q Exerc Sport 1992;63:60-66.
  • 24. Cengiz C, Aşçı H, İnce L. Egzersiz davranışı değişim basamakları anketi: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. J Sports Sci Med 2010;2:32-37.
  • 25. Haskell VL, Lee RR, Pate KE, Powell SN. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the american college of sports medicine and the american hearth association. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007;39:1423-1434.
  • 26. Rydwik E, Frandin K, Akner G. Physical training in institutionalized elderly people with multiple diagnoses: a controlled pilot study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2005;40:29-44.
  • 27. Abreu DC, Trevisan DC, Costa GC. The association between osteoporosis and static balance in elderly women. Osteoporos Int 2010;21:1487-1491.
  • 28. Taşkıran Ö, Taş N, Meray J. Altmış beş yaş ve üzeri kadınlarda izokinetik gövde fleksör ve ekstansör kas kuvvetleri ile osteoporoz ilişkisi. Fiz Tıp Rehab Derg 2012;58:272-276.
  • 29. Henwood TR, Taaffe DR. Short- term resistance training and the older adult: the effect of varied programmes for the enhancement of muscle strength and functional performance. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2006;26:305-313.
  • 30. Hongo M, Itoi E, Sinaki M, et al. Effect of low-intensity back exercise on quality of life and back extensor strength in patients with osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporos Int 2007;18:1389-1395.
  • 31. Szmedra L, Lemura LM, Shearn WM. Exercise tolerance, body composition and blood lipids in obese african-american woman following short-term training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1998;38:59-65.
  • 32. Egana M, Done B. Physiological change sfollowing a 12 week gym based stair-climbing, elliptical trainer and treadmill running program in female. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2004;44:141-146.
  • 33. Amano M, Kanda, T, UE H,Maritani T. Exercise training and autonomic nervous system activity in obese individuals. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33:1287-1291.
  • 34. Soyuer F, Soyuer A. Yaşlılık ve fiziksel aktivite. İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2008;15:219-224.
  • 35. Pamuk G, Kutlu R, Çivi S. Osteoporozu olan ve olmayan postmenopozal kadınlarda QUALEFFO-41 ölçeği ile yaşam kalitesinin değerlendirilmesi. Türk Fiz Tıp Rehab Derg 2014;60:139-46.
  • 36. Küçükçayır N, Altan L, Korkmaz N. Effects of pilates exercises on pain, functional status and quality of life in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2013;17:204-211.
  • 37. Akpınar P, İçağasıoğlu A. D vitamininin yaşam kalitesi ile ilişkisi. Türk Ostoporoz Dergisi 2012;18:13-18.
  • 38. Dempster DW. Osteoporosis and the burden of osteoporosis related fractures. Am J Manag Care 2011;17:164-169.
  • 39. Şule Şahin Onat. Yaşlı bireylerde sosyodemografik özellikler ve kognitif fonksiyonların yaşam kalitesine etkisi. Türk Osteoporoz Dergisi 2013;19:69-73.
  • 40. Özdemir F, Demirbağ D, Güldiken S, Türe M. Kadınların yaşam tarzı ve egzersiz alışkanlıklarının postmenopozal dönemdeki kemik mineral yoğunluklarına etkisi. Osteoporoz Dünyasından 2003;9:54-58.
  • 41. Rejeski WJ, Brawley LR. Functional health: innovations in research on physical activity with older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006;38:93-99.
  • 42. Ghaffari M, Sharifirad G, Malekmakan E, Hassanzadeh A. Effect of educational intervention on physical activity-related knowledge, attitude and behavior of among first-gradestudents of male high schools. J Educ Health Promot 2013;2:4.
  • 43. Koç A, Aypak C, Yıkılkan H, Akbıyık D, Görpelioğlu S. On sekiz-35 yaş arası kadınların osteoporoz hakkındaki bilgi tutum ve davranış düzeyleri. Turk J Osteoporos 2016;22:11-16.
  • 44. Kavlak Y. Huzurevinde kalan bireylerin demografik özelliklerinin günlük yaşam aktiviteleri, yaşam kalitesi ve depresyon üzerine etkisi. Akad Geriatri 2012;4:97-103.
  • 45. Aarsland D, Sardahaee FS, Anderssen S, Ballard C. Is physical activity a potential preventive factor for vascular dementia? A systematic review. Aging Ment Health 2010;14:386-395.
  • 46. Jones H, Edwards L, Vallis TM, et al. Changes in diabetes self-care behaviors make a difference in glycemic control. Diabetes Care 2003;26:732-737.
  • 47. Vallis M, Ruggiero L, Greene G, et al. Stages of change for healthy eating in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26:1468-1474.
  • 48. Rubak S, Sandback A, Lauritzen T, Christensen B. Motivational interviewing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Gen Pract 2005;55:305-312.
  • 49. Van Nes M, Sawatzky JA. Improving cardiovascular health with motivational interviewing: a nurse practioner perspective. J Am Acad Nurse Pract 2010;22:654-660.
  • 50. Kirk AF, Higgins LA, Hughes AR, Fisher BM, Mutrie N, Hillis S. A randomized, controlled trial to study the effect of exercise consultation on the promotion of physical activity in people with type 2 diabetes: a pilot study. Diabet Med 2001;18:877-882.
  • 51. Kirk AF, Mutrie N, MacIntyre PD, Fisher MB. Promoting and maintaining physical activity in people with type 2 diabetes. Am J Prev Med 2004;27:289-296.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Klinik Tıp Bilimleri
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Neriman Temel Aksu

Yayımlanma Tarihi 14 Mayıs 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Temmuz 2017
Kabul Tarihi 27 Ekim 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

AMA Temel Aksu N. Düşük kemik mineral yoğunluğu olan kadınlarda kuramlar üstü modelin egzersiz yapma alışkanlığı kazandırma üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi. Pam Tıp Derg. Mayıs 2018;11(2):107-117. doi:10.5505/ptd.2017.72602
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