TRANSBOUNDARY RIVERS WITHINECOLOGICAL SECURITYPERSPECTIVE: THE NILE RIVER CASE

Senem Atvur

doi:10.30794/pausbed.426426

TRANSBOUNDARY RIVERS WITHINECOLOGICAL SECURITYPERSPECTIVE: THE NILE RIVER CASE

Öz

Security is one of the most contested concepts of international relations. In the changing international system with the appearance of new threats and challenges, the subject of security has widened in a manner that includes environmental issues, especially water problems. The aim of this article is to examine transboundary rivers through the case of Nile River basin in order to reveal the contribution of ecological security perspective to the transboundary cooperation. Although transboundary rivers are mostly analysed with state-centric approaches or conflict perspective, this article argues that environmental problems in transboundary basins which are considered as an important threat by all riparian countries, could also present an opportunity to develop cooperation. It is also claimed that an ecological security perspective adopted by riparian states and cooperative organization in the basin might contribute to handle environmental problems and to ensure the regional peace as well.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Transboundary river,water,ecological security,cooperation

Kaynakça

Baldwin, D.A. (1997). “The Concept of Security”, Review of International Studies, 23, pp: 5-26.
Barnett, J. (2001). The Meaning of Environmental Security, ZedBooks, London.
Beck, J. et al. (2010). Burundi Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment, USAID, Washington DC.
Beyene, Y. (2009). “Environmental Problems and Solutions in Ethiopia Generally and in Africa Specifically”, Retrieved February 6, 2016, from https://keynote.conference-services.net/resources/444/2653/pdf/IWAWCE2012_0105.pdf.
Buzan, B., Waever, O., de Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner, Boulder.
Carlsons, A. (2013). “Who Owns the Nile? Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia’s History-Changing Dam”, Origins, 6/6, Retrieved April 25, 2015, from http://origins.osu.edu/article/who-owns-nile-egypt-sudan-and-ethiopia-s-history-changing-dam.
Cesar, E., Ekbom, A. (2013), “Ethiopia Environmental and Climate Change Policy Brief”, Retrieved February 6, 2016, from http://sidaenvironmenthelpdesk.se/wordpress3/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Ethiopia-Environmental-and-Climate-Change-policy-20130527.pdf.
Dakkak, A. (2014). “Egypt’s Water Crisis – Recipe for Disaster”, Retrieved February 26, 2016, from http://www.ecomena.org/egypt-water/.

Dalby, S. (2013). “Climate Change and Environmental Security”, Security Studies. An Introuction (Ed: P.D. Williams), Routledge, Croydon.
Dannreuther, Roland (2007). International Security. The Contemporary Agenda, Politiy Press, Cambridge. Deudney, D. (1990). “The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security”, Millenium:Journal of International Studies, 19/3, pp: 461-476.
Egypt Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), “Egypt’s Perspective towards theEthiopian Grand Renaissance Dam Project (GERDP)”, Retrieved April 26, 2015, from http://www.mfa.gov.eg/English/EgyptianForeignPolicy/Pages/renaissance_dam.aspx.
El Masry, S. (2013). “Egypt: The Question of Environment”, Daily News Egypt, Retrieved February 5, 2016, from http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/06/05/egypt-the-question-of-the-environment/.
El-Fadel, M., El-Sayegh, Y., El-Fadl, K., Khorbotly, D. (2003). “The Nile River Basin: A Case Study in Surface Water Conflict Resolution”, Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education, 32, pp: 107-117.
European Commission (2006). Environmental Profile of Rwanda, Kigali, Retrieved February 5, 2016, from https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/file/33001/download?token=bYDSWAeT.
Evans, J. (07/12/2011). “The big challenge for a new Egypt: water”, The Guardian, Retrieved April 26, 2016, from http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/dec/07/egypt-water-nile.
Floyd, R.,Matthew, R.A. (2013). Environmental Security. Approaches and Issues, Routledge, Cornwall.
Freitas, A. (2013). “Water politics in the Nile Basin”, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/Alert_Nile.pdf.
Giordano, M.A., Wolf, A.T. (2003). “Sharing Waters: Post-Rio international water management”, Natural Resources Forum, 27, pp: 163-171.Gleick, P.H. (1993). “Water and Conflict. Fresh Water Resources and International Security”, International Security, 18/1, pp: 79-112. Government of Burundi (no date). “Mot luminaire du Secrétaire Permanent du Conseil National de Sécurité à l’ occasion de la conférence de presse pour la présentation des objectifs de la Stratégie Nationale de Sécurité”, Retrieved April 26, 2016, from http://burundi-gov.bi/IMG/pdf/conference_de_prese_sur_les_objectifs_de_la_strategie.pdf.Government of Kenya (2013). National Climate Change Action Plan, Nairobi: Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources.
Government of the Republic of South Sudan (2012), “Environmental Impacts Risks and Opportunities Assessment”, Retrieved February 6, 2016, from http://www.ss.undp.org/content/dam/southsudan/library/Reports/southsudanotherdocuments/EIRO%20Report-fr-website.pdf.
Hatami, H.,Gleick, P.H. (1994). “Conflicts Over Water in the Myths, Legends, and the Ancient History of Middle East”, Enviroment, 36/3, p: 10.
Homer-Dixon, T.F. (1999). Environment, Scarcity, and Violence, Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
IRIN (2011). “Egypt: Water challenges forcing a rethink on usage”, Retrieved February 26, 2016, from http://www.irinnews.org/report/93997/egypt-water-challenges-forcing-a-rethink-on-usage.
Khagram, S., Clark, W.C., Raad, D.F. (2003). “From the Environmental and Human Security to Sustainable Security and Development”, Journal of Human Development, 4/2, pp: 289-313.
Kifle, R. (2014). “Environmental Protection in Eritrea”, TesfaNews, Retrieved February 5, 2016, from http://www.tesfanews.net/environmental-protection-in-nakfa-eritrea/.
Mathews, J.T. (1989). “Redefining Security”, Foreign Affairs, 68/2, pp: 162-177.
Meseret, E. (2018). “Ethiopia, Egypt, Sudan agree to study filling of Nile dam”, Associated Press, Retrieved May 18, 2018, from http://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/05/16/ethiopia-egypt-sudan-agree-to-study-filling-nile-dam.html.
Ministerial Declaration of The Hague on Water Security in the 21st Century (2000). Retrieved January 22, 2016, from http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/fileadmin/world_water_council/ documents/world_water_forum_2/The_Hague_Declaration.pdf (22.01.2016). Morgan, J. (2009). “Kenya’s heart stops pumping”, BBC, Retrieved February 6, 2016, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8057316.stm.
Nile Basin Initiative (2013). Climate Change Strategy. Retrieved May 19, 2018, from http://nileis.nilebasin.org/system/files/23.10.13%20climate%20change%20strategy.pdf.
Nile Basin Initiative (2015). “Understanding the Nile Basin”, Retrieved May 19, 2018, from http://www.nilebasin.org/index.php/about-us/the-river-nile.
Nile Basin Initiative (2017). NBI 2017-2027 Strategy. Retrieved May 19, 2018, from http://www.nilebasin.org/images/docs/NBI-Strategy-2017---2027.pdf.
Nile Basin Initiative (2018). “Who We Are”. Retrieved May 19, 2018, from http://www.nilebasin.org/index.php/nbi/who-we-are.
Pacific Institute (2017). “Water Conflict Chronology List”, Retrieved May 10, 2018, from http://www2.worldwater.org/conflict/list/.
Parkes, L. (2013). “The Politics of “Water Scarcity” in the Nile Basin: the Case of Egypt”, Journal of Politics and International Studies, 9, pp: 433-480. Peoples, C.,Vaughan-Williams, N. (2015). Critical Security Studuies. An Introduction, Routledge, Croydon.
Pirages, D. (2011). “Ecological Security: A Framework for Analyzing Nontraditional Security Issues”, Ecological and Nontraditional Security Challenges in South Asia (Ed: D. Pirages et al.), NBR Reports.
Reform Unit (2002). The Government of Uganda’s Security Policy Framework Draft, Retrieved April 26, 2016, from http://www.securityanddevelopment.org/pdf/SPFPdraft.pdf.
Rieu-Clarke, A. (2009). “Reflections on the Normative Prescription of Sustainable Development in Recent Transboundary Water Treaty”, Water International, 25/4, pp: 572-579.
Sheehan, Michael (2005). International Security. An Analytical Survey, Lynne Rienner Publishers, London.
Smith, S. (2005). “The Contested Concept of Security”, Critical Security Studies and World Politics (Ed: K. Booth), Lynne Rienner Publishers, London.
Timoshenko, A.S. (1990). “Ecological Security: Global Change Paradigm”, Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy, 1/127, pp: 127-145.
Tukahirwa, E. (2014). “Nile Basin Ecosystems, Their Services and Conservation”, Nile Information System, Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://nileis.nilebasin.org/content/nile-basin-ecosystems-their-services-and-conservation-working-paper-instruments-and-practice.
Ullman, R.H. (2007). “Redefining Security”, International Security (Ed: B. Buzan and L. Hansen), Sage Publication, London.
UN (1992). Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, Retireved February 1, 2016, from https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1992/03/19920317%2005-46%20 AM/Ch_XXVII_05p.pdf.
UN (1997). Convention on the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses, Retireved February 1, 2016, from http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/8_3_1997.pdf.
UNEP (2007). Sudan. Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment, UNEP, NairobiUNEP (2013). Africa Environment Outlook 3, Earthprint, Kenya. UN-Water (2013). Water Security & Global Water Agenda, United Nations University, Hamilton.
UN-Water (2015). “Statistics”, Retireved February 25, 2016, from http://www.unwater.org/statistics/en/.
USAID (2000). Kenya Strategic Plan:Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment, Retrieved February 5, 2016, from https://rmportal.net/library/content/frame/kenya.pdf.
Verhoeven, H. (2011). Black Gold for Blue Gold? Sudan’s Oil, Ethiopia’s Water and Regional Integration, Chatham House Briefing Paper, London.
Ward, T.E., Roach, H.L. (2014). “Hydropolitics and Water Security in the Nile and Jordan River Basins”, Water Resources Conflicts and International Security (Ed: D. Vajpeyi), Lexington Books: Lanham.
World Commission on Dams (2000). Dams and Development. A New Framework for Decision-Making, Earthscan, London.
WRI (2018). “Aqueduct Country and River Basin Rankings”., Retrieved May 19, 2018, from http://www.wri.org/applications/maps/aqueduct-country-river-basin-rankings/#x=-167.16&y=-12.78&l =2&v=home&d=bws&f=0&o=141. Zala, B. (2013). “The Strategic Dimensions of Water. From National Security to Sustainable Security”, Water Security: Principles, Perspctives and Practices (Ed: B. Lankford, K. Bakker and M. Zeitoun), Routledge: Florence.
Zeitoun, M., Warner, J. (2006). “Hydro-hegemony- a framework for analysis of trans-boundary water conflicts”, Water Policy, 8, pp: 435-460.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Ekonomi

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Senem Atvur ^*
0000-0003-3616-1749
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

26 Nisan 2019

Gönderilme Tarihi

23 Mayıs 2018

Kabul Tarihi

3 Ocak 2019

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2019 Sayı: 35

DOI

https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.426426

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA47FW77EJ

Kaynak Göster

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Atvur, S. (2019). TRANSBOUNDARY RIVERS WITHINECOLOGICAL SECURITYPERSPECTIVE: THE NILE RIVER CASE. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 35, 227-243. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.426426

AMA

1.Atvur S. TRANSBOUNDARY RIVERS WITHINECOLOGICAL SECURITYPERSPECTIVE: THE NILE RIVER CASE. PAUSBED. 2019;(35):227-243. doi:10.30794/pausbed.426426

Chicago

Atvur, Senem. 2019. “TRANSBOUNDARY RIVERS WITHINECOLOGICAL SECURITYPERSPECTIVE: THE NILE RIVER CASE”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, sy 35: 227-43. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.426426.

EndNote

Atvur S (01 Nisan 2019) TRANSBOUNDARY RIVERS WITHINECOLOGICAL SECURITYPERSPECTIVE: THE NILE RIVER CASE. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 35 227–243.

IEEE

[1]S. Atvur, “TRANSBOUNDARY RIVERS WITHINECOLOGICAL SECURITYPERSPECTIVE: THE NILE RIVER CASE”, PAUSBED, sy 35, ss. 227–243, Nis. 2019, doi: 10.30794/pausbed.426426.

ISNAD

Atvur, Senem. “TRANSBOUNDARY RIVERS WITHINECOLOGICAL SECURITYPERSPECTIVE: THE NILE RIVER CASE”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 35 (01 Nisan 2019): 227-243. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.426426.

JAMA

1.Atvur S. TRANSBOUNDARY RIVERS WITHINECOLOGICAL SECURITYPERSPECTIVE: THE NILE RIVER CASE. PAUSBED. 2019;:227–243.

MLA

Atvur, Senem. “TRANSBOUNDARY RIVERS WITHINECOLOGICAL SECURITYPERSPECTIVE: THE NILE RIVER CASE”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, sy 35, Nisan 2019, ss. 227-43, doi:10.30794/pausbed.426426.

Vancouver

1.Senem Atvur. TRANSBOUNDARY RIVERS WITHINECOLOGICAL SECURITYPERSPECTIVE: THE NILE RIVER CASE. PAUSBED. 01 Nisan 2019;(35):227-43. doi:10.30794/pausbed.426426

Cited By

Su Güvenliği Bağlamında Nil Havzası Girişimi’nin (NHG) İklim Değişikliğine Yönelik Uyum ve Azaltım Stratejileri

Alternatif Politika

https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.21