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THE PROBLEM OF THE JAPANESE PERCEPTION OF NATURE AND THE MEANINGS OF SHIZEN

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 53, 103 - 123, 01.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1171967

Öz

There is a growing interest in the Japanese appreciation of nature in environmental philosophy. However, numerous studies on the subject put forward several ambiguities and contradictions about the Japanese conception of nature. This article aims to investigate these ambiguities and contradictions by considering the Japanese word shizen as an “untranslatable”. The investigation of the meaning of an untranslatable term includes determining its polysemy in the source language and clarifying the difficulties when the term is translated into another language. To this aim the article examines the semantic differences between shizen and nature, the conceptual difficulties in defining a particularly Japanese conception of nature, and the semantic history of the term shizen. Such an examination reveals not only the significance of the polysemy of shizen in the discussions on the Japanese perception of nature but also how different meanings of the term nature intermingle in them.

Kaynakça

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  • Amano, K. (2020, 13 Ocak). Architect Kengo Kuma Weaves Nature Into New National Stadium’s Design. Japan Forward. Elde edilme tarihi: 30. 07. 2022, https://japan-forward.com/interview-architect-kengo-kuma-weaves-nature-into-new-national-stadiums-design/
  • Apter, E. (2014). “Preface”, Dictionary of Untranslatables: A Philosophical Lexicon. (Ed: B. Cassin), Princeton University Press, Princeton ve Oxford.
  • Ashkenazi, M. (1997). “The Cann-onization of Nature in Japanese Culture: Machinery of the Natural in Food Modernization”, Japanese Images of Nature: Cultural Perspectives, (Ed: A. Kalland ve P. J. Asquith), RoutledgeCurzon, Londra ve New York.
  • Barnhill, D. L. (2011). Major Conceptions of Nature in China and Japan. Elde edilme tarihi: 3 Ağustos 2020, https://www.uwosh.edu/facstaff/barnhill/244-intro/eastasian
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  • Befu, H. (1997). “Watsuji Tetsurō’s Ecological Approach: Its Philosophical Foundation”, Japanese Images of Nature: Cultural Perspectives, (Ed: A. Kalland ve P. J. Asquith), RoutledgeCurzon, Londra ve New York.
  • Berque, A. (1986). Le sauvage et l'artifice: Les Japonais devant la nature, Éditions Gallimard, Paris.
  • Berque, A. (2017). “Thinking the Ambient: On the Possibility of Shizengaku (Naturing Science)”, Japanese Environmental Philosophy. (Ed: J. B. Callicott ve J. McRae), Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Bocking, B. (1997). A Popular Dictionary of Shinto, Curzon, Ricmond Surrey.
  • Bruun, O. ve Kalland, A. (Ed.). (1995). Asian Perceptions of Nature: A Critical Approach, Curzon, Richmond, Surrey.
  • Buys, E. (1775). Nieuw en volkomen woordenboek van konsten en weetenschappen, Yedinci Kısım, S. J. Baalde boekverkooper, Amsterdam.
  • Callicott, J. B. ve Ames, R. T. (Ed). (1989). Nature in Asian Traditions of Thought: Essays in Environmental Philosophy, State University of New York Press, Albany.
  • Callicott, J. B. ve McRae, J. (Ed). (2014). Environmental Philosophy in Asian Traditions of Thought. SUNY Press, Albany.
  • Callicott, J. B. ve McRae, J. (Ed). (2017). Japanese Environmental Philosophy. Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Carlson, A. (1997). “On the Aesthetic Appreciation of Japanese Gardens”, British Journal of Aesthetics, 37/1, 47-56.
  • Cassin, B. (2012). “The Relativity of Translation and Relativism”, The New Centennial Review, 12/2, 23-45.
  • Cassin, B. (2014). “Introduction”, Dictionary of Untranslatables: A Philosophical Lexicon. (Ed: B. Cassin), Princeton University Press, Princeton ve Oxford.
  • Cassin, B., Reinhardt, M. A., Habib, A. (2015). "The Untranslatable: A New Theoretical Fulcrum? An Exchange with Barbara Cassin”, SubStance, 44/2, 6-14.
  • Cassin, B. ve Syrotinski, M. (2015). “The Energy of the Untranslatables: Translation as a Paradigm for the Human Sciences”, Paragraph, 38/2, 145- 158.
  • Cryns, F. (2001). “The Influence of Herman Boerhaave’s Mechanical Concept of the Human Body in Nineteenth Century”, Dodonaeus in Japan: Translation and the Scientific Mind in the Tokugawa Period, (Ed: W. F. Vande Walle ve K. Kasaya), Leuven University Press, Leuven.
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  • Davis, B. (2020). “Natural Freedom: Human/ Nature Nondualism in Zen and Japanese Thought”, The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Philosophy, (Ed: B. W. Davis), Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Descola, P. (2013). Doğa ve Kültürün Ötesinde, (Çev: İ. Yerguz), İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Hadot, P. (2006). The Veil of Isis: An Essay on the History of the Idea of Nature, (Çev: M. Chase), The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Londra, İngiltere.
  • Haga, Y. (1907). Kokuminsei Jūron, Fuzanbō, Tokyo.
  • Hearn, L. (2016). Japonya, (Çev: O. Adanır), Doğu Batı Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Hendry, J. (1997). “Nature Tamed: Gardens as a Microcosm of Japan’s View of the World”, Japanese Images of Nature: Cultural Perspectives, (Ed: A. Kalland ve P. J. Asquith), RoutledgeCurzon, Londra ve New York.
  • Hino, T. (1983). “Soraigaku ni okeru shizen to sakui”, Shizen - Kōza: Nihon shisō 1, (Ed: T. Sagara, M. Bitō ve Masahide ve K. Akiyama), Tokyo Daigaku Shuppansha, Tokyo.
  • Hirano, Y. (2017). “The Relationship between Nature and Human Feelings in Heian Waka”, Rethinking Nature in Japan: From Tradition to Modernity, (Ed: B. Ruperti, S. Vesco ve C. Negri), Edizioni Ca’Foscari, Venedik.
  • Ienaga, S. (1944). Nihon Shisōshi ni okeru Shūkyōteki Shizenkan no Tenkai, Sogensha, Tokyo.
  • Imamichi, T. (1983). “Concept of Nature”, Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan- 5, Kodansha, Tokyo.
  • Iwasawa, T. (2020). “Philosophical Implications of Shintō”, The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Philosophy, (Ed: B. W. Davis), Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Jenkins, W. J., Evelyn Tucker, M. E. ve Grim, J. (Ed.). (2018). Routledge Handbook of Religion and Ecology, Routledge, Londra.
  • Johnson, S. (1788). A Dictionary of the English Language, 3. Baskı, W. J. Jones, Dublin.
  • Kalland, A. (1995). “Culture in Japanese Nature”, Asian Perceptions of Nature: A Critical Approach, (Ed: O. Bruun ve A. Kalland), Curzon, Richmond, Surrey.
  • Kalland, A. ve Asquith, P. J. (1997). “Japanese Perceptions of Nature: Ideals and Illusions”, Japanese Images of Nature: Cultural Perspectives, (Ed: A. Kalland ve P. J. Asquith), RoutledgeCurzon, Londra ve New York.
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JAPONLARIN DOĞA ALGISI PROBLEMİ VE SHIZEN’İN ANLAMLARI

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 53, 103 - 123, 01.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1171967

Öz

Japon kültüründe doğaya verilen değer çevre felsefesinde artan bir şekilde ilgi gören konular arasında yer almaktadır. Bununla birlikte, konuyu ele alan araştırmalar Japonların doğa algısıyla ilgili içi içe geçen çeşitli problemler ortaya koymaktadır. Bu makale bu problemleri shizen kelimesini bir “çevrilemeyen” olarak ele alarak incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çevrilemeyen bir terimin incelenmesi o terimin kaynak dildeki çok anlamlılığını, başka bir dile çevrilmesiyle ortaya çıkan zorlukları ve anlam değişimlerini açık hale getirmeyi içermektedir. Bu amaçla makalede shizen ve Avrupa dillerinde doğa anlamına gelen kelimeler arasındaki farklar, Japonya’ya özgü bir doğa kavramı belirlenmek istendiğinde ortaya çıkan zorluklar ve bir çeviri kelimesi olarak shizen’in tarihsel gelişimi ele alınmaktadır. Böyle bir inceleme bir yandan shizen’in günümüzde ve geçmişte sahip olduğu farklı anlamların Japonların doğa algısıyla ilgili tartışmalar içindeki yerini belirlemeyi sağlarken, bir yandan da bu tartışmalarda Avrupa dillerinde doğaya karşılık gelen kelimelerin dile getirdiği farklı anlamların ne şekillerde birbiri içine geçip karıştığını göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Ackermann, P. (1997). “The Four Seasons: One of Japanese Cultures Most Central Concepts” Japanese Images of Nature: Cultural Perspectives, (Ed: A. Kalland ve P. J. Asquith), RoutledgeCurzon, Londra ve New York.
  • Amano, K. (2020, 13 Ocak). Architect Kengo Kuma Weaves Nature Into New National Stadium’s Design. Japan Forward. Elde edilme tarihi: 30. 07. 2022, https://japan-forward.com/interview-architect-kengo-kuma-weaves-nature-into-new-national-stadiums-design/
  • Apter, E. (2014). “Preface”, Dictionary of Untranslatables: A Philosophical Lexicon. (Ed: B. Cassin), Princeton University Press, Princeton ve Oxford.
  • Ashkenazi, M. (1997). “The Cann-onization of Nature in Japanese Culture: Machinery of the Natural in Food Modernization”, Japanese Images of Nature: Cultural Perspectives, (Ed: A. Kalland ve P. J. Asquith), RoutledgeCurzon, Londra ve New York.
  • Barnhill, D. L. (2011). Major Conceptions of Nature in China and Japan. Elde edilme tarihi: 3 Ağustos 2020, https://www.uwosh.edu/facstaff/barnhill/244-intro/eastasian
  • Başô, M. (1994). Kuzeye Giden İnce Yol ve Diğer Gezi Notları, (Çev: C. Yerli), Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Befu, H. (1997). “Watsuji Tetsurō’s Ecological Approach: Its Philosophical Foundation”, Japanese Images of Nature: Cultural Perspectives, (Ed: A. Kalland ve P. J. Asquith), RoutledgeCurzon, Londra ve New York.
  • Berque, A. (1986). Le sauvage et l'artifice: Les Japonais devant la nature, Éditions Gallimard, Paris.
  • Berque, A. (2017). “Thinking the Ambient: On the Possibility of Shizengaku (Naturing Science)”, Japanese Environmental Philosophy. (Ed: J. B. Callicott ve J. McRae), Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Bocking, B. (1997). A Popular Dictionary of Shinto, Curzon, Ricmond Surrey.
  • Bruun, O. ve Kalland, A. (Ed.). (1995). Asian Perceptions of Nature: A Critical Approach, Curzon, Richmond, Surrey.
  • Buys, E. (1775). Nieuw en volkomen woordenboek van konsten en weetenschappen, Yedinci Kısım, S. J. Baalde boekverkooper, Amsterdam.
  • Callicott, J. B. ve Ames, R. T. (Ed). (1989). Nature in Asian Traditions of Thought: Essays in Environmental Philosophy, State University of New York Press, Albany.
  • Callicott, J. B. ve McRae, J. (Ed). (2014). Environmental Philosophy in Asian Traditions of Thought. SUNY Press, Albany.
  • Callicott, J. B. ve McRae, J. (Ed). (2017). Japanese Environmental Philosophy. Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Carlson, A. (1997). “On the Aesthetic Appreciation of Japanese Gardens”, British Journal of Aesthetics, 37/1, 47-56.
  • Cassin, B. (2012). “The Relativity of Translation and Relativism”, The New Centennial Review, 12/2, 23-45.
  • Cassin, B. (2014). “Introduction”, Dictionary of Untranslatables: A Philosophical Lexicon. (Ed: B. Cassin), Princeton University Press, Princeton ve Oxford.
  • Cassin, B., Reinhardt, M. A., Habib, A. (2015). "The Untranslatable: A New Theoretical Fulcrum? An Exchange with Barbara Cassin”, SubStance, 44/2, 6-14.
  • Cassin, B. ve Syrotinski, M. (2015). “The Energy of the Untranslatables: Translation as a Paradigm for the Human Sciences”, Paragraph, 38/2, 145- 158.
  • Cryns, F. (2001). “The Influence of Herman Boerhaave’s Mechanical Concept of the Human Body in Nineteenth Century”, Dodonaeus in Japan: Translation and the Scientific Mind in the Tokugawa Period, (Ed: W. F. Vande Walle ve K. Kasaya), Leuven University Press, Leuven.
  • d'Alembert ve de Jaucourt (1758). “Nature”, Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une société de gens de lettres, (Ed: D. Diderot ve J. L. R. d'Alembert), 2. Baskı, Vincenzo Giuntini, Lucca.
  • Davis, B. (2020). “Natural Freedom: Human/ Nature Nondualism in Zen and Japanese Thought”, The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Philosophy, (Ed: B. W. Davis), Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Descola, P. (2013). Doğa ve Kültürün Ötesinde, (Çev: İ. Yerguz), İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Hadot, P. (2006). The Veil of Isis: An Essay on the History of the Idea of Nature, (Çev: M. Chase), The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Londra, İngiltere.
  • Haga, Y. (1907). Kokuminsei Jūron, Fuzanbō, Tokyo.
  • Hearn, L. (2016). Japonya, (Çev: O. Adanır), Doğu Batı Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Hendry, J. (1997). “Nature Tamed: Gardens as a Microcosm of Japan’s View of the World”, Japanese Images of Nature: Cultural Perspectives, (Ed: A. Kalland ve P. J. Asquith), RoutledgeCurzon, Londra ve New York.
  • Hino, T. (1983). “Soraigaku ni okeru shizen to sakui”, Shizen - Kōza: Nihon shisō 1, (Ed: T. Sagara, M. Bitō ve Masahide ve K. Akiyama), Tokyo Daigaku Shuppansha, Tokyo.
  • Hirano, Y. (2017). “The Relationship between Nature and Human Feelings in Heian Waka”, Rethinking Nature in Japan: From Tradition to Modernity, (Ed: B. Ruperti, S. Vesco ve C. Negri), Edizioni Ca’Foscari, Venedik.
  • Ienaga, S. (1944). Nihon Shisōshi ni okeru Shūkyōteki Shizenkan no Tenkai, Sogensha, Tokyo.
  • Imamichi, T. (1983). “Concept of Nature”, Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan- 5, Kodansha, Tokyo.
  • Iwasawa, T. (2020). “Philosophical Implications of Shintō”, The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Philosophy, (Ed: B. W. Davis), Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Jenkins, W. J., Evelyn Tucker, M. E. ve Grim, J. (Ed.). (2018). Routledge Handbook of Religion and Ecology, Routledge, Londra.
  • Johnson, S. (1788). A Dictionary of the English Language, 3. Baskı, W. J. Jones, Dublin.
  • Kalland, A. (1995). “Culture in Japanese Nature”, Asian Perceptions of Nature: A Critical Approach, (Ed: O. Bruun ve A. Kalland), Curzon, Richmond, Surrey.
  • Kalland, A. ve Asquith, P. J. (1997). “Japanese Perceptions of Nature: Ideals and Illusions”, Japanese Images of Nature: Cultural Perspectives, (Ed: A. Kalland ve P. J. Asquith), RoutledgeCurzon, Londra ve New York.
  • Karatani, K. (2011). Derinliğin Keşfi: Modern Japon Edebiyatının Kökenleri, (Çev: D. Ç. Güven ve İ. Öner), Metis Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Kellert, S. R. (1991). “Japanese Perceptions of Wildlife”, Conservation Biology, 5/3, 297-308. Kirby, P. W. (2011). Troubled Natures: Waste, Environment, Japan, University of Hawai’i Press, Honolulu.
  • LaFleur, R. W. (1989). “Saigyō and the Buddhist Value of Nature”, Nature in Asian Traditions of Thought: Essays in Environmental Philosophy. (Ed: J. B. Callicott ve R. T. Ames), State University of New York Press, Albany.
  • Lezra, J. (2015). “This Untranslatability which is not One”, Paragraph, 38/2, 174-188.
  • Lohmann, L. (1993). “Green Orientalism”, The Ecologist, 23/6, 202–4.
  • Marcon, F. (2017). “Without Nature: Thinking about the Environment in Tokugawa Japan”, Rethinking Nature in Contemporary Japan: From Tradition to Modernity, (Ed: B. Ruperti, S. Vesco ve C. Negri), Edizioni Ca’Foscari, Venedik.
  • Martinez, P. M. (2005). “On the ‘Nature’ of Japanese Culture, or, Is There a Japanese Sense of Nature?”, A Companion to the Anthropology of Japan, (Ed: J. Robertson), Blackwell Publishing, MA, Oxford, Victoria.
  • Maruyama, M. (1972). “Rekishi ishiki no ‘koso’”, Nihon no Shisō 6: Rekishi Shisō Shū, (Ed: M. Maruyama), Chikuma Shobo, Tokyo.
  • Maruyama, M. (1974). Studies in the Intellectual History of Tokugawa Japan, (Çev: M. Hane), Princeton University Press ve University of Tokyo Press, Japonya.
  • Matsuoka, M. (2013). Kyoto gakuha to ekorojii, Ronsōsha, Tokyo.
  • Matsushita, K. (1968). Michi wo Hiraku, PHP Kenkyūjo, Kyoto.
  • Miyamoto, Y. (2005). “Japanese Religions”, The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, (Ed: B. R. Taylor), Thoemmes Continuum, Londra ve New York.
  • Moeran, B. ve Skov, L. (1997). “Mount Fuji and the Cherry Blossoms: A View from Afar”, Japanese Images of Nature: Cultural Perspectives, (Ed: A. Kalland ve P. J. Asquith), RoutledgeCurzon, Londra ve New York.
  • Morris-Suzuki, T. (1991). “Concepts of Nature and Technology in Pre-industrial Japan”, East Asian History, 1, 81-96.
  • Morris-Suzuki, T. (1998). Re-inventing Japan: Time, Space, Nation, M. E. Sharpe, New York.
  • “Mui”. (1998-2004). Kojien, 5. Edition, Casio XD-F6700 Electronic Dictionary Edition, 1998-2004, Iwanami Shoten, Tokyo.
  • Nishi, K. (2002). “Poeshisuteki Tenkai: Kyotogakuhani Yoru ‘Geijutsu’ to ‘Shizen’ no Gensetsu Hensei”, Geijutsu/Kattō no Genba: Kindai Nihon Geijutsu Shisō no Kontekusuto, (Ed: K. Iwaki), Koyo Shobo, Tokyo.
  • Özdemir, İ. S. (2015). “Yerin Güzelliği: Kyoto Okulu Estetiği ve İlişkisellik”, Türkiye’de Japonya Çalışmaları II, (Ed: S. Esenbel ve E. Küçükyalçın), Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Özdemir, İ. S. (2022). “Fūdo ve Japon Yağmurları”, Kotodama İstanbul academia 2, (Ed: E. Esen), Efe Akademi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Pedersen, P. (1995). “Nature, Religion and Cultural Identity: The Religious Environmentalist Paradigm”, Asian Perceptions of Nature: A Critical Approach, (Ed: O. Bruun ve A. Kalland), Curzon Press, Surrey.
  • Pellicer, A. (1955). “Natura et le sentiment de la nature”, Pallas. Revue d'études antiques, 4/3, 21-28.
  • Rambelli, F. (2001). Vegetal Buddhas: Ideological Effects of Japanese Buddhist Doctrines on the Salvation of Inanimate Beings, Scuola Italiana di Studi sull' Asia Orientale, Kyoto.
  • Reader, I. (1990), “The Animism Renaissance Reconsidered: An Urgent Response to Dr. Yasuda”, Nichibunken Newsletter, 6, 14–6.
  • Reitan, R. (2017). “Ecology and Japanese History: Reactionary Environmentalism’s Troubled Relationship with the Past”, The Asia-Pacific Journal - Japan Focus, 15/ 3, 1-18.
  • Rots, A. P. (2017). Shinto, Nature and Ideology in Contemporary Japan: Making Sacred Forests, Bloomsbury, Londra.
  • Sagara, T. (1983). “Hajime ni”, Shizen - Kōza: Nihon shisō 1, (Ed: T. Sagara, M. Bitō ve Masahide ve K. Akiyama), Tokyo Daigaku Shuppansha, Tokyo.
  • Sagara, T. (1987). “Onozukara toshite no Shizen”, Nihon no Bigaku, 3/10, 20-35.
  • Sagara, T. (1995). “‘Shizen’ to iu Kotoba wo Meguru Kangae Kata ni Tsuite: ‘Shizen’ Keijijōgaku to Ronri”, Chōetsu Shizen, Sagara Tōru Chosaku-shū 6, Perikansha, Tokyo.
  • Saito, Y. (1985). “The Japanese Appreciation of Nature”, British Journal of Aesthetics, 25/3, 239-251.
  • Saito, Y. (1992). “The Japanese Love of Nature: a Paradox”, Landscape, 31/2, 1-8.
  • Saito, Y. (1996). “Japanese Gardens: the Art of Improving Nature”, Chanoyu Quarterly, 83, 40-61.
  • Saito, Y. (2010). “Future Directions for Environmental Aesthetics”, Environmental Values, 19/3, 373–391.
  • Saito, Y. (2014). “Everyday Aesthetics in the Japanese Tradition”, Aesthetics of Everyday Life: East and West, (Ed: L. Yuedi ve C. L. Carter), Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne.
  • Satō, M. (1983). “Shinran ni okeru Jinenhōni”, Nihon Shisō 1- Shizen, (Ed: T. Sagara, M. Bitō ve K. Akiyama), Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai, Tokyo.
  • Schepers, G. (1986). Naturalness in Japanese Religion: Shinran’s Concept of Jinen-honi. Humanities 20, 59-81. Elde edilme tarihi: 30. 07. 2022, https://gschepers.de/jinen--naturalness-.html
  • Selin, H. ve Kalland, A. (Ed). (2003). Nature Across Cultures: Views of Nature and the Environment in Non-Western Cultures, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston.
  • Shirane, H. (2012). Japan and the Culture of the Four Seasons, Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Shirane, H. (2017). “Japan and the Culture of the Four Seasons: Nature, Literature and the Arts”, Rethinking Nature in Contemporary Japan: From Tradition to Modernity, (Ed: B. Ruperti, S. Vesco ve C. Negri), Edizioni Ca’Foscari, Venedik.
  • “Shizen”. (2018). Kōjien, 7. Baskı, Iwanami Shoten, Tokyo.
  • Sonoda, M. (2000). “Shinto and the Natural Environment”, Shinto in History: Ways of the Kami, (Ed: J. Breen ve M. Teeuwen ed., University of Hawai’i Press, Honolulu.
  • Soper, K. (1995). What is Nature? Culture, Politics, and the Non-Human, Blackwell, Oxford.
  • Tamura, Y. (1983). “Nihon Shisōshi ni okeru Hongaku Shisō”, Shizen - Kōza: Nihon shisō 1, (Ed: T. Sagara, M. Bitō ve Masahide ve K. Akiyama), Tokyo Daigaku Shuppansha, Tokyo.
  • Takashina, S. (2021). “Humanity and Nature in Japan” is the overarching theme for the Japan Cultural Expo. Japan Cultural Expo. Elde edilme tarihi: 30. 07. 2022, https://japanculturalexpo.bunka.go.jp/en/about/themes/
  • Taylor, B. R. (Ed). (2005). The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, Continuum, Londra ve New York.
  • Tellenbach, H. ve Kimura, B. (1989). “The Japanese Conception of Nature”, Nature in Asian Traditions of Thought: Essays in Environmental Philosophy. (Ed: J. B. Callicott ve R. T. Ames), State University of New York Press, Albany.
  • The Nippon Gakujutsu Shinkōkai. (1965). The Manyōshū: The Nippon Gakujutsu Shinkōkai Translation of One Thousand Poems Selected and Translated from the Japanese, Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Thomas, J. A. (2002). Reconfiguring Modernity: Concepts of Nature in Japanese Political Ideology, University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Tollini, A. (2017). “Japanese Buddhism and Nature Man and Natural Phenomena in the Quest for Enlightenment”, Rethinking Nature in Contemporary Japan: From Tradition to Modernity, (Ed: B. Ruperti, S. Vesco ve C. Negri), Edizioni Ca’Foscari, Venedik.
  • Totman, C. (1989). The Green Archipelago: Forestry in Preindustrial Japan, University of California Press, Berkeley ve Los Angeles.
  • Tucker, J. A. (2003). “Japanese Views of Nature and the Environment”, Nature Across Cultures: Views of Nature and the Environment in Non-Western Cultures, (Ed: H. Selin), Springer Science+Business Media, Dordrecht.
  • Wang, Z. (2018). “How the Concept of ‘Nature’ Emerged and Evolved in Modern China”, Cultura. International Journal of Philosophy of Culture and Axiology, 15/2, 13-29.
  • Watsuji, T. (1961). A Climate: A Philosophical Study, (İng. Çev: Geoffrey Bownas), Printing Bureau, Japanese Government, Tokyo.
  • White, L. (1967). “The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis”, Science, 155/ 3767, 1203-07.
  • Yanabu, A. (1977). Honyaku no Shisō: ‘Shizen’ to Nature, Heibonsha, Tokyo.
  • Yasuda, Y. (1990). “Animism Renaissance”, Nichibunken Newsletter, 5, 2-4.
  • Young, R. J. C. (2014). “Philosophy in Translation”, A Companion to Translation Studies, (Ed: S. Bermann ve C. Porter), Wiley Blackwell, West Sussex.
Toplam 93 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Felsefe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

İbrahim Soner Özdemir 0000-0003-1636-0572

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 15 Aralık 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2022
Kabul Tarihi 3 Ekim 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 53

Kaynak Göster

APA Özdemir, İ. S. (2022). JAPONLARIN DOĞA ALGISI PROBLEMİ VE SHIZEN’İN ANLAMLARI. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(53), 103-123. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1171967
AMA Özdemir İS. JAPONLARIN DOĞA ALGISI PROBLEMİ VE SHIZEN’İN ANLAMLARI. PAUSBED. Aralık 2022;(53):103-123. doi:10.30794/pausbed.1171967
Chicago Özdemir, İbrahim Soner. “JAPONLARIN DOĞA ALGISI PROBLEMİ VE SHIZEN’İN ANLAMLARI”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, sy. 53 (Aralık 2022): 103-23. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1171967.
EndNote Özdemir İS (01 Aralık 2022) JAPONLARIN DOĞA ALGISI PROBLEMİ VE SHIZEN’İN ANLAMLARI. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 53 103–123.
IEEE İ. S. Özdemir, “JAPONLARIN DOĞA ALGISI PROBLEMİ VE SHIZEN’İN ANLAMLARI”, PAUSBED, sy. 53, ss. 103–123, Aralık 2022, doi: 10.30794/pausbed.1171967.
ISNAD Özdemir, İbrahim Soner. “JAPONLARIN DOĞA ALGISI PROBLEMİ VE SHIZEN’İN ANLAMLARI”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 53 (Aralık 2022), 103-123. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1171967.
JAMA Özdemir İS. JAPONLARIN DOĞA ALGISI PROBLEMİ VE SHIZEN’İN ANLAMLARI. PAUSBED. 2022;:103–123.
MLA Özdemir, İbrahim Soner. “JAPONLARIN DOĞA ALGISI PROBLEMİ VE SHIZEN’İN ANLAMLARI”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, sy. 53, 2022, ss. 103-2, doi:10.30794/pausbed.1171967.
Vancouver Özdemir İS. JAPONLARIN DOĞA ALGISI PROBLEMİ VE SHIZEN’İN ANLAMLARI. PAUSBED. 2022(53):103-2.