YENİLİĞİN YAYILMA TEORİYİSLE TÜRK ŞİRKETLERİN BULUT BİLİŞİM ADAPTASYONUNU ETKİLEYEN KRİTİK FAKTÖRLER

Öz

Bulut bilişim, veri depolama, ağ ve uygulama gibi BT hizmetlerin, işletim giderlerini azaltmak amacıyla yazılım ve donanım ile uygulamaların hızlı kurulumunu ve gecikme olmaksızın bakımlarını şirketler tarafından harici olarak sağlanan etkili bir bilgi işlem teknolojisidir. Bununla birlikte, bulut bilişimin Türk şirketleri arasında benimsenmesinin etkilerini araştıran yeterli sayıda araştırma yapılmadığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışma ile sözkonusu bu boşluğu doldurmak amacıyla, Türk şirketlerinde bulut bilişimin benimsenmesini etkileyen faktörlerin ortaya konması amaçlamaktadır. Bulut bilişimin benimsenmesini etkileyen kritik faktörler için geliştirilen İnovasyonun Yayılması (DOI) teorisi ile algılanan avantaj, maliyet tasarrufu ve uyumluluk şeklinde üç faktör elde edilmiş ve bu faktörler için doğrulayıcı faktör analizi uygulanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda ise; uyumluluğun maliyet tasarrufunu, maliyet tasarrufunun algılanan avantajı ve algılanan avantajın da bulut bilişimin benimsenmesini doğrudan etkilediği sonucuna varılmıştır. Algılanan avantajın varyansı ise, önerilen modelin % 15,8'ini açıklamaktadır. DOI teorisini benimseyerek yapılan bu çalışma, Türkiye'de bulut bilişim karar verme sürecinde şirketlerin BT karar vericilerinin bulut bilişimin benimsenme algısı hakkındaki farkındalıklarını artırmak amacıyla işletmelere katkıda bulunacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bulut Bilişim
• BT adaptasyonu
• Yeniliğin Yayılma Teorisi
• Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi
• Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi

CRITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING CLOUD COMPUTING ADOPTION IN TURKISH COMPANIES WITH DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION THEORY

Öz

Cloud computing provides an effective computing technology in the way IT services such as data storage, network, and application are supplied externally by companies without software and hardware, long implementations, and delayed maintenance to decrease operational expenditures. However, there is an inadequate amount of scholars studying the effects of cloud computing adoption among Turkish companies. In order to fill the gap, this study aims to exhibit the factors affecting cloud computing adoption in Turkish companies. Diffusion of innovation (DOI) theory was developed to understand the critical factors affecting cloud computing adoption, deriving three factors: perceived advantage, cost-saving, and compatibility. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied to assess data. The findings showed that compatibility directly affected cost-savings. Cost-savings directly affected perceived advantage, and perceived advantage directly affected cloud computing adoption. The variance of perceived advantage also explained 15.8% of the proposed model. By adopting DOI theory, this study will intend to contribute to businesses for increasing the awareness of companies’ IT decision-makers about the perception of cloud computing adoption in the cloud computing decision making period in Turkey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Cloud Computing
• IT adoption
• Diffusion of Innovation Theory
• Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Kaynakça

1. Alajmi, Q., Arshah, R. A., Kamaludin, A., Sadiq, A. S., & Al-Sharafi, M. A. (2018). A conceptual model of e-learning based on cloud computing adoption in higher education institutions. 2017 International Conference on Electrical and Computing Technologies and Applications, ICECTA 2017, 2018-Janua(January 2018), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECTA.2017.8252013
2. Alhammadi, A. (2016). A Knowledge Management Based Cloud Computing Adoption Decision Making Framework. (January). , Ph.D. Dissertation, Staffordshire University, 299 p.http://eprints.staffs.ac.uk/2380/1/Alhammadi_PhD%20thesis.pdf. Accessed 15 December 2019
3. Alhammadi, A., Stanier, C., & Eardley, A. (2015). The Determinants of Cloud Computing Adoption in Saudi Arabia. Second International Conference on Computer Science & Engineering, 70, 55-57. https://doi.org/10.5121/csit.2015.51406
4. Alharbi, F., Atkins, A., & Stanier, C. (2016). Understanding the determinants of Cloud Computing adoption in Saudi healthcare organizations. Complex & Intelligent Systems, 2(3), 155–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-016-0021-9
5. Ali, O., Soar, J., Yong, J., & Tao, X. (2016). Factors to be considered in cloud computing adoption. Web Intelligence, 14(4), 309–323. https://doi.org/10.3233/WEB-160347
6. Alismaili, S., Li, M., Shen, J. & He, Q. (2016). A multi-perspective approach for understanding the determinants of cloud computing adoption among Australian SMEs. ACIS’2015: Proceedings of the 26th Australasian Conference on Information Systems, November 30- December 4, 2015, Adelaide, Australia, 1-14.
7. Alkhalil, A., Sahandi, R. & John, D. (2017). An exploration of the determinants for the decision to migrate existing resources to cloud computing using an integrated TOE-DOI model. Journal of Cloud Computing, 6(2), https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-016-0072-x
8. Alshamaila, Y., Papagiannidis, S., & Li, F. (2013). Cloud computing adoption by SMEs in the northeast of England. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 26(3), 250–275. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410391311325225

9. Amron, M. T., Ibrahim, R., Azaliah, N., Bakar, A., & Chuprat, S. (2019). Determining Factors Influencing the Acceptance of Cloud Computing ScienceDirect ScienceDirect Determining Factors Influencing the Acceptance of Cloud Computing Implementation Determining Factors Influencing Acceptance of a Cloud Computing Implementation. Procedia Computer Science, 161(January), 1055–1063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.11.216
10. Amron, M. T., Ibrahim, R., & Chuprat, S. (2017). A Review on Cloud Computing Acceptance Factors. Procedia Computer Science, 124(January), 639–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.12.200
11. Armbrust, M., Fox, A., Griffith, R., Joseph, A. D., Katz, R., Konwinski, A., Lee, G., Patterson, D., Rapkin, A., Stoica, I., & Zahaira, M. (2009). Above the clouds: A Berkeley view of cloud computing. Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California at Berkeley, Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2009-28. http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2009/EECS-2009-28.pdf. Accessed 10 November 2019.
12. Astri, L. Y. (2015). A study literature of critical success factors of cloud computing in organizations. Procedia Computer Science, 59, 188-194.
13. Avram, M. G. (2014). Advantages and Challenges of Adopting Cloud Computing from an Enterprise Perspective. Procedia Technology, 12, 529–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2013.12.525
14. Wills, B. G., Alharthi, A., O. Alassafi, M., Alenezi, A., & J. Walters, R. (2018). Investigating the Security Factors in Cloud Computing Adoption: Towards Developing an Integrated Framework. Journal of Internet Technology and Secured Transaction, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.20533/jitst.2046.3723.2016.0061
15. Bannerman, P. L. (2010). Cloud computing adoption risks : State of play. Asia Pacific Software Engineering Conference.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242018999_Cloud_Computing_Adoption_Risks_State_of_Play
16. Bedward, R., & Fokum, D. T. (2014). A Cloud computing adoption approach for Jamaican institutions. Conference Proceedings - IEEE SOUTHEASTCON, (March 2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/SECON.2014.6950693
17. Bento, A., & Bento, R. (2011). Cloud computing: A new phase in information technology management. Journal of Information Technology Management, XXII (1), 39-46. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267232982_Journal_of_Information_Technology_Management_CLOUD_COMPUTING_A_NEW_PHASE_IN_INFORMATION_TECHNOLOGY_MANAGEMENT Accessed 12 November 2019.
18. Bhuyan, S., & Dash, M. (2018). Predicting cloud computing adoption in hospitals using regression analysis. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 13(6), 1436–1441. https://doi.org/10.3923/jeasci.2018.1436.1441
19. Bogataj Habjan, K., & Pucihar, A. (2017). The Importance of Business Model Factors for Cloud Computing Adoption: Role of Previous Experiences. Organizacija, 50(3), 255–272. https://doi.org/10.1515/orga-2017-0013
20. Carcary, M., Doherty, E., Conway, G., & McLaughlin, S. (2014). Cloud computing adoption readiness and benefits realization in Irish SMEs—An exploratory study. Information Systems Management, 31(4), 313–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2014.958028
21. Charlebois, K., Palmour, N., & Knoppers, B. M. (2016). The adoption of cloud computing in the field of genomics research: The influence of ethical and legal issues. PLoS ONE, 11(10), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164347
22. Cruzes, D. (2015). Cloud Provider Transparency : A View from Cloud Customers. (May). https://doi.org/10.5220/0005439000300039
23. Dachyar, M., & Prasetya, M. D. (2014). Cloud Computing Implementation in Indonesia Cloud Computing Implementation in Indonesia. (March 2012).
24. Dai, W., Venters, W., Whitley, E. A., Lindner, M., Chapman, C., Clayman, S., … Patel, P. (2009). The Cost of a Cloud : Research Problems in Data Center Networks. Journal of Information Technology, 27(3), 68–73. https://doi.org/10.1145/1496091.1496103
25. Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS quarterly, 319-340.
26. Deil, R., & Brune, P. (2017). Cloudy with a Chance of Usage?-Towards a Model of Cloud Computing Adoption in German SME. In X. Franch, J. Ralyté, R. Matulevičius, C. Salinesi, & R. Wieringa (Eds.), 29th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering-CAiSE 2017 Forum and Doctoral Consortium Papers, June 14-16, 2017, 65-72.
27. El-Gazzar, R. F. (2014). A literature review on cloud computing adoption issues in enterprises. IFIP advances in ınformation and communication technology, AICT-429, 214-242. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43459-8
28. El-Gazzar, R. F. (2015). An overview of cloud computing adoption challenges in the Norwegian context. Proceedings - 2014 IEEE/ACM 7th International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing, UCC 2014, 412–418. https://doi.org/10.1109/UCC.2014.52
29. El-Gazzar, R., & Wahid, F. (2015). Strategies for cloud computing adoption: Insights from the Norwegian public sector. Proceeding of European, Mediterranean & Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems - EMOIS, June 1–15, 2015, Athens, Greece. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279287497_Strategies_for_Cloud_Computing_Adoption_Insights_from_the_Norwegian_Public_Sector Accessed 12 November 2019
30. Fishbein, M. and Ajzen, I. (1975), “Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: an introduction to theory and research”, available at: http://people.umass.edu/aizen/fanda1975.html (accessed July 1, 2014).Fremdt
31. Gallaugher, J., & Ransbotham, S. (2010). Preparing for the future: understanding the seven capabilities of cloud computing. MIS Quarterly Executive, 9(4), 197-212.
32. Gangwar, H., Date, H., & Ramaswamy, R. (2015). Understanding determinants of cloud computing adoption using an integrated TAM-TOE model. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 28(1), 107–130. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-08-2013-0065
33. Garrison, G., Wakefield, R. L., & Kim, S. (2015). The effects of IT capabilities and delivery model on cloud computing success and firm performance for cloud supported processes and operations. International Journal of Information Management, 35(4), 377–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2015.03.001
34. Ghobakhloo, D. Arias-Aranda, J. Benitez-Amado (2011). Adoption of e-commerce applications in SMEs, Ind. Manage. Data Syst., pp. 1238–1269.
35. Gledson, B. J., & Greenwood, D. (2017). The adoption of 4D BIM in the UK construction industry : An Innovation Diffusion approach Engineering , Construction and Architectural Management Article information : (February 2018). https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-03-2016-0066
36. Gupta, S., Matthews, P., Muntés-mulero, V., & Dominiak, J. (2017). Cloud Service Offer Selection. 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46031-4
37. Gutierrez, A., Boukrami, E., & Lumsden, R. (2015). Technological, organisational and environmental factors influencing managers’ decision to adopt cloud computing in the UK. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 28(6), 788–807. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-01-2015-0001
38. Hall, G. E., & Hord, S. M. (2001). Implementing Change: Patterns, Principles, and Potholes. Leadership in Mathematics Education, 2. Retrieved from https://www.mathedleadership.org/docs/coaching/PL-B-HALL.pdf
39. Hassan, H., & Nasir, H.M. (2017). Determinants of cloud computing adoption at firm level: from the technological context. Journal of Engineering and Application Sciences, 12 (16): 4186-4192, DOI: 10.3923/jeasci.2017.4186.4192
40. Hassan, H., Nasir, M.H.M., Khairudin, N., & Adon, I. (2017). Factors influencing cloud computing adoption in small and medium enterprises. Journal of Information and Communication Technology, 16(1), 21-41.
41. Iyer, E. K. (2014). Segmentation of Risk Factors associated with Cloud Computing Adoption. Proceedings of the International Conference on Cloud Security Management (Iccsm-2014), (October), 82–89. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3875.8088
42. Kadhim, Q. K., Yusof, R., Mahdi, H. S., Al-Shami, S. S. A., Selamat, S. R. (2018). A review study on cloud computing issues. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1018 (2018) 012006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1018/1/012006
43. Kaneko, R., & Pavarangkoon, P. (2016). A cloud provider selection scheme for cloud storage services. (November). https://doi.org/10.1587/comex.2016XBL0128
44. Katzan, Jr., H. (2010). On an ontological view of cloud computing. Journal of Service Science (JSS), 3(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.19030/jss.v3i1.795
45. Kemal, M. (2019). Beneficial uses of Cloud Computing Service and Deployment Models. (August).
46. Kwabena, H., Antwi, A., Awuni, J. A., & Naminse, E. (2014). Innovation Diffusion among Healthcare Workforce : Analysis of Adoption and Use of Medical ICT in Ghanaian Tertiary Hospitals. (July). https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v4-i7/987
47. Kyriakou, N., Maragoudakis, M., Loukis, E., & Themistocleous, M. (2017). Prediction of propensity for enterprise cloud computing adoption. Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, January 4-7, 2017, 4907-4916. https://doi.org/10.24251/hicss.2017.596
48. Leimeister, S., Riedl, C., Böhm, M., & Krcmar, H. (2010). The business perspective of cloud computing: Actors, roles, and value networks. Proceedings of the 18th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), South Africa, June 7-9, 2010, 1–12. https://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1082&context=ecis2010 Accessed 10 December 2019
49. Lele, A. (2019). Cloud computing. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 132, 167–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3384-2_10
50. Leloglu, E. (2018). A Review of Cloud Deployment Models for E-Learning Systems. (June 2013), 7–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/DSN.2013.6575331
51. Lian, J. W., Yen, D. C., & Wang, Y. T. (2014). An exploratory study to understand the critical factors affecting the decision to adopt cloud computing in Taiwan hospital. International Journal of Information Management, 34(1), 28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2013.09.004
52. Lynn, T., Gourinovitch, A., Morrison, J., Fox, G., Liang, X., & Rosati, P. (2018). Understanding the Determinants of Cloud Computing Adoption for High Performance Computing. Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, (January). https://doi.org/10.24251/hicss.2018.489
53. Maresova, P. (2014). Application of the Cost Benefit Analysis method in Cloud Computing in the Application of the Cost Benefit Analysis method in Cloud Computing in the Czech Republic. (January 2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.527
54. Marston, S., Li, Z., Bandyopadhyay, S., Zhang, J., & Ghalsasi, A. (2011). Cloud computing - The business perspective. Decision Support Systems, 51(1), 176–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2010.12.006
55. Mell, P., & Grance, T. (2011). The NIST definition of cloud computing. National Institute of Standard And Technology. https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-145/final. Accessed 7 September 2019
56. Misra, S. C., & Mondal, A. (2011). Identification of a company’s suitability for the adoption of cloud computing and modelling its corresponding Return on Investment. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 53(3–4), 504–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcm.2010.03.037
57. Mukherjee, S. (2019). Information Governance for the Implementation of Cloud Computing Information Governance for the Implementation of Cloud Computing Sourav Mukherjee. (June). https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.8282192
58. Ndukwe, I. G., & Chukwudi, A. E. (2015). Cost Benefits of Cloud vs . In-house IT for Higher Education Cost Benefits of Cloud vs . In-house IT for Higher Education. (February 2013).
59. Okan, A. A., Hacaloglu, T., & Yazici, A. (2016). Study on cloud computing perception of Turkish IT sector. Tehnički Vjesnik - Technical Gazette, 23(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.17559/tv-20131030225745
60. Oliveira, T., Thomas, M., & Espadanal, M. (2014). Assessing the determinants of cloud computing adoption: An analysis of the manufacturing and services sectors. Information and Management, 51(5), 497–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2014.03.006
61. Osorio-gallego, C. A., Londoño-metaute, J. H., & López-zapata, E. (2016). Analysis of factors that influence the ICT adoption by SMEs in Colombia. (April). https://doi.org/10.3926/ic.726
62. Repschlaeger, J., Wind, S., Zarnekow, R., & Turowski, K. (2013). Decision model for selecting a cloud provider: A study of service model decision priorities. 19th Americas Conference on Information Systems, AMCIS 2013 – Chicago, Illinois, August 15-17, 2013. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286007628_Decision_model_for_selecting_a_Cloud_provider_A_study_of_service_model_decision_priorities
63. Rogers, E. M. (1983). Diffusion of ınnovations. 3rd. Edition, Macmillan Publishing, 453 p.
64. Sallehudin, H., Razak, R. C., & Ismail, M. (2015). Factors Influencing Cloud Computing Adoption in the Public Sector: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business, 3(1), 30–45. https://doi.org/10.17687/jeb.0301.03
65. Scott, W., R. (1987). Institutional Theories of Organization. Annual Reviews Inc.. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2392880?seq=1. Accessed 01.05.2020
66. Senyo, P. K., Effah, J., & Addae, E. (2016). Preliminary insight into cloud computing adoption in a developing country. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 29(4), 505–524, https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-09-2014-0094
67. Singh, H., & Randhawa, R. (2015). CPSEL : Cloud Provider Selection Framework For Ranking and Selection of Cloud Provider. (January). Son, I. Lee, D., Lee, J.-N., & Chang, Y.-B. (2011). Understanding the impact of IT service innovation on firm performance: The case of cloud computing. PACIS 2011 Proceedings, paper 180.
68. Suryateja, P. S. (2018). Cloud Service Models Threats and Vulnerabilities : A Review Cloud Service Models Threats and Vulnerabilities : A Review. (April). Tarmidi, M., Rasid, S. Z. A., Alrazi, B., & Roni, R. A. (2015). Cloud Computing Awareness and Adoption among Accounting Practitioners in Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 164(August), 569–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.11.147
69. Tjan, A.K. (2001), “Finally, a way to put your Internet portfolio in order”, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 79 No. 2, p. 76.
70. Thiesse, F. T. Staake, P. Schmitt, E. Fleisch. (2011). The rise of the ‘‘next-generation bar code’’: an international RFID adoption study, Supply Chain Manage.: Int. J., pp. 245–328.
71. Tornatzky, R. L., and Fleisher, M. (1990). The Process of Technological Innovation. Lexington Books, Lexington, MA.
72. Tripathi, S. & Nasina, J. (2017). Adoption of cloud computing in business: A multi-case approach to evaluate the fit-viability model (FVM). Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 12(1), 64-73. https://doi.org/10.6702/ijbi2017.12.1.2
73. Venkatesh, V., M.G. Morris, G.B. Davis, and F.D. Davis. 2003. User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly 27: 425–78
74. Vidhyalakshmi, R. & Kumar, V. (2016). Determinants of cloud computing adoption by SMEs. International Journal of Business Information Systems, 22(3), 375–395. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBIS.2016.076878
75. Wang, C., Ren, K., Lou, W., & Li, J. (2010). Toward publicly auditable secure cloud data storage services. IEEE Network, 24(4), 19.24. https://doi.org/10.1109/MNET.2010.5510914
76. Wani, T. A., & Ali, S. W. (2015). Review & Scope in the Study of Adoption of Smartphones in India. (August).
77. Wazir, U., Khan, F. G., & Shah, S. (2016). Service Level Agreement in Cloud Computing : A Survey. (July).
78. Youseff, L., Butrico, M.A., & Da Silva, D. (2008). Toward a unified ontology of cloud computing: Grid computing environments workshop, GCE’08, 12-16 Nov. 2008, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2008.4738443
79. Zacharias, E. (2016). Introduction to cloud computing and control objectives for information and related technologies (COBIT) - mapped benefits of cloud computing adoption. African Journal of Business Management, 6(41), 10568–10577. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajbm12.584
80. Zhang, S., Zhang, S., Chen, X., & Huo, X. (2010). Cloud Computing Research and Development Trend. 2nd International Conference on Future Networks, ICFN 2010, 93-97. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICFN.2010.58