EMPOWERMENT AND KEY EMPLOYEE OUTCOMES IN TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY: A META-ANALYSIS

Öz

This meta-analysis examines the relationship between employee empowerment and key organizational outcomes—job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention—within the tourism and hospitality literature. A systematic search across Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, and Yöktez identified 75 empirical studies. The analyses revealed a large relationship between empowerment and job satisfaction (r= 0.531), a moderate relationship with organizational commitment (r= 0.474), and a weak relationship with turnover intention (r=−0.213). Importantly, the effectiveness of empowerment varies across cultural and organizational contexts. Meta-regression revealed that power distance significantly moderates the empowerment-turnover intention link, weakening its effect in high power distance settings. Subgroup analyses showed that the relationships between empowerment and employee outcomes are stronger for customer contact employees. No significant differences were found between studies conducted before and after COVID-19. These findings highlight the need for context-sensitive empowerment strategies in tourism and hospitality organizations. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Personel empowerment
• Job satisfaction
• Organizational commitment
• Turnover intention
• Power distance
• Meta-analysis.

TURİZM VE KONAKLAMA ALANYAZININDA PERSONEL GÜÇLENDİRME VE TEMEL ÇALIŞAN ÇIKTILARI: BİR META-ANALİZ

Öz

Bu meta-analiz, turizm ve konaklama alanyazını bağlamında personel güçlendirme ile temel örgütsel çıktılar—iş tatmini, örgütsel bağlılık ve işten ayrılma niyeti—arasındaki ilişkileri incelemektedir. Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar ve Yöktez veri tabanlarında yapılan sistematik tarama sonucunda 75 ampirik çalışma belirlenmiştir. Analizler, güçlendirme ile iş tatmini arasında güçlü (r= 0.531), örgütsel bağlılık ile orta düzeyde (r= 0.474) ve işten ayrılma niyetiyle zayıf (r= −0.213) bir ilişki olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca güçlendirmenin etkinliği, kültürel ve örgütsel bağlamlara göre değişiklik göstermektedir. Meta-regresyon, güç mesafesinin, güçlendirme ile işten ayrılma niyeti arasındaki ilişkiyi anlamlı şekilde etkilediğini, yüksek güç mesafeli ortamlarda bu ilişkinin etkisini zayıflattığını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Alt grup analizleri, güçlendirme ile çalışan çıktıları arasındaki ilişkilerin, müşterilerle doğrudan temas eden çalışanlar için daha güçlü olduğunu göstermiştir. COVID-19 öncesi ve sonrası yapılan çalışmalar arasında anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır. Bulgular, turizm ve konaklama sektörlerinde bağlama duyarlı güçlendirme stratejilerine ihtiyaç olduğunu göstermektedir. Kuramsal ve uygulamaya yönelik çıkarımlar sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Personel güçlendirme
• İş tatmini
• Örgütsel bağlılık
• İşten ayrılma niyeti
• Güç mesafesi
• Meta-analiz.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma, daha önce yayımlanmış bilimsel makalelerden ve yayımlanmamış lisansüstü tezlerden elde edilen ikincil verilerin sistematik bir incelemesini ve meta-analizini içermektedir. Çalışma kapsamında herhangi bir deneysel işlem yapılmamış, katılımcılardan doğrudan veri toplanmamış ve herhangi bir insan veya hayvan deneyi yürütülmemiştir. Bu nedenle bu çalışma için Etik Kurul Onayı alınmamıştır. Gerekli beyan bir önceki adımda sunulmuştur.

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