RESEARCH ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTH LITERACY AND ORGAN DONATION

Öz

Thousands of patients who could be saved lose their lives every year due to insufficient organ donation. One of the most important barriers to organ donation is lack of knowledge. Lack of knowledge is directly related to health literacy. Low health literacy has negative effects on individuals and society. This study aims to examine the effect of health literacy on organ donation attitude. Health Literacy Scale and Organ Transplantation and Donation Attitude Scale were used in the study. Of the participants (N=652), 69.3% were female and 51.2% were married. The age distribution of the participants was 58.1% between 20-30 years and 49.8% were undergraduate graduates. Significant differences were found between genders, age groups and marital status in terms of health literacy and organ donation attitudes. A significant difference was found between education level and organ donation attitude. Finally, the study showed that participants' health literacy significantly and positively affected their attitudes towards organ donation, positive attitudes towards organ donation and negative attitudes towards organ donation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Health Literacy
• Organ Donation
• Organ Transplantation
• Health Policy

Proje Numarası

Yoktur

SAĞLIK OKURYAZARLIĞI İLE ORGAN BAĞIŞI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI

Öz

Yetersiz organ bağışı nedeniyle her yıl kurtarılabilecek binlerce hasta hayatını kaybetmektedir. Organ bağışının önündeki en önemli engellerden biri de bilgi eksikliğidir. Bilgi eksikliği sağlık okuryazarlığıyla doğrudan ilişkilidir. Düşük sağlık okuryazarlığının bireylere ve topluma yönelik olumsuz etkileri vardır. Bu araştırma, sağlık okuryazarlığının organ bağışı tutumu üzerindeki etkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmada Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği ve Organ Nakli ve Bağışı Tutum Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Katılımcıların (N=652) %69,3'ü kadın, %51,2'si evlidir. Katılımcıların yaş dağılımında %58,1'i 20-30 yaş aralığında olup, %49,8'i lisans mezunudur. Cinsiyetler, yaş grupları ve medeni durumlar arasında sağlık okuryazarlığı ve organ bağışı tutumları bakımından anlamlı fark bulunmuştur. Eğitim düzeyi ile organ bağışı tutumu arasında anlamlı bir fark bulunmuştur. Araştırma, katılımcıların sağlık okuryazarlığının organ bağışına yönelik tutumlarını, organ bağışına yönelik olumlu tutumu ve organ bağışına yönelik olumsuz tutumu anlamlı ve olumlu yönde etkilediğini göstermektektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sağlık Okuryazarlığı
• Organ Bağışı
• Organ Nakli
• Sağlık Politikası

Proje Numarası

Yoktur

Kaynakça

1. Abbasi, M., Kiani, M., Ahmadi, M., and Salehi, B. (2018). "Knowledge and Ethical Issues in Organ Transplantation and Organ Donation: Perspectives from Iranian Health Personnel". Annals of Transplantation, 23, 292–299. https://doi.org/10.12659/AOT.908615
2. Abouna, G. M. (2008). "Organ Shortage Crisis: Problems and Possible Solutions". Transplantation Proceedings, 40(1), 34–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.11.067
3. Abukhaizaran, N., Hashem, M., Hroub, O., Belkebir, S., and Demyati, K. (2018). "Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Palestinian people relating to organ donation in 2016: a cross-sectional study". The Lancet, 391, S45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30411-2
4. Adam, R., Karam, V., Cailliez, V., O Grady, J. G., Mirza, D., Cherqui, D., Klempnauer, J., Salizzoni, M., Pratschke, J., Jamieson, N., Hidalgo, E., Paul, A., Andujar, R. L., Lerut, J., Fisher, L., Boudjema, K., Fondevila, C., Soubrane, O., Bachellier, P., … Duvoux, C. (2018). "2018 Annual Report of the European Liver Transplant Registry (ELTR) - 50-year evolution of liver transplantation". Transplant International, 31(12), 1293–1317. https://doi.org/10.1111/tri.13358
5. Akbulut, S., Ozer, A., Firinci, B., Demyati, K., Saritas, H., and Yilmaz, S. (2022). "Assessment of Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Organ Donation Among School Teachers: First National Survey Study". Transplantation Proceedings, 54(3), 575–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.11.029
6. Akbulut, S., Ozer, A., Gokce, A., Demyati, K., Saritas, H., and Yilmaz, S. (2020). "Attitudes, awareness, and knowledge levels of the Turkish adult population toward organ donation: Study of a nationwide survey". World Journal of Clinical Cases, 8(11), 2235–2245. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v8.i11.2235
7. Alkhatib, A. A., Maldonado, A. Q., Abdel Jalil, A., and Hutson, W. (2014). "Physicians’ attitude toward organ donation and transplantation in the USA". Clinical Transplantation, 28(2), 149–151. https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.12307
8. Bedi, K. K., Hakeem, A. R., Dave, R., Lewington, A., Sanfey, H., and Ahmad, N. (2015). "Survey of the Knowledge, Perception, and Attitude of Medical Students at the University of Leeds Toward Organ Donation and Transplantation". Transplantation Proceedings, 47(2), 247–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.11.033

9. Bilgel, H., Sadikoglu, G, B. N., & Bilgel N. (2006). "Knowledge and Attitudes about Organ Donation Among Medical Students". Transplantationsmedizin, 18, 91–96.
10. Chakradhar, K., Doshi, D., Srikanth Reddy, B., Kulkarni, S., Padma Reddy, M., and Sruthi Reddy, S. (2016). "Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Organ Donation among Indian Dental Students". International Journal of Organ Transplantation Medicine, 7(1), 28–35.
11. Cho, S., Mohan, S., Husain, S. A., and Natarajan, K. (2018). "Expanding transplant outcomes research opportunities through the use of a common data model". American Journal of Transplantation, 18(6), 1321–1327. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.14892
12. Conesa, C., Ríos, A., Ramírez, P., Cantéras, M., Rodríguez, M. M., and Parrilla, P. (2006). "Attitudes Toward Organ Donation in Rural Areas of Southeastern Spain". Transplantation Proceedings, 38(3), 866–868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2006.02.028
13. Duong, T. V., Aringazina, A., Kayupova, G., Nurjanah, Pham, T. V., Pham, K. M., Truong, T. Q., Nguyen, K. T., Oo, W. M., Su, T. T., Majid, H. A., Sørensen, K., Lin, I.-F., Chang, Y., Yang, S.-H., and Chang, P. W. S. (2019). "Development and Validation of a New Short-Form Health Literacy Instrument (HLS-SF12) for the General Public in Six Asian Countries". HLRP: Health Literacy Research & Practice, 3(2), 19-102. https://doi.org/10.3928/24748307-20190225-01
14. El-Shoubaki, H., and Bener, A. (2005). "Public Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Organ Donation and Transplantation: A Cross-Cultural Study". Transplantation Proceedings, 37(5), 1993–1997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.03.014
15. El Hangouche, A., Alaika, O., Rkain, H., Najdi, A., Errguig, L., Doghmi, N., Aboudrar, S., Cherti, M., and Dakka, T. (2018). "Knowledge, attitudes, and practice of organ donation in Morocco: A cross-sectional survey". Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases &Transplantation, 29(6), 1358-1365. https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-2442.248301
16. Eslamnik Parvin Alsadat, Parand Abdolmajid, Kalvandi Narges, J. M. (2018). "Barriers to organ donation". Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science, 6(2), 178–182.
17. Eylem, T. and G. B. (2016). "Türkiye’de Kadavra Dönörden Gerçekleştirilen Organ Nakline Etki Eden Faktörler". Journal, 11(2), 77–88.
18. Fan, X., Li, M., Rolker, H., Li, Y., Du, J., Wang, D., and Li, E. (2022). "Knowledge, attitudes and willingness to organ donation among the general public: a cross-sectional survey in China". BMC Public Health, 22(1), 918. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13173-1
19. Georgiadou, E., Sounidakis, N., Mouloudi, E., Giaglis, P., Giasnetsova, T., Marmanidou, K., and Gritsi-Gerogianni, N. (2012). "Attitudes and Behavior Toward Organ Donation in Greece". Transplantation Proceedings, 44(9), 2698–2701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.09.017
20. Ghose, T. K., Deo, J., Dutt, V., Agarwal, R., Patel, B. B., Ganesh, M., More, V. K., Pandya, K. H., Sharma, R., Sharma, D., and Singh, H. (2021). "Knowledge and attitude towards organ donation: a study among medical and nursing students of a medical college". International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 8(11), 5398-5403. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20214278
21. Global Observatory on Donation and Transplantation. (2022). Global Data.
22. Gürkan, G. (2018). "Fen Bilgisi Öğretmen Adaylarının Organ Nakli Ve Bağışı Konularındaki Argümantasyon Becerileri, Epistemolojik İnançları, Konu Alan Bilgileri Ve Tutumlarının İncelenmesi". Doktora Tezi, İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü Matematik ve Fen Bilimleri Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı Fen Bilgisi Öğretmenliği Bilim Dalı.
23. Hamid, R., and Khan, M. (2019)."Living-unrelated kidney donor transplantation: Legalization in exceptional circumstances?" Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation, 30(5), 1111-1117. https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-2442.270267
24. Janatolmakan, M., Soroush, A., Nouri, R., Andayeshgar, B., and Khatony, A. (2020). "Knowledge, Attitude, and Performance of ICU, CCU, and Emergency Wards Nurses in Kermanshah, Iran, regarding Organ Donation". Critical Care Research & Practice, 2020, 5167623. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5167623
25. Kapikiran, G., Bulbuloglu, S., Ozdemir, A., and Saritas, S. (2021). "Knowledge and Attitudes on Organ Donation From the Perspective of Liver Transplant Patients". Transplantation Proceedings, 53(1), 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.02.173
26. Khan, N., Masood, Z. and Zahra, S. (2011). "Knowledge and Attıtude of People Towards Organ Donation". Journal of University Medical and Dental College, 2(2), 15–21. https://jumdc.com/index.php/jumdc/article/view/37
27. Kim, H.-Y. (2013). "Statistical notes for clinical researchers: assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis". Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, 38(1), 52-54. https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2013.38.1.52
28. Krupić, F., Grbić, K., and Alić, J. (2022). "Changes in Attitudes towards Organ Donation among Bosnian Immigrants in Sweden from Gender Perspective". Acta Medica Academica, 51(1), 35. https://doi.org/10.5644/ama2006-124.368
29. Krupic, F., Westin, O., Hagelberg, M., Sköldenberg, O., and Samuelsson, K. (2019). "The Influence of Age, Gender and Religion on Willingness to be an Organ Donor: Experience of Religious Muslims Living in Sweden". Journal of Religion & Health, 58(3), 847–859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-0670-7
30. Mandell, M. S., Zamudio, S., Seem, D., McGaw, L. J., Wood, G., Liehr, P., Ethier, A., and D’Alessandro, A. M. (2006). "National evaluation of healthcare provider attitudes toward organ donation after cardiac death". Critical Care Medicine, 34(12), 2952–2958. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000247718.27324.65
31. McGlade, D., McClenahan, C., and Pierscionek, B. (2014). "Pro-Donation Behaviours of Nursing Students from the Four Countries of the UK". PLoS ONE, 9(3), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091405
32. Murakami, M., Fukuma, S., Ikezoe, M., Izawa, S., Watanabe, H., Yamaguchi, H., Kitazawa, A., Takahashi, K., Natsukawa, S., and Fukuhara, S. (2020)." Knowledge Does Not Correlate with Behavior toward Deceased Organ Donation: A Cross-Sectional Study in Japan". Annals of Transplantation, 3;25:e918936 https://doi.org/10.12659/AOT.918936
33. Noar, S. M. (2006). "A 10-Year Retrospective of Research in Health Mass Media Campaigns: Where Do We Go From Here?" Journal of Health Communication, 11(1), 21–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730500461059
34. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. (n.d.). Data. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/data/
35. Ozer, A., Ekerbicer, H. C., Celik, M., and Nacar, M. (2010). "Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors of Officials of Religion About Organ Donation in Kahramanmaras, an Eastern Mediterranean City of Turkey". Transplantation Proceedings, 42(9), 3363–3367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.08.035
36. Parnell, T. A., Stichler, J. F., Barton, A. J., Loan, L. A., Boyle, D. K., and Allen, P. E. (2019). "A concept analysis of health literacy". Nursing Forum, 54(3), 315–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12331
37. Rademakers, J., Rolink, M., and Heijmans, M. (2022). "Information Needs of People With Limited Health Literacy Regarding a New “Opt-Out” Organ Donation System: A Qualitative Study in the Netherlands". Transplant International, 35, 10295. https://doi.org/10.3389/ti.2022.10295
38. Reubsaet, A., Brug, J., van den Borne, B., and van Hooff, H. (2001). "Predictors Of Organ Donatıon Registration Among Dutch Adolescents". Transplantation, 72(1), 51–56. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-200107150-00012
39. Ríos, A., López-Navas, A. I., De-Francisco, C., Sánchez, Á., Hernández, A. M., Ramírez, P., and Parrilla, P. (2018). "Psychometric Characteristics of the Attitude Questionnaire Toward the Donation of Organs for Transplant (PCID-DTO-RIOS)". Transplantation Proceedings, 50(2), 345–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2017.11.063
40. Sadat Hejazi, S., Nikbakht, S., Jouybari, L., Hares Abadi, M., Davoodi, D., Hoseini Azizi, T., and Yahyaei, S. (2017). "Knowledge and attitudes toward brain death and organ donation in Bojnurd". Electronic Physician, 9(7), 4746–4752. https://doi.org/10.19082/4746
41. Sadic, S., Sadic, J., Krupic, R., Fatahi, N., and Krupic, A. (2016). "The Influence of Information and Religion on Organ Donation, as Seen by School Teachers in Bosnia and Herzegovina". Materia Socio Medica, 28(5), 373. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2016.28.373-377
42. Sağiroğlu, M., Günay, O., and Balci, E. (2015). "Attitudes of Turkish Medical and Law Students towards the Organ Donation". International Journal of Organ Transplantation Medicine, 6(1), 1–7.
43. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2022). 2019-2023 Stratejik Planı (Güncellenmiş Versiyon-2022). https://sgb.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/35748/0/tc-saglik-bakanligi-2019-2023-stratejik-plani-guncellenmis-versiyonupdf.pdf
44. Saleem, T., Ishaque, S., Habib, N., Hussain, S. S., Jawed, A., Khan, A. A., Ahmad, M. I., Iftikhar, M. O., Mughal, H. P., and Jehan, I. (2009)." Knowledge, attitudes and practices survey on organ donation among a selected adult population of Pakistan". BMC Medical Ethics, 10(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6939-10-5
45. Schulz, P. J., Nakamoto, K., Brinberg, D., and Haes, J. (2006). "More than nation and knowledge: Cultural micro-diversity and organ donation in Switzerland". Patient Education and Counseling, 64(1–3), 294–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2006.03.009
46. Sevil Karahan Yılmaz, G. (2021). "Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği-Kısa Form ve Dijital Sağlıklı Diyet Okuryazarlığı Ölçeğinin Türkçe Formunun Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması". Journal, 6(3), 19–25.
47. Sıpkın, S. Akan, S., Tuna Malak, A.B. (2010). "Organ Donation and Transplantation in Onsekiz Mart Faculty of Medicine, Fine Arts and Theology : Academic Staffand#039;s Awareness and Opinions". Journal, 11(1), 19–25. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/meandrosmdj/issue/44149/544597
48. Seyahi, N., Ateş, K., and Süleymanlar, G. (2017). "Türkiye’de Renal Replasman Tedavilerinin Güncel Durumu: Türk Nefroloji Derneği Kayıt Sistemi 2015 Yılı Özet Raporu". Turkish Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 26(2). 154-160. https://doi.org/10.5262/tndt.2017.1002.04
49. Siminoff, L. A., Burant, C. J., and Ibrahim, S. A. (2006). "Racial disparities in preferences and perceptions regarding organ donation". Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21(9), 995–1000. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00516.x
50. Sirois, B. C., Sears, S. F., and Marhefka, S. (2005). "Do New Drivers Equal New Donors? An Examination of Factors Influencing Organ Donation Attitudes and Behaviors in Adolescents". Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28(2), 201–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-005-3669-y
51. Sørensen, K., Van den Broucke, S., Fullam, J., Doyle, G., Pelikan, J., Slonska, Z., and Brand, H. (2012). "Health literacy and public health: A systematic review and integration of definitions and models". BMC Public Health, 12(1), 80. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-80
52. Stadlbauer, V., Steiner, P., Schweiger, M., Sereinigg, M., Tscheliessnigg, K.-H., Freidl, W., and Stiegler, P. (2013). "Knowledge and attitude of ICU nurses, students and patients towards the Austrian organ donation law". BMC Medical Ethics, 14(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6939-14-32
53. The European Society for Organ Transplantation (ESOT). (2022). Tackling Inequalities in Organ Transplantation - A Pathway Forward. https://esot.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/EM012518_ESOT_ActionDay_ThinkTankReport_2201005_v0-8_FH.pdf
54. Tokalak, I., Kut, A., Moray, G., Emiroglu, R., Erdal, R., Karakayali, H., and Haberal, M. (2006). "Knowledge and attitudes of high school students related to organ donation and transplantation: a cross-sectional survey in Turkey". Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation : An Official Publication of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, Saudi Arabia, 17(4), 491–496.
55. United Network for Organ Sharing. (2022). Data and Trends. https://unos.org/data/
56. Uskun, E., and Ozturk, M. (2013). "Attitudes of Islamic religious officials toward organ transplant and donation". Clinical Transplantation, 27(1), E37–E41. https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.12058
57. Uzuntarla, Y. (2016). "Comparison of Young Age Group’s Thoughts and Knowledge Levels on Organ Donation in Terms of Education Given". Turkish Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 25(03). 296-301 https://doi.org/10.5262/tndt.2016.1001.20
58. Vijayalakshmi, P., Sunitha, T. S., Gandhi, S., Thimmaiah, R., and Math, S. B. (2016). "Knowledge, attitude and behaviour of the general population towards organ donation: An Indian perspective". The National Medical Journal of India, 29(5), 257–261.
59. Wakefield, C., Watts, K., Homewood, J., Meiser, B., and Siminoff, L. (2010). "Attitudes toward organ donation and donor behavior: a review of the international literature". Progress in Transplantation, 20(4), 380–391. https://doi.org/10.7182/prtr.20.4.p54651601pg80183
60. World Health Organization. (2022a). "Health literacy development for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases: volume 2: a globally relevant perspective". https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/364204
61. World Health Organization. (2022b). "Human organ and tissue transplantation". Seventy-Fifth World Health Assembly. https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA75/A75_41-en.pdf
62. Yazar, M. A., and Acikgoz, M. B. (2016). "Knowledge Levels and Attitudes of People Living in the City Centre of Nevşehir on Organ Donation and Transplantation". Turkish Journal of Anesthesia and Reanimation, 44(5), 250–257. https://doi.org/10.5152/TJAR.2016.87094
63. Yılmazel, G., and Çetinkaya, F. (2016). "Sağlık okuryazarlığının toplum sağlığı açısından önem"i. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 15(1), 69–74. https://www.bibliomed.org/mnsfulltext/1/1-1448870518.pdf?1672171435
64. Zhang, Q.-X., Xie, J.-F., Zhou, J.-D., Xiao, S.-S., Liu, A.-Z., Hu, G.-Q., Chen, Y., and Wang, C.-Y. (2017). "Impact Factors and Attitudes Toward Organ Donation Among Transplantation Patients and Their Caregivers in China". Transplantation Proceedings, 49(9), 1975–1981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2017.09.022
65. Zhang, X., Zheng, X., Chen, T., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, J., Ye, X., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., Ming, W., Sun, X., Xiang, Z., Wu, Y., and Wu, J. (2022). "Factors affecting acceptance of organ donation in mainland China: A national cross‐sectional study". Journal of Clinical Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16587