A SCALE DEVELOPMENT STUDY ON HUBRISTIC LEADERSHIP: A MULTI-FACETED PERSPECTIVE

Öz

It is an undeniable fact that hubristic leaders’ or executives’ over-confidence and over-ambition together with a high level of self-conceit and God-like attitudes over others (i.e., personnel, shareholders, etc.) present a danger for organizations’ ultimate performance and future success since they take systematically strategic decisions and make crucial choices incessantly. By taking all the above into account, the main goals of this study are (1) to contribute to the enhancement of literature regarding the concept of “hubristic leadership” and (2) to develop a multidimensional scale to measure “it, which has been discussed only qualitatively so far but it has not been analyzed quantitatively yet. After having a depth analysis and a closer inspection of the definitions of the construct and the compounds of its items, it is found that the construct is multidimensional comprised of (a) individual, (b) situational, (c) relational.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hubristic Leadership
• Managerial Hubris
• Overconfidence
• Overambition
• Scale Development

KİBİRLİ LİDERLİK ÜZERİNE BİR ÖLÇEK GELİŞTİRME ÇALIŞMASI: ÇOK YÖNLÜ BİR BAKIŞ AÇISI

Öz

Kibirli liderler ya da yöneticilerin, kendilerine duydukları aşırı güven ve hırsları sonucunda yüksek düzeyde kendini beğenmişlik ve başkalarına (personel, hissedar vb.) karşı gerçekleştirdikleri tanrısal tutumları, sistematik olarak verdikleri stratejik kararlar da göz önüne alındığında bulundukları örgütlerin nihai performansı ve gelecekteki başarısı için tehlike teşkil etmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın temel amaçları (1) “kibirli liderlik” kavramına ilişkin literatürün gelişimine katkıda bulunmak ve (2) geçmişten günümüze gelen bu liderlik tarzını ölçmek için çok boyutlu bir ölçek geliştirmektir. Kibirli liderlik günümüze kadar sadece niteliksel olarak tartışılmış olup nicel olarak analiz edilmemiştir. Gerçekleştirilen analizler neticesinde kibirli liderliğin (a) bireysel, (b) durumsal ve (c) ilişkisel olmak üzere çok boyutlu olduğu ortaya konmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kibirli Liderlik
• Yönetsel Kibir
• Aşırı Güven
• Aşırı Hırs
• Ölçek Geliştirme

Kaynakça

1. Anderson, C., Ames, D.R. and Gosling, S.D. (2008). Punishing hubris: The perils of overestimating one’s status in a group. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34: 90-101.
2. Antonakis, J. and House, R.J. (2004). On instrumental leadership: Beyond transactions and transformations. Paper presented at the Gallup Leadership Institute, University of Nebraska, Omaha .
3. Argyris, C. (1955). Organizational leadership and participative management. The Journal of Business, 28(1): 1-7.
4. Bass, B.M. (1990). Bass & Stogdill’s Handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications. New York: The Free Press.
5. Baumeister, R.F., Bushman, B.J. and Campbell, W.K. (2000). Self-esteem, narcissism, and aggression: Does violence result from low self-esteem or from threatened egotism?. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9: 26-29.
6. Boal, K.B. and Schultz, P.L. (2007). Storytelling, time, and evolution: The role of strategic leadership in complex adaptive systems. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(4): 411-428.
7. Brennan, N.M. and Conroy, J.P. (2013). Executive hubris: The case of a bank CEO. Accounting. Auditing & Accountability Journal, 26(2): 172-195.
8. Browne, M.W. and Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2): 230-258.

9. Brummer, A. (2009). Hubris, overarching vanity and how one man’s ego brought banking to the brink. This is Money.co.uk. Available at: http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/markets/article-1658064/Hubris-overarching-vanity-and-how-one-mans-ego-brought-banking-to-the-brink.html (accessed 10th June, 2021).
10. Burhnam, A. (2008). Personality and Intelligence at Work: Exploring and Explaining Individual Differences at Work. Psychology Press, Routledge.
11. Button, M.E. (2012). Hubris Breeds the Tyrant: The Anti-Politics of Hubris from Thebes to Abu Ghraib. Law, Culture and the Humanities, 8(2): 305-332.
12. Byrne, B.M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Eur. J. Work. Organ. Psychol, 11: 243-246.
13. Byrne, B.M. (2013). Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Psychology Press NJ US.
14. Camerer, C. and Lovallo, D. (1999). Overconfidence and excess entry: An experimental approach. American Economic Review, 89(1): 306–318.
15. Chang, G. and Diddams, M. (2009). Hubris or humility: Cautions surrounding the construct and self-definition of authentic leadership. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2009, No. 1, pp. 1-6). Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management.
16. Churchill, Jr. G.A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1): 64-73.
17. Claxton, G., Owen, D., and Sadler-Smith, E. (2015). Hubris in leadership: A peril of unbridled intuition?. Leadership, 11(1): 57-78.
18. Cowley, W. H. (1931). The traits of face-to-face leaders. Journal of Abnonnal and Social Psydwlogy, 26: 304-313. Craig, R. and Amernic, J. (2018). Are there language markers of hubris in CEO letters to shareholders?. Journal of Business Ethics, 149(4): 973-986.
19. Eckhaus, E. and Sheaffer, Z. (2018). Managerial hubris detection: the case of Enron. Risk Management, 20(4): 304-325.
20. Fernandes, S., Venkatesh, V.G., Panda, R. and Shi, Y. (2021). Measurement of factors influencing online shopper buying decisions: A scale development and validation. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 59: 102394.
21. Fiedler, F.E. (1967). A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness. McGraw-Hill.
22. Fornell, C. and Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research 18 (1): 39-50.
23. Hair, J.F., Ringle, C.M. and Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2): 139-152.
24. Hair, J.F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C.M. and Mena, J.A. (2012a). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 40(3): 414-433.
25. Hair, J.F., Sarstedt, M., Pieper, T.M. and Ringle, C.M. (2012). The use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in strategic management research: a review of past practices and recommendations for future applications. Long Range Planning, 45(5-6): 320-340.
26. Haynes, K.T., Hitt, M.A. and Campbell, J.T. (2015). The dark side of leadership: Towards a mid‐range theory of hubris and greed in entrepreneurial contexts. Journal of Management Studies, 52(4): 479-505. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12127.
27. Hayward, M.L. and Hambrick, D.C. (1997). Explaining the premiums paid for large acquisitions: Evidence of CEO hubris. Administrative Science Quarterly, 103-127.
28. Hayward, M.L. Shepherd D.A. and Griffin, D. (2006). A hubris theory of entrepreneurship. Management Science, 52: 160-172.
29. Hiller, N.J. and Hambrick, D.C. (2005). Conceptualizing executive hubris: The role of (hyper‐) Core Self‐Evaluations in strategic decision‐making. Strategic Management Journal, 26: 297-319.
30. Hollow, M. (2014). The 1920 Farrow's Bank failure: a case of managerial hubris?. Journal of management history, 20(2): 164-178.
31. Hu L.T. and Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1): 1-55.
32. Karaköse, M.A, İmamoğlu, S.Z. and İnce, H. (2020). Dönüşümcü ve Adaptif Liderlik Tarzlarının Örgütsel Dayanıklılık Kapasitesinin Geliştirilmesindeki Rolü: Kavramsal Bir Model Önerisi (The Role of Transformational and Adaptive Leadership Styles in Developing Organizational Resilience Capacity: A Conceptual Model Proposal). Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi (Journal of Doğuş University), 21(1).
33. Li, J. and Y.I. Tang. (2010). CEO hubris and firm risk taking in China: The moderating role of managerial discretion. Academy of Management Journal, 53(1): 45-68.
34. Lichtenstein B. B., Uhl-Bien M., Marion R., Seers A., Orton J. D. and Schreiber, C. (2006). Complexity leadership theory: An interactive perspective on leading in complex adaptive systems. Emergence: Complexity and Organization, 8(4): 2-12.
35. Luthans, F. and Peterson, S.J. (2002). Employee engagement and manager self-efficacy: Implications for managerial effectiveness and development. Journal of Management Development, 21(5/6): 376-722.
36. Maccoby, M. (2004) Narcissistic leaders: The incredible pros, the inevitable cons. Harvard Business Review, 92-101.
37. Mann, R.D. (1959). A review of the relationships between personality and performance in small groups. Psychological Bulletin, 56: 241–270.
38. Mintzberg, H. (1983). Power in and around organizations, Englewood Cliffs”. N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
39. Nafei, W.A., Khanfar, N.M. and Kaifi, B.A. (2012). Leadership Styles and Organizational Learning An Empirical Study on Saudi Banks in Al-Taif Governorate Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Management and Strategy, 3(1).
40. Nassar-McMillan, S.C., Wyer, M., Oliver-Hoyo, M. and Ryder-Burge, A. (2010). Using focus groups in preliminary instrument development: Expected and unexpected lessons learned. The Qualitative Report, 15(6): 1621.
41. Ogbonna, E. and Harris, L.C. (2000). Leadership Style, Organizational Culture and Performance: Empirical Evidence from U.K. Companies. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 11(4).
42. Oke A., Munshi N. and Walumbwa, F.O. (2009). The Influence of Leadership on Innovation Processes and Activities. Organizational Dynamics, 38(1), 64-72.
43. Owen, L.D. (2006). Hubris and nemesis in heads of government. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 99(11): 548-551.
44. Owen, D. (2008). Hubris Syndrome. Clinical Medicine, 8(4), 428-432.
45. Owen, D. and Davidson, J. (2009). Hubris Syndrome: An acquired personality disorder? A study of US Presidents and UK Prime Ministers over the last 100 years. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 132(5): 1396-1406.
46. Picone, P.M., Dagnino, G.B. and Minà, A. (2014). The origin of failure: A multidisciplinary appraisal of the hubris hypothesis and proposed research agenda. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 28(4): 447-468.
47. Roll, R. (1986). The Hubris Hypothesis of Corporate Takeovers. Journal of Business. 59(2), 197-216.
48. Ronfeldt, D. F. (1994). Beware The Hubris-Nemesis Complex: A Concept For Leadership Analy-sis. RAND Santa Monica: Rand Corporation, E-Book.
49. Rossiter, J.R. (2002). The C-OAR-SE procedure for scale development in marketing. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 19(4): 305-335.
50. Russell, G. (2011). Psychiatry And Politicians: The ‘Hubris Syndrome’. Psychiatrist, 35, 140-5.
51. Sadler-Smith, E., Akstinaite, V., Robinson, G. and Wray, T. (2016). Hubristic leadership: A review. Leadership, 13(5): 525-548.
52. Sadler-Smith, E., Robinson, G., Akstinaite, V. and Wray, T. (2018). Hubristic leadership: Understanding the hazard and mitigating the risks. Organizational Dynamics, 48(2): 8-18.
53. Senge, P.M. (1990). The Fifth Discipline: the art and practice of the learning organization”. New York: Doubleday/Currency.
54. Shipman, A.S. and Mumford, M.D. (2011). When confidence is detrimental: Influence of overconfidence on leadership effectiveness. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(4): 649-665.
55. Stogdill, R.M. (1948). Personal factors associated with leadership: A survey of the literature. Journal of Psychology, 25: 35-71.
56. Sundermeier, J., Gersch, M. and Freiling, J. (2020). Hubristic Start‐up Founders–The Neglected Bright and Inevitable Dark Manifestations of Hubristic Leadership in New Venture Creation Processes. Journal of Management Studies, 57(5): 1037-1067.
57. Sweeney, J.C. and Soutar, G.N. (2001). Consumer perceived value: The development of a multiple item scale. Journal of Retailing, 77(2): 203-220.
58. Tannenbaum R. and Schmidt, W.H. (1973). How to choose a leadership pattern, Harvard Business Review, Boston, MA.
59. Tracy, J.L. and Prehn, C. (2012). Arrogant or selfconfident? The use of contextual knowledge to differentiate hubristic and authentic pride from a single nonverbal expression. Cognition and Emotion, 26: 14-24.
60. Tracy J.L., Cheng, J., Robins, R.W. and Trzesniewski, K. (2009). Authentic and hubristic pride: The affective core of self-esteem and narcissism. Self and Identity, 8:196–213.
61. Wieland, A., Durach, C.F., Kembro, J. and Treiblmaier, H. (2017). Statistical and judgmental criteria for scale purification. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 22(4): 321-328.
62. Wubben, M.J.J., De Cremer, D. and Van Dijk, E. (2012). Is pride a prosocial emotion? Interpersonal effects of authentic and hubristic pride. Cognition and Emotion, 26(6): 1084-1097.
63. Yukl, G. (1998). An evaluative essay on current conceptions of effective leadership. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8: 33-48.
64. Zeidan, R. and Müllner, J. (2015). Firm, market and top management antecedents of speculation: Lessons for corporate governance. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 32: 42-58.
65. Zeitoun, H., Nordberg, D. and Homberg, F. (2019). The dark and bright sides of hubris: Conceptual implications for leadership and governance research”. Leadership, 15(6).