POPÜLİZM, HAKİKAT-SONRASI VE ULUSLARARASI SİYASET: İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ, GÖÇ VE COVID-19

Yıl 2021, , 199 - 213, 26.07.2021

Görkem Altınörs

https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.798294

Cited By: 1

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı popülizm ve hakikat-sonrası siyaset arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek ve bu ikisinin ilişkiselliğini uluslararası politikanın güncel sorunlarından iklim değişikliği, göç ve covid-19 pandemisi ile birlikte değerlendirmektir. Çalışma iki birbirine bağlı sorunsal üzerine kuruludur. Popülizm ve hakikat-sonrası siyaset uluslararası politikanın güncel sorunları ile ilişkili midir ve eğer öyleyse, bunlar uluslararası siyasete ne ölçüde içkindirler. Makale önce popülizm kavramı üzerine son zamanlarda hızla gelişen literatür ile angaje olacak ve neden popülizmin bir küresel otoriter süreç olarak ele alınması gerektiğini gösterecektir. İkinci olarak makale hakikat-sonrası siyasetin popülizm ve otoriterlik kavramlarıyla olan diyalektik ilişkisini ortaya koyacaktır. Daha sonra makale uluslararası politikanın küresel etkileri olan güncel sorunlarından iklim değişikliği, göç ve covid-19 pandemisini bu iki kavram üzerinden değerlendirerek, bu iki kavramın uluslararası politikaya çok yoğun bir biçimde içkin olduklarını ortaya koyacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Popülizm, Hakikat-Sonrası Siyaset, İklim Değişikliği, Göç, Covid-19

POPULISM AND POST-TRUTH IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS: CLIMATE CHANGE, MIGRATION, AND COVID-19

Öz

This paper aims to investigate the complex relationship between populism and post-truth politics and incorporate their relationality within the recent issues in international politics, namely climate change, migration, and Covid-19 pandemic. The study is based on these two inter-related research problematics: Whether or not populism and post-truth politics are relevant to the current issues in international politics, and if so, to what extent they are integral to the international politics. The article will first engage with the recent literature on populism and will demonstrate why it is vital to see populism as a global authoritarian process. Second, the article will demonstrate the concept of post-truth politics’ dialectical relationship with populism and authoritarianism. Then the article will incorporate the recent issues in international politics with global impact within populism and post-truth politics and will establish that these concepts are highly integral to international politics.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Populism, Post-Truth Politics, Climate Change, Migration, Covid-19

Kaynakça

• Acharya, A. & Buzan, B. (2019). The Making of Global International Relations: Origins and Evolution of IR at its Centenary. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• Adaman, F. & Akbulut, B. (2020). “Erdoğan’s three-pillared neoliberalism: Authoritarianism, populism and developmentalism”. Geoforum. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.12.013
• Adaman, F., Arsel M. & Akbulut, B. (2019). “Neoliberal developmentalism, authoritarian populism, and extractivism in the countryside: the Soma mining disaster in Turkey”. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 46:3, 514-536, DOI:10.1080/03066150.2018.1515737.
• Akçay, Ü. (2019). “Türkiye’de neoliberal popülizm, otoriterleşme ve kriz”. Toplum ve Bilim, 147.
• Al Jazeera. (2019). Refugees in Greece: Record Number in Overcrowded Camps. (11.10.2019) https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/refugees-greece-record-number-overcrowded-camps-191011195059167.html (Accessed on 15.10.2019).
• Althusser, L. (2014). On the Reproduction of Capitalism: Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses. Versoö London.
• Altınörs, G. (2020). “Devamlılık mı Kırılma mı? Brexit Sonrası Dönemde Birleşik Krallık-Türkiye İlişkilerinin Karşılaştırmalı Dış Politika Analizi”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 40, s. 285-302.
• Anderson, L. (2018) “Bread, Dignity and Social Justice: Populism in the Arab World.” Philosophy & Social Criticism, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 478–490, doi:10.1177/0191453718757841.
• Aslanidis, P. (2017). “Populism and Social Movements”, The Oxford Handbook of Populism, (Eds. C. R. Kaltwasser, P. Taggart, P. O. Espejo, and P. Ostiguy) Oxford University Press, Oxford.
• Barr, R. R. (2018) “Populism as a Political Strategy”, Routledge Handbook of Global Populism, (Ed. C. de la Torre) Routledge, New York.
• Baykan, T. S. (2018). The Justice and Development Party in Turkey. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• Bieler, A. & Morton, A. D. (2018). Global Capitalism, Global War, Global Crisis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• Bozkurt, U. (2013). “Neoliberalism with a human face: Making sense of the justice and development party's neoliberal populism in Turkey”. Science & Society, 77/3, 372–396.
• Bruff, I. (2014). “The Rise of Authoritarian Neoliberalism”. Rethinking Marxism: A Journal of Economics, Culture & Society, 26:1, 113-129, DOI: 10.1080/08935696.2013.843250.
• Bufacchi, V. (2020). “Truth, lies and tweets: A Consensus Theory of Post-Truth”. Philosophy & Social Criticism. https://doi.org/10.1177/0191453719896382
• Cassidy, J. (2016). “Bernie Sanders and the New Populism”. The New Yorker, 3 February 2016. https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/bernie-sanders-and-the-new-populism
• Çelik , B. (2020). “Screening for Erdoğanism: Television, post-truth and political fear”. European Journal of Communication, https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323120903680.
• Charalambous, G. & Christoforou, P. (2019). “Far-Right Extremism and Populist Rhetoric: Greece and Cyprus during an Era of Crisis”. South European Society and Politics, DOI: 10.1080/13608746.2018.1555957.
• Cop, B. (2016). “Türkiye’de halkçılık düşüncesinin tarihselliği”. Politikyol, 27 May 2016. https://www.politikyol.com/burak-cop-turkiyede-halkcilik-dusuncesinin-tarihselligi/
• Crilley, R., & Chatterje-Doody, P. (2018). “Security studies in the age of ‘post-truth’ politics: in defence of poststructuralism”. Critical Studies on Security, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/21624887.2018.1441634
• Dege, C. L. (2019). “Diversity in unity in post-truth times: Max Weber’s challenge and Karl Jaspers’s response”. Philosophy & Social Criticism. https://doi.org/10.1177/0191453719860225
• Destradi, S., Plagemann, J. (2019). “Populism and International Relations: (Un)predictability, personalisation, and the reinforcement of existing trends in world politics”. Review of International Studies X: 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0260210519000184.
• Evans, B., et. al. (2005). Governing Sustainable Cities, London & Sterling, VA: Earthscan.
• Financial Times. (2019). Chile faces spectre of its own populist backlash. https://www.ft.com/content/48ca97a4-ab36-11e6-9cb3-bb8207902122
• Financial Times. (2020). Why is the ‘anti-vaxxer’ movement growing during a pandemic? https://www.ft.com/content/f1966dd4-1c21-4a92-b726-f3634d8d9f16
• Fraune, C., & Knodt, M. (2018). “Sustainable energy transformations in an age of populism, post-truth politics, and local resistance”. Energy Research & Social Science, 3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.05.029
• Freeden, M. (2017). “After the Brexit referendum: revisiting populism as an ideology”. Journal of Political Ideologies, 22:1, 1-11, DOI: 10.1080/13569317.2016.1260813.
• Göksel, O. (2019). “Foreign Policy Making in the Age of Populism: The Uses of Anti-Westernism in Turkish Politics”. New Middle Eastern Studies 9/1, pp. 13-35.
• Goßner, C. (2020, 14 May). “Anti-lockdown protests in Germany infiltrated by far-right extremists”. Euractiv. https://www.euractiv.com/section/coronavirus/news/anti-lockdown-protests-in-germany-infiltrated-by-far-right-extremists/.
• Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the Prison Notebooks. Lawrence & Wishart, London.
• Gürsoy, Y. (2019). “Moving Beyond European and Latin American Typologies: The Peculiarities of AKP’s Populism in Turkey”. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2019.1665196
• Hadiz, V. R., & Chryssogelos, A. (2017). “Populism in world politics: A comparative cross-regional perspective”. International Political Science Review, 38/4, pp. 399–411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512117693908
• Hadiz, V. R. (2016). Islamic Populism in Indonesia and the Middle East. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• Hall, C. M. (2015). “Global Change, Islands, and Sustainable Development: Islands of Sustainability or Analogues of the Challenge of Sustainable Development?” Routledge International Handbook of Sustainable Development, (Eds. M. Redclift & D. Springett), Routledge, Oxon & New York.
• Hall, S. (1985). “Authoritarian Populism: A Reply to Jessop et al.”, New Left Review, I/151, 115–24.
• Hamman, P. (2017). “Definitions and Redefinitions of Urban Sustainability: A Bibliometric Approach”, Environnement Urbain / Urban Environment, (11), 1-27.
• Hart, G. (2013). “Gramsci, Geography, and the Languages of Populism” Gramsci: Space, Nature, Politics (Eds. M. Ekers, G. Hart, S. Kipfer, A. Loftus). Wiley & Blackwell, West Sussex.
• Hart, G. (2019). “From Authoritarian to Left Populism?: Reframing Debates”. The South Atlantic Quarterly 118/2, doi 10.1215/00382876-7381158.
• Haughton, G. & Hunter, D. (2003). Sustainable Cities. Routledge, London & New York.
• Holliday, S. J. (2019). “Populism, the International and Methodological Nationalism: Global Order and the Iran–Israel Nexus.” Political Studies, doi:10.1177/0032321718817476.
• Hoyng, R., & Es, M. (2020). Material Politics Facing Post‐Truth: Speculation, Infrastructure, and Ecology in Turkey. Antipode. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12654
• Hyvönen, A. E. (2018). Careless Speech: Conceptualizing Post-Truth Politics1. New Perspectives, 26(3), 31–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/2336825x1802600303
• İşleyen, B. (2017). Transit Mobility Governance in Turkey, Political Geography. 62, 23-32.
• James, P. (2015). Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice, Oxon & New York: Routledge.
• Kadıoğlu, İ. A. (2020). Suriye İç Savaşı ve Türkiye: Çatışma, Güvenlik ve Sığınma. OPUS-Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16(29). 145-179. DOI: 10.26466/opus.714551
• Kalpokas, I. (2018). On guilt and post-truth escapism: Developing a theory. Philosophy & Social Criticism, 44(10), 1127–1147. https://doi.org/10.1177/0191453718794752
• Kalpokas, I. (2019). A Political Theory of Post-Truth. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97713-3
• Kıvrak Köroğlu, E. (2020). Popülizmler: 21.Yüzyılda Popülizmi Ele Alış Biçimleri. Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.671432
• Kolotaev, Y. Y. (2020). European Union in the age of post-truth: Developing societal resilience before European Parliament elections 2019. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International Relations, 13(1), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2020.105
• Laclau, E. (2005a). Populism: What’s in a Name? In: Panizza F (ed.) Populism and the Mirror of Democracy. London: Verso, pp.32–49.
• Laclau, E. (2005b). On Populist Reason, London: Verso.
• Lohne, K. (2018). As the Universal Breaks: Moments of Awkwardness in International Justice. New Perspectives, 26(3), 135–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/2336825x1802600307
• Mair, J. (2017). Post-truth anthropology. Anthropology Today, 33(3), 3 4. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8322.12346
• Marshall, H., & Drieschova, A. (2018). Post-Truth Politics in the UK’s Brexit Referendum. New Perspectives, 26(3), 89–105. https://doi.org/10.1177/2336825x1802600305
• Mavelli, L. (2019). Neoliberalism as Religion: Sacralization of the Market and Post-truth Politics. International Political Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olz021
• Michelsen, N. (2018). International Relations Scholarship at 100: Publicism, Truth-Pluralism and the Usefulness Problem. New Perspectives, 26(3), 107–134. https://doi.org/10.1177/2336825x1802600306
• Michelsen, N., & Tallis, B. (2018). Post-Truth-Telling in International Relations. New Perspectives, 26(3), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2336825x1802600301
• Mouffe, C. (2019). Sol Popülizm. İstanbul: İletişim.
• Mudde C. & Kaltwasser, C. R. (2017). Populism: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press, s. 5-6.
• Müller, J. W. (2017). Popülizm Nedir? İstanbul: İletişim.
• Mülteciler Derneği (2019). Türkiyedeki Suriyeli Sayısı Ekim 2019, accessed on 17/10/2019, https://multeciler.org.tr/turkiyedeki-suriyeli-sayisi/.
• Ostiguy, P. (2017). Populism: A Socio-Cultural Approach içinde R. Kaltwasser et. al. (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Populism, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Özdemir, Y. (2020). AKP’s neoliberal populism and contradictions of new social policies in Turkey. Contemporary Politics, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2020.1720891
• Özen, H. (2015). An Unfinished Grassroots Populism: The Gezi Park Protests in Turkey and Their Aftermath, South European Society and Politics, DOI: 10.1080/13608746.2015.1099258.
• Park, B. (2018). Special Issue on Islamism, Populism, and Turkish Foreign Policy. Turkish Studies. 19:2.
• Pearsall, H., et. al. (2012). Whither Rio+20? Demanding a Politics and Practice of Socially Just Sustainability, Local Environment, 17(9), 935-941, p. 935.
• Peruzzotti, E. (2018). Laclau’s theory of populism içinde C. de la Torre (eds) Routledge Handbook of Global Populism, New York: Routledge.
• Plagemann, J., and Destradi, S. (2018). Populism and Foreign Policy: The Case of India. Foreign Policy Analysis, doi: 10.1093/fpa/ory010.
• Poulantzas, N. (1974). Fascism and Dictatorship: The Third International and the Problem of Fascism. London: New Left Books.
• Poulantzas, N. (1978). State, Power, Socialism, London: Verso
• Ramiro, L. & Gomez, R. (2017). Radical-Left Populism during the Great Recession: Podemos and Its Competition with the Established Radical Left. Political Studies, 65:1, 108-126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321716647400.
• Romanova, T. A., Sokolov, N. I., & Kolotaev, Y. Y. (2020). Disinformation (fake news, propaganda) as a threat to resilience: approaches used in the EU and its member state Lithuania. Baltic Region, 12(1), 53–67. https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2020-1-4
• Roosa, S. A. (2007). Sustainable Development Handbook, Lilburn, GA: The Fairmont Press, p. 23.
• Ruzza, C. (2009). Populism and Euroscepticism: Towards Uncivil Society?. Policy and Society 28:1, 87-98, DOI: 10.1016/j.polsoc.2009.02.007.
• Rychnovská, D., & Kohút, M. (2018). The Battle for Truth: Mapping the Network of Information War Experts in the Czech Republic. New Perspectives, 26(3), 57–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/2336825x1802600304
• Rydin, Y. (2014). ‘Sustainable Cities and Local Sustainability’ in G. Atkinson & et. al. (eds) Handbook of Sustainable Development, Second Edition, Cheltenham & Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
• Sagarzazu, I., and Thies, C. G. (2019). “The Foreign Policy Rhetoric of Populism: Chávez, Oil, and Anti-Imperialism.” Political Research Quarterly, vol. 72, no. 1, Mar. 2019, pp. 205–214, doi:10.1177/1065912918784212.
• Schindler, S. (2020). The task of critique in times of post-truth politics. Review of International Studies, 46(3), 376–394. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0260210520000091
• Sirman, N., & Akınerdem, F. (2019). From Seekers of Truth to Masters of PowerTelevised Stories in a Post-Truth World. South Atlantic Quarterly, 118(1), 129–144. https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-7281648
• Solty, I. (2013). The Crisis Interregnum: From the New Right-Wing Populism to the Occupy Movement. Studies in Political Economy, 91/1, 85-112, DOI: 10.1080/19187033.2013.11674983.
• Stavrakakis, Y. & Katsambekis, G. (2014). Left-wing populism in the European periphery: the case of SYRIZA, Journal of Political Ideologies, 19:2, 119-142, DOI: 10.1080/13569317.2014.909266.
• Stengel, F. A., MacDonald, D. B. and Nabers, D. (2019). Populism and World Politics: Exploring Inter- and Transnational Dimensions. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Tansel, C. B. (2017). States of Discipline: Authoritarian Neoliberalism and the Contested Reproduction of Capitalist Order. London ve New York: Rowman and Littlefield International.
• Taş, H. (2018). The 15 July abortive coup and post-truth politics in Turkey. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 18(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2018.1452374
• Tekdemir, O. (2018): Left-wing populism within horizontal and vertical politics: the case of Kurdish-led radical democracy in agonistic pluralism, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, DOI: 10.1080/19448953.2018.1497756.
• The Guardian. (2019). ‘War on science: Trump administration muzzles climate experts, critics say’. Accessed on 30/07/2019. (26 July 2019) Available at https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jul/26/war-on-science-trump-administration-muzzles-climate-experts-critics-say
• The Economist. (2020). https://www.economist.com/international/2020/06/03/fake-news-is-fooling-more-conservatives-than-liberals-why
• Torre, C. de la (2017). Trump’s Populism: Lessons from Latin America. Postcolonial Studies, 20:2, 187-198, DOI: 10.1080/13688790.2017.1363846.
• UN. (2018). ‘68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN’. Accessed on 30/07/2019. (16 May 2018) Available at https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html
• UNHCR (2019a). Syria Emergency, accessed on 14/10/2019, https://www.unhcr.org/syria-emergency.html.
• UNHCR (2019b). Greece, accessed on 15/10/2019, https://www.unhcr.org/greece.html.
• UNHCR Turkey (2019). UNHCR Turkey Stats, accessed on 14/10/2019, https://www.unhcr.org/tr/en/unhcr-turkey-stats.
• Wajner, D. F. (2019). ‘Making (Latin) America Great Again: Lessons from Populist Foreign Policies in the Americas’ içinde Frank A. Stengel, David B. MacDonald ve Dirk Nabers (der.) Populism and World Politics: Exploring Inter- and Transnational Dimensions. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Watts, J., and Bale, T. (2019). “Populism as an Intra-Party Phenomenon: The British Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn.” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, vol. 21, no. 1, Feb. 2019, pp. 99–115, doi:10.1177/1369148118806115.
• Wehner, L. E., & Thies, C. G. (2020). The nexus of populism and foreign policy: The case of Latin America. International Relations. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117820944430
• Weyland, K. (2017). ‘Populism: A Political-Strategic Approach’, in C. R. Kaltwasser et. al. (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Populism, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Wight, C. (2019). Post-Truth, Postmodernism and Alternative Facts. New Perspectives, 26(3), 17–29. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2F2336825X1802600302
• Wight, R. (2019, 30 December). https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-story-of-2019-protests-in-every-corner-of-the-globe The Story of 2019: Protests in Every Corner of the Globe, The New Yorker
• Wojczewski, T. (2019). “Trump, Populism, and American Foreign Policy”. Foreign Policy Analysis, doi: 10.1093/fpa/orz021.
• World Bank (2018). Urban Sustainability Framework. World Bank, Washington, DC.
• Yalman, G. L. (1985). “Popülizm, Bürokratik Otoriter Devlet ve Türkiye”, 11. Tez, 1.
• Yalvaç, F. (2013). “Tarihsel Sosyoloji ve Uluslararası İlişkiler: Jeopolitik, Kapitalizm ve Devletler Sistemi”. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 10/38, pp. 3-28.
• Yalvaç, F., and Joseph, J. (2019). “Understanding Populist Politics in Turkey: A Hegemonic Depth Approach.” Review of International Studies, pp. 1–19., doi:10.1017/S0260210519000238.
• Yilmaz, G. (2019). “Post-truth politics in the 2017 Euro-Turkish crisis”. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2019.1587390
• Yıldırım, D. (2009). “AKP ve Neoliberal Popülizm”, AKP: Bir Dönüşümün Bilançosu (Eds. İ. Uzgel and B. Duru) Phoenix, Ankara, pp. 66-107.
• Zhang, C. (2019). “Right-wing populism with Chinese characteristics? Identity, otherness and global imaginaries in debating world politics online”. European Journal of International Relations. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066119850253.