VERTICAL MIXED-USE IN CONTEMPORARY URBANISATION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Öz

This study addresses the role of vertical mixed-use buildings in contemporary urbanisation dynamics and evaluates the applicability of this building model in Türkiye. Vertical mixed-use is a contemporary urbanisation approach based on sustainable land use that aims to integrate different functions such as housing, office, trade, service and entertainment in the same building block holistically. In addition to increasing spatial efficiency, these buildings offer multidimensional contributions such as reducing carbon emissions, reducing transport needs and strengthening social interaction. This study analyses global exemplary projects such as Marina Bay Sands, Hudson Yards and Roppongi Hills comparatively and applications such as Zorlu Center in Türkiye from legal, administrative and design perspectives. In addition, the inadequacies of the current legislation in encouraging mixed-use development are discussed, and comprehensive recommendations on planning processes are presented. In this context, the study aims to contribute to more integrated, flexible and sustainable urban regeneration approaches in Türkiye by filling the theoretical gaps in the literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Vertical Mixed Use
• Sustainable Urbanisation
• Mixed Function Buildings
• Urban Transformation
• Planning Policies
• Spatial Density

ÇAĞDAŞ KENTLEŞMEDE DİKEY KARMA KULLANIM: KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR İNCELEME

Öz

Bu çalışma, dikey karma kullanımlı yapıların çağdaş kentleşme dinamikleri içindeki rolünü ele almakta ve bu yapı modelinin Türkiye’deki uygulanabilirliğini değerlendirmektedir. Dikey karma kullanım, konut, ofis, ticaret, hizmet ve eğlence gibi farklı işlevlerin aynı yapı bloğunda bütüncül biçimde entegre edilmesini hedefleyen, sürdürülebilir arazi kullanımını esas alan çağdaş bir kentleşme yaklaşımıdır. Bu yapılar, mekânsal verimliliği artırmanın yanı sıra karbon emisyonlarının azaltılması, ulaşım gereksiniminin düşürülmesi ve toplumsal etkileşimin güçlendirilmesi gibi çok boyutlu katkılar sunmaktadır. Çalışmada, Marina Bay Sands, Hudson Yards ve Roppongi Hills gibi küresel ölçekteki örnek projeler karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edilmiş; Türkiye’de Zorlu Center gibi uygulamalar hukuki, yönetsel ve tasarımsal açıdan değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, mevcut yasal mevzuatın karma kullanımı teşvik etmedeki yetersizlikleri ele alınmış ve planlama süreçlerine dair kapsamlı öneriler sunulmuştur. Bu bağlamda çalışma, literatürdeki teorik eksiklikleri gidererek Türkiye’de daha entegre, esnek ve sürdürülebilir kentsel dönüşüm yaklaşımlarına katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dikey Karma Kullanım
• Sürdürülebilir Kentleşme
• Karma İşlevli Yapılar
• Kentsel Dönüşüm
• Planlama Politikaları
• Mekânsal Yoğunluk

Destekleyen Kurum

Destekleyen kurum bulunmamaktadır.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma, herhangi bir insan katılımcı, hayvan deneyi, anket, mülakat, gözlem veya deneysel uygulama içermemektedir. Bu nedenle etik kurul onayı gerektirmemektedir.

Kaynakça

1. Al Noman, A., Al-Tanbin, S. H. ve Hossain, M. T. “Urban Livability and Vertical Inclusion: Exploring Mixed-Use Development Strategies in Khulna, Bangladesh”, International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 9(7), 575-580.
2. ArchDaily. (2012). CCTV Headquarters / OMA. https://www.archdaily.com/236175/cctv-headquarters-oma, Erişim Tarihi: 11.04.2025.
3. Arefi, M. ve Kickert, C. (Eds.). (2019). The Palgrave Handbook of Bottom-Up Urbanism, Springer, Almanya.
4. Atlas of Urban Tech. (2025). Hudson Yards. https://atlasofurbantech.org/cases/usa-hudson-yards, Erşim Tarihi: 03.04.2025.
5. Azian, F. U. M., Khair, N., Yoong, T. C., Ismail, S. ve Tambi, N. (2023). “The relationship between service quality and occupants’ satisfaction: a mixed-use building”, Real Estate Management and Valuation, 31(1), 78-87.
6. Bregman, S. (2015). Vertical Urbanism: Designing Compact Cities in China. Routledge, Londra.
7. Brenner, N. ve Schmid, C. (2015). “Towards a New Epistemology of The Urban?”, City, 19(2-3), 151-182. 
8. Carmona, M. (2010). Public Places, Urban Spaces: The Dimensions of Urban Design. Routledge. https://arch355processofurbandesign.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/public_places_urban_spaces-ebookoid.pdf

9. Casestudies.uli.org. (2003). Roppongi Hills. Urban Land Institute. https://casestudies.uli.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/C033017.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 01.03.2025.
10. Dovey, K. ve Pafka, E. (2020). “What is Functional Mix? An Assemblage Approach”, Planning Theory & Practice, 21(1), 9-24. 
11. European Commission. (2016). Urban agenda for the EU: Pact of Amsterdam. https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/policy/themes/urbandevelopment/agenda/pact-of-amsterdam.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 24.03.2025.
12. Firley, E. ve Gron, S. (2013). The Urban Housing Handbook, Wiley, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri.
13. Florida, R., Rodríguez-Pose, A. ve Storper, M. (2021). “Cities in a Post-COVID World”, Urban Studies, 58(15), 3093-3102.
14. Folkart Yapı. (2023). Folkart Towers proje katalogu. https://folkart.com.tr/folkart-towers, Erişim Tarihi: 11.05.2025.
15. GAP İnşaat. (2020). Metropol İstanbul- GAP İnşaat. https://www.gapinsaat.com/tr/ustyapi/metropol-istanbul.html, Erişim Tarihi: 11.04.2025.
16. Gausa, M., Guallart, V., Müller, W., Soriano, F., Porras, F. ve Morales, J. (2003). The Metapolis Dictionary of Advanced Architecture,  Actar, Barselona.
17. Gehl, J. (2010). Cities for People, Island Press, Washington.
18. Generalova, E. M., Generalov, V. P., Kuznetsova, A. A. ve Bobkova, O. N. (2018). Mixed-use development in a High-rise Context. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 33, p. 01021). EDP Sciences.
19. Glaeser, E. L., Kahn, M. E. ve Rappaport, J. (2008). “Why Do The Poor Live in Cities? The Role of Public Transportation”, Journal of Urban Economics, 63(1), 1-24. 
20. Grant, J. ve Perrott, K. (2011). “Where is The Café? The Challenge of Making Retail Uses Viable in Mixed-Use Suburban Developments”, Urban Studies, 48(1), 177-195.
21. Harvey, D. (2020). The Right to the City: New Left Review. In The City Reader (pp. 281-289), Routledge, New York.
22. Hendrigan, C. ve Newman, P. (2017). “Dense, mixed-use, walkable urban precinct to support sustainable transport or vice versa? A model for consideration from Perth, Western Australia”, International journal of Sustainable Transportation, 11(1), 11-19.
23. Hoppenbrouwer, E. ve Louw, E. (2005). “Mixed-use Development: Theory and Practice in Amsterdam’s Eastern Docklands”, European Planning Studies, 13(7), 967-983.
24. Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Random House, New York.
25. Khan, F. M., Pafka, E. ve Dovey, K. (2022). “Extremes of Mixed-Use Architecture: A Spatial Analysis of Vertical Functional Mix in Dhaka”, City, Territory and Architecture, 9(1), 31.
26. Lau, S. S. Y., Giridharan, R. ve Ganesan, S. (2005). “Multiple and intensive land use: Case studies in Hong Kong”, Habitat International, 29(3), 527-546.
27. Lehmann, S. (2016). Sustainable Urbanism: Towards Carbon Neutral Settlements, Routledge, New York.
28. Logan, J. R. ve Molotch, H. (2007). Urban fortunes: The political economy of place, with a new preface, University of California Press, USA.
29. Low, S. M. (2003). Behind The Gates: Life, Security, and The Pursuit of Happiness in Fortress America, Routledge, New Yok.
30. Madanipour, A. (1996). Design of Urban Space: An Inquiry into a Socio-Spatial Process. Wiley. https://www.gbv.de/dms/goettingen/211087629.pdf
31. Mateo-Babiano, I. ve Darchen, S. (2013). Vertical mixed use communities, a compact city model?. 6th State of Australian Cities Conference, 26-29 November 2013, Sydney, Australia.
32. Montgomery, J. (1998). The New Wealth of Cities: City Dynamics and The Fifth Wave, Ashgate, Farnham.
33. Mualam, N., Salinger, E. ve Max, D. (2019). “Increasing The Urban Mix Through Vertical Allocations: Public Floorspace in Mixed-Use Developmen”, Cities, 87, 131-141.
34. MVRDV. (2014). Markthal Rotterdam. NAi010 Publishers.https://www.mvrdv.com/news/392/mvrdvs-markthal-rotterdam-to-grace-the-cover-of-dutch-architecture-yearbook-2014-2015, Erişim Adresi: 10.04.2025.
35. Nas, A. (2017). Between The Urban and The Natural: Green Marketing of Istanbul’s Gated Community Projects”, İdealkent, 8(22), 396-422.
36. Rabianski, J., Gibler, K., Tidwell, O. A. ve Clements III, J. S. (2009). “Mixed-Use Development: A Call for Research”, Journal of Real Estate Literature, 17(2), 205-230.
37. Ravindranath, S. S. ve Menon, S. J. (2018). “Exploring new paradigms in high-density vertical hybrids”, International journal of high-rise buildings, 7(2), 111-125.
38. Rowley, A. (1996). “Mixed-Use Development: Ambiguous Concept, Simplistic Analysis and Wishful Thinking?”, Planning Practice & Research, 11(1), 85-98.
39. Roy, A. ve Ong, A. (Eds.). (2011). Worlding Cities: Asian Experiments and The Art of Being Global, Wiley-Blackwell, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri.
40. Sanni-Anibire, M. O. ve Adenle, Y. A. (2024). “Residential satisfaction of vertical urban settlements in Hong Kong”, Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 22(6), 1705-1722.
41. Shim, J. H., Park, S. ve Park, E. J. (2004). Public Space Planning of Mixed-use High-rise Buildings. Focusing on the Use and Impact of Deck Structure in an Urban Development in Seoul. CTBUH Conference 2004 October 10-13, Seoul, Korea.
42. Shen, Q. ve Sun, F. (2020). What Makes Mixed-Use Development Economically Desirable?, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
43. Şengül, T. (2021). “Urban Neoliberalism With Islamic Characteristics: The Politics of Urban Regeneration in Turkey”, Cities, 111, 103-114. 
44. The Constructor. (2022). Construction of Burj Khalifa: World’s tallest building. https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/burj-khalifa-construction/62758, Erişim Tarihi: 04.03.2025.
45. Türk, S. S. (2018). “Comparison of The Impacts of Non-Negotiable and Negotiable Developer Obligations in Turkey”, Habitat International, 75, 122-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2018.03.005
46. United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development (A/RES/70/1). https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda, Erişim Adresi: 11.05.2025.
47. WikiArquitectura. (2025). Marina Bay Sands. https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/marina-bay-sands, Erişim Adresi: 02.02.2025.
48. Wikipedia contributors. (2024, January 15). The Shard. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shard, Erişim Adresi: 04.02.2025.
49. Yeang, K. (2019). Bioclimatic Skyscrapers (3rd ed.), Artmedia Press, Londra.
50. Yin, R. K. (2017). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). Sage Publications, New York.
51. Zhong, J. ve Hui, E. C. (2021). “Real Option and Vertical Mixed-Use Development”, International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 25(5), 382-395.