RETHINKING DEMOCRATIC STATE IN ONTOLOGICAL SECURITY STUDIES

Öz

Since the ontological security studies began to contribute to the discipline of International Relations, the dichotomy between state and individual as the unit of analysis searching for ontological security has dominated the literature with an emphasis on conflicts as the empirical objects. Given the terminology offered by the ontological security studies, this paper aims firstly to rethink the state as the provider of anxiety and uncertainty and secondly to underline the role of democratic mechanisms under state’s control in the emergence of potential critical moments. The arguments presented in this direction are examined in the light of Brexit referendum and ontological insecurity of remain voters in Britain.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ontological Security
• Anxiety
• State
• Brexit Referendum
• Democracy

DEMOKRATİK DEVLETİ VARLIKSAL GÜVENLİK ÇALIŞMALARINDA YENİDEN DÜŞÜNMEK

Öz

Varlıksal Güvenlik Çalışmaları, Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplinine katkı sağlamaya başladığından beri devlet ve birey arasındaki kimin varlıksal güvenlik arayışı içinde olduğuna dair analiz birimi ikilemi ilgili yazında önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Varlıksal güvenlik çalışmalarının sunduğu terminoloji temel alınarak, bu çalışma ilk olarak devleti kaygı ve belirsizliği sağlayan aktör olarak yeniden düşünmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Devletin, bireyin varlıksal güvensizliğini demokratik mekanizmaları kullanarak gerçekleştirdiğini vurgulamak ise makalenin bir diğer amacıdır. Bu doğrultuda ortaya koyulmuş argümanlar, Brexit referandumu ve bu referandumda AB'de kalma yönünde oy kullanmış seçmenin varlıksal güvensizliğinin analizi çerçevesinde sunulacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Varlıksal Güvenlik
• Kaygı
• Devlet
• Brexit Referandumu
• Demokrasi

Kaynakça

1. Abts, K.& Rummens, S. (2007). “Populism versus Democracy.” Political Studies 55/2, pp. 405-424
2. Adisonmez U.C & Onursal, R (2020). “Governing Anxiety, Trauma and Crisis: The Political Discourse on Ontological (In)Security after the July 15 Coup Attempt in Turkey.” Middle East Critique, 29/3, pp. 291-306
3. Aradau, C. (2014). “The promise of security: Resilience, surprise and epistemic politics.” International Policies, Practices and Discourses, 2/2, pp.73–87
4. BBC, (2016) “EU Referendum Results” https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/eu_referendum/results (Accessed on 20 January 2023)
5. Behravesh, M. (2018). “State revisionism and ontological (in)security in international politics: The complicated case of Iran and its nuclear behaviour”. Journal of International Relations and Development 21/4, pp. 836–857
6. Bilgin, P. (2002). “Beyond Statism in Security Studies Human Agency and Security in the Middle East”. The Review of International Affairs, 2/1, pp. 100-118
7. Booth, K. (1991). “Security and Emancipation”. Review of International Studies, 17(4, pp313-326 ;
8. Brassett, J. et al. (2021). “EU’ve Got to Be Kidding: Anxiety, Humour and Ontological Security.” Global Society, 35/1, pp.8-26

9. Browning, C. (2018a). “Brexit, existential anxiety and ontological (in) security.” European security 27/3, pp.336-355.
10. Browning, C. (2018b). “Existential anxiety: how Leave and Remain became badges of self-identity." LSE Brexit, 10 September 2018, http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/91628/1/Browning_Existential-anxiety_Author.pdf (Accessed on 30 May 2021)
11. Browning, C. et. al.(2021). Vicarious Identity in International Relations. Oxford University Press. London
12. Browning, C & Joenniemi, P. (2017). “Ontological Security, Self-Articulation and the Securitization of Identity” Cooperation and Conflict 52/1, pp.31–47 Buzan, B. (1983). People, States & Fear: an agenda for international security studies in the post-cold war era. Wheatsheaf Books, Sussex
13. Coutto, T. (2020). “Half-full or half-empty? Framing of UK–EU relations during the Brexit referendum campaign”. Journal of European Integration, 42/5, pp.695-713
14. Croft, S. (2012). “Constructing ontological insecurity: The insecuritization of Britain’s Muslims” Contemporary Security Policy, 33/2, pp.219–235
15. Degerman, D. (2019). “Brexit anxiety is healthy part of democracy”, 7 April 2019, https://www.scotsman.com/news/opinion/columnists/dan-degerman-brexit-anxiety-healthy-part-democracy-1420323 (Accessed on 30 May 2021)
16. Dryzek, J. & Dunleavy, P. (2009). Theories of the democratic state. Macmillan International Higher Education,
17. Dunt, I. (2016). Brexit. What the hell happens now? Canbury Press. London
18. Ejdus, F. (2018). “Critical situations, fundamental questions and ontological insecurity in world politics” Journal of international relations and development, 21/4,pp. 883-908.
19. Ejdus, F. (2020). Crisis and Ontological Insecurity: Serbia’s anxiety over Kosovo’s secession, Cham:Springer
20. Farrell, H. & Newman, A. (2017). “BREXIT, voice and loyalty: rethinking electoral politics in an age of interdependence”. Review of international political economy 24/2, pp.232-247.
21. Flockhart, T. (2016). “The problem of change in constructivist theory: Ontological security seeking and agent motivation”. Review of international studies 42/5, pp.799-820
22. Freedland, J. (2016). “For the 48% this was a day of despair”, The Guardian 25 June 2016 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jun/25/48-britain-regrexit-voted-remaon (accessed on 3 December 2021)
23. Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Stanford,CA: Stanford University Press
24. Glencross, A. (2016). Why the UK Voted for Brexit, Palgrave Macmillan, London
25. Grainger-Brown (2021). “Anti-populism in action: a case study of the Remain argument during the EU referendum”, Policy Studies, 43/6, pp.1235-1253
26. Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the prison notebooks. Lawrence & Wishart. London
27. Granieri, R. (2016). Special Relationships: The EU, Brexit, and the Altantic Community. Foreign Policy Research Institute
28. Gustafsson, K. (2015). “Identity and recognition: Remembering and forgetting the post-war in Sino- Japanese relations”, Pacific Review 28/1, pp.117–138
29. Hansen, F. S. (2016). “Russia’s relations with the West: Ontological security through conflict”, Contemporary Politics, 22/3, pp.359–375
30. Hay,C. (2005). The state: theories and issues. Palgrave,
31. Hay, C. (2020). “Brexistential angst and the paradoxes of populism: On the contingency, predictability and intelligibility of seismic shifts”. Political Studies 68/1, pp.187-206.
32. Hobolt, S. B. (2016). “The Brexit vote: a divided nation, a divided continent”. Journal of European Public Policy 23/9, pp.1259-1277.
33. Hughes, B. M. (2019). The Psychology of Brexit. Springer International Publishing
34. Innes, A. (2018). “The dismantling of the State since the 1980s: Brexit is the wrong diagnosis of a real crisis”. British Politics and Policy at LSE, 28 August 2018, https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/state-failure-brexit/ (Accessed on 29 May 2021)
35. Jennings, W. & Lodge, M. (2019). “Brexit, the tides and Canute: the fracturing politics of the British state,” Journal of European Public Policy, 26/5, pp.772-789
36. Jessop, B. (1990). State Theory: Putting Capitalist States in Their Place Polity Press, Cambridge
37. Jessop, B. (2018). “Neoliberalization, uneven development, and Brexit: further reflections on the organic crisis of the British state and society”. European planning studies, 26/9pp. 1728-1746.
38. Johnson, B. (2018). “Democracy and Brexit”, 20 February 2018, https://policyexchange.org.uk/democracy-and-brexit/ (Accessed on 30 May 2021)
39. Jones, R. W. (2018). “‘Message in a bottle'? Theory and praxis in critical security studies”, Contemporary Security Policy, 16/), pp. 461-482
40. Kinnvall, C. & Mitzen, J. (2017). “An introduction to the special issue: Ontological securities in world politics”. Cooperation and conflict, 52/1, pp. 3-11
41. Kinnvall, C. & Mitzen, J. (2018). “Ontological security and conflict: The dynamics of crisis and the constitution of community”. Journal of International Relations and Development, 21/4, pp.825-835
42. Kinnvall, C. et al (2018). “Introduction to special issue of European Security: ‘Ontological (in)security in the European Union’”, European Security, 27/3, pp.249-265
43. Knight, D. M. (2017). “Anxiety and cosmopolitan futures: Brexit and Scotland.” American Ethnologist, 44/2, pp.237-242.
44. Krickel‑Choi, N. C. (2022). “The embodied state: why and how physical security matters for ontological security”, Journal of International Relations and Development, 25 /1, pp.159-181
45. Krolikowski, A. (2008). “State Personhood in Ontological Security Theories of International Relations and Chinese Nationalism: A Sceptical View”, Chinese Journal of International Politics 2/1, pp.109–133
46. Lacey, J. (2018). “Populist Nationalism and Ontological Security” Trumping the Mainstream: The Conquest of Democratic Politics by the Populist Radical Right, (Ed: L. Esther Herman & J. Muldoon) Routledge,. pp.95-111
47. Laing, R. D. (1990). The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness. Penguin Book, New York
48. Lebow, R. N. (2016). National Identities and International Relations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
49. Lindroth, M. &Sinevaara-Niskanen, H. (2019). “Politics of hope”, Globalizations, 16/5, pp.644-648
50. Loader, I. & Walker, N. (2006). “Necessary virtues: the legitimate place of the state in the production of security”, Democracy, Society and the Governance of Security, (Ed: J. Wood & B. Dupont) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 165-195
51. Marlow, J. (2002). “Governmentality, ontological security and ideational stability: Preliminary observations on the manner, ritual and logic of a particular art of government” Journal of Political Ideologies, 7/2, pp.241-259
52. Mabee, B. (2003). “Security Studies and the ‘Security State’: Security Provision in Historical Context”, International Relations, 17/2, pp.135-151
53. McDonald, A. (2017). “Our democracy, our identity, our anxiety.” Law and Critique, 28/3, pp.323-343
54. Messari, N. (2002). “The state and dilemmas of security: the Middle East and the Balkans”. Security Dialogue, 33/4, pp.415-427
55. Mitzen, J. (2018). “Feeling at home in Europe: Migration, ontological security, and the political psychology of EU bordering”, Political Psychology 39/6,pp.1373–1387
56. Mitzen, J. (2006). “Ontological Security in World Politics: State Identity and the Security Dilemma”. European Journal of International Relations, 12/3, pp.341-370
57. Nadeau, R. et al. (2021). “Emotions, cognitions and moderation: understanding losers’ consent in the 2016 Brexit referendum”. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 31/1, pp.77-96
58. Narozhna, T. (2020). “State–society complexes in ontological security-seeking in IR”. Journal of International Relations and Development, 23/3, pp. 559-583
59. Offe, C. (2017). “Referendum vs. institutionalized deliberation: What democratic theorists can learn from the 2016 Brexit decision”. Daedalus, 146/3, pp.14-27.
60. Rumelili, B. (2015). “Ontological (in)security and peace anxieties: A framework for conflict resolution” Conflict resolution and ontological security: Peace anxieties (Ed: B. Rumelili), Routledge, New York, pp. 10–29
61. Rumelili B. & Adısönmez U.C (2020). “Uluslararası İlişkilerde Kimlik-Güvenlik İlişkisine Dair Yeni bir Paradigma”. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 17/66, pp.23-39.
62. Shaw, J. (2017). “The quintessentially democratic act? Democracy, political community and citizenship in and after the UK’s EU referendum of June 2016”. Journal of European Integration, 39/5, pp.559-574
63. Shipman, T. (2017). All Out War: The Full Story of Brexit. William Collins. London Smith, J. (2018). “Gambling on Europe: David Cameron and the 2016 referendum”. British Politics 13/1, pp.1-16.
64. Spicer, A. (2016). “The UK is in Brexistential crisis. Is there a way forward?”, 1 July 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jul/01/uk-brexit-brexistential-vote-leave-eu-britain (Accessed on 30 May 2021)
65. Stavrakakis, Y. (2018). “Paradoxes of Polarization: Democracy’s Inherent Division and the (Anti-)Populist Challenge” American Behavioural Scientist 62/1, pp.43-58
66. Stavrakakis, Y. et al (2018). “Populism, anti-populism and crisis.” Contemporary Political Theory 17/1, , pp. 4-27
67. Steele, B. J. (2008). Ontological Security in International Relations: Self-Identity and the IR State,, Routledge, London
68. Steele, B. J. & Homolar, A. (2019). “Ontological insecurities and the politics of contemporary populism.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 32/3, pp.214-221
69. Subotić J. (2016). “Narrative, ontological security, and foreign policy change.” Foreign policy analysis. 12/4, pp. 610-627
70. Suzuki, S. (2019). “Japanese revisionists and the “Korea threat”: Insights from ontological security”. Cambridge Review of International Affair 32/3, pp. 303–321.
71. Watkins S. (2016). “Casting off”, New Left Review, No.100 July-August , pp.5-31
72. Weale, A. (2017). “The democratic duty to oppose Brexit.” The Political Quarterly 88/2,pp.170-181
73. Zarakol, A. (2010). “Ontological (in) Security and State Denial of Historical Crimes: Turkey and Japan”, International Relations, 24/1, pp.3–23
74. Zevnik, A. (2017). “From fear to anxiety: An exploration into a new socio-political temporality”. Law and Critique, 28/3, pp.235-246.