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EMMA DONOGHUE'un ODA’SINDA VE NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE’NUN KIRMIZI LEKE’SİNDE ANNELİĞİN PSİKANALİTİK ANALİZİ

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 56, 247 - 266, 22.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1130322

Öz

Bu çalışma, Emma Donoghue'nun Oda’sı ve Nathaniel Hawthorne'un Kırmızı Leke’sini anne ve çocuk ilişkisine odaklanarak psikanalitik bir bakış açısıyla incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Oda adlı romanında, yıllarını on bir metrelik bir odada tutsak olarak geçiren annesi Ma ile birlikte beş yaşındaki Jack'in "dış mekan”’da yaşadıklarına, travmalarına, kavgalarına tanık oluyoruz. Room'un ilham kaynağı Avusturya'daki Fritzl vakasıdır ve gerçek vakada Elizabeth Fritzl biyolojik babası tarafından 24 yıl boyunca tecavüze ve cinsel istismara uğramış ve bu iğrenç sistematik ensest sonucunda evlerinin kilerinde 7 çocuk dünyaya getirmiştir. Emma Donoghue'nin muhteşem kalemi, Elizabeth ve oğullarından birinin bu yürek burkan durumunu Ma ve Jack isimlerini vererek kurgusal bir şekilde yazmaktadır. Öte yandan, Kırmızı Leke, terk edilmiş bir dünyada Hester ve Pearl'ün yakın ilişkisini ele almaktadır. Birbirlerinin yansıması, vicdanlarının sesi ve zorlu bir toplumda hayatta kalmaları için birbirlerinin umut ışığıdırlar. Özellikle Hawthorne'un yaşamı, Hester Prynne, Dimmesdale ve Chillingworth arasındaki ilişki ile Oidipus kompleksinin gözlemlenmesi gibi pek çok açıdan örtüşmektedir. Yazar, psikanalitik kuram aracılığıyla kendini onların yerine koyarak bilinçdışındaki kişiliğini karakterlerine yansıtır. Her iki roman da bir annenin çocuğuyla kapalı, izole bir alanda, tenha odalarına hapsedilmiş tutsaklar gibi özdeşleşmesini işleyerek, birbirlerini nasıl tamamladıkları ve sosyal baskı altında anne-çocuk ilişkisinde birbirlerinin gelişimlerine ve dönüşümlerine nasıl katkı sağladıklarını göstermektedir. Yazma eylemiyle yazar arzularını ifade eder ve kelimeler onun imceleme araçları haline gelir. Bir arkeolog gibi geçmişi araştırır ve geçmişin deneyimini ifade etmek ister. Bu nedenle hayal kurar ve isteklerini sanat biçiminde ortaya koyar. Freud'un 1907'de verdiği ve dolayısıyla 1908'de yazılı bir belge olarak yayınladığı Yaratıcı Yazarlar ve Gündüz Düşleri adlı gayri resmi konuşmasında, bilinçdışı düşlem ile yaratıcı sanat arasında yakın bir ilişki vardır ve bir metni okurken, bir bakıma yazarın ruhunu anlarız. İnsanın arzuları bilinçaltı düzeyinde bastırıldığı için ve bir şiir veya romanla ilgili sanatsal bir eser gibi bir şey ürettiğinde, bu arzular ve fikirler ortaya çıkar ve yüzeye çıkar. Bu çalışma, Emma Donoghue ve Herman Melville'in çocukluk travmalarının izlerini taşıyan her iki romanı sergilerken aynı zamanda kurgusal karakterlerin iç dünyalarını, bastırılmış arzularını ve duygularını eylemleriyle nasıl açığa vurduğunu da incelemektedir. Psikanalitik kuramla yakından ilişkili olan Nathaniel Hawthorne, bastırılmış duyguların, arzuların ve içsel düşüncelerin ifade edilmesinde sosyal tabuların ve kısıtlamaların bireyler üzerindeki etkileriyle ilgilenir. Okuyucuların daha sonraki psikolojik dönüşümlerine odaklanarak karakterlerinin karmaşık zihinlerine ve psikolojik bozukluklarına daha derinden inmelerini sağlar. Bu çalışmada ayrıca Ma'nın id, ego, süperegosuna, Jack'in yaşadığı Oidipus sendromuna, karakterlerin bilinçdışının maskesini düşüren rüyalarına da değinilmiştir.

Destekleyen Kurum

DOĞUŞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, ÖZYEĞİN ÜNİVERSİTESİ

Teşekkür

İlgi ve desteğiniz için teşekkür ederim.

Kaynakça

  • Baughman, Ernest W. (1967). “Public Confession and The Scarlet Letter”. The New England Quarterly, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 532-550.
  • Baym, Nina (1976). The Shape of Hawthorne's Career. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press.
  • Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). “Attachment and Loss”, Vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
  • Chodorow, Nancy (1978). The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender (Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press.
  • Crews, Frederick C. (1966). The Sins of the Fathers: Hawthorne's Psychological Themes, New York: Oxford Univ. Press, pp. 136-53.
  • Donoghue, Emma. Interview. The Q&A: Emma Donoghue, Author. The Economist. More Intelligent Life, 17 November 2010. Web. 22 December 2015.
  • Donoghue, Emma. (2010). Room. USA: Little, Brown and Company.
  • Felluga, Dino. (2016). "Modules on Freud: On Psychosexual Development". Introductory Guide to Critical Theory. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University College of Liberal Arts.
  • Freud, Sigmund (1920). A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis. New York: Horace Liveright., (1963) 'Femininity', New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, Norton, NY, (c.1935), p. 129.
  • Freud, Sigmund (1933). Psychoanalytic Theory. The United States of America.
  • Fritzl case. (2022, October 19). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritzl_case
  • Garibotto, Becky (2009, April). “Atoning for the Past, Writing for the Future”. An Analysis of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter. Senior Project, Christiana Zwarg, Web. pp. 2-29. http://triceratops.brynmawr.edu.
  • Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The American Notebooks. Ed. Claude M. Simpson. Vol. 8 of Hawthorne, Centenary Edition.
  • Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1992). The Scarlet Letter. London: Wordsworth Classics.
  • Humm, Maggie. (1994). A Reader's Guide to Contemporary Feminist Literary Criticism. New York; London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
  • Irwin, American Hieroglyphics, pp. 239-84.
  • Jung, C. G., Read, H., Fordham, M., Adler, G., Ress, L., Forryan, B., & Glover, J. M. (1969). The collected works of C.G. Jung: The archetypes and the collective unconscious.
  • Lacan, Jacques (1977). The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis. The Seminar of Jacques Lacan: Book XI. Ed. Jacques A. Miller, Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Leland S. Person, Jr. (1989). “Hester's Revenge: The Power of Silence in The Scarlet Letter”. Nineteenth-Century Literature, Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 465-483.
  • Leverenz, David (1980). The Language of Puritan Feeling: An Exploration in Literature, Psychology, and Social History (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers Univ. Press, pp. 258-71.
  • Mader, M. Beth (2017, June 16). Luce Irigaray. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Luce-Irigaray
  • Mellard, James M. (1991). Using Lacan, Reading Fiction. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • Sganlon, Lawrence E. (1962). “The Heart of The Scarlet Letter”. Texas Studies in Literature and Language, Summer 1962, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 198-213.
  • Simon O. Lesser (1957), Fiction and the Unconscious, Boston, pp. 297, 15.
  • Skura, Meredith Anne (1981). The Literary Use of the Psychoanalytic Process. New Haven, Conn.
  • Tassi, Nina (1998). “Hester's Prisons: Sex, Intellect, and Gender in "The Scarlet Letter"”. CEA Critic, Vol. 60, No. 3, pp. 23-36.
  • T. Walter Herbert, Jr. (1988). “Nathaniel Hawthorne, Una Hawthorne, and The Scarlet Letter: Interactive Selfhoods and the Cultural Construction of Gender”. PMLA, May, 1988, Vol. 103, No. 3, pp. 285-297.
  • Waggoner, Hyatt H. (1955). Hawthorne: A Critical Study. Cambridge: Massachusetts, pp. 136,135,134.
  • https://www.readersdigest.co.uk/culture/film-tv/film-review-room-home-and-hell

A PSYCHOANALYTIC ANALYSIS OF MOTHERHOOD IN EMMA DONOGHUE’S ROOM AND NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE’S SCARLET LETTER

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 56, 247 - 266, 22.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1130322

Öz

This study aims to analyse Emma Donoghue’s Room and Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Scarlet Letter from a psychoanalytic perspective with a focus on the mother and child relationship. In the novel Room we witness the experiences, traumas, fight in the ‘’outer space’’ of a five-year-old boy Jack, along with his mother, Ma who spent her years in an eleven-feet room as captives. The inspiration of Room is the Fritzl case in Austria and in the real case Elizabeth Fritzl was raped and sexually abused by her biological father for 24 years and as a result of this disgusting systematic incest, she gave birth to 7 kids in the cellar of their home. Emma Donoghue’s gorgeous pen writes this heart-pounding situation of Elizabeth and one of her sons in a fictional way by naming them Ma and Jack. On the other hand, the Scarlet Letter deals with the intimate relationship of Hester and Pearl in an abandoned world. They are a reflection of each other as well as the voice of their conscience and a light of hope for each other to survive in a challenging society. Especially Hawthorne’s life overlaps with the relationship between Hester Prynne, Dimmesdale and Chillingworth in many respects, such as the observation of Oedipus complex. The writer reflects his unconscious personality on his characters by putting himself in their place through psychoanalytic theory. Both novels feature the identification of a mother with her child in an enclosed, isolated area as if they were imprisoned captives in their secluded rooms and demonstrate how they complete each other and contribute to each other’s self-development and transformation in the mother-child relationship under social pressure. Through the act of writing, the author expresses his/her desires and the words become his/her digging tools. Like an archaeologist, he/she digs for the past and wants to express the experience of the past. Therefore, he/she fantasizes and manifests his/her wishes in the form of art. For Freud’s informal talk called Creative Writers and Day- Dreaming which was given in 1907 and consequently published in 1908 as a written document there is a close relationship between unconscious phantasy and creative art and while we are reading a text, we understand the psyche of the author in a way. Because the desires of a man remain suppressed in his unconscious level of mind and when he produces something like an artistic work regarding a poem or novel, those desires and ideas rise up and come to the surface. While demonstrating both novels that bear the traces of Emma Donoghue and Herman Melville’s childhood traumas, this study also analyses how the fictional characters reveal their inner worlds, repressed desires, and feelings through their actions. Closely related to psychoanalytic theory, Nathaniel Hawthorne deals with the effects of social taboos and constraints on individuals in the expression of repressed feelings, desires and inward thoughts. He enables readers to go deeper into the complicated minds and psychological disorders of his characters with a focus on their later psychological transformation. Ma’s id, ego, superego, Oedipus syndrome that Jack lives, the dreams of the characters that unmask their unconscious starkly are touched upon in this study as well.

Kaynakça

  • Baughman, Ernest W. (1967). “Public Confession and The Scarlet Letter”. The New England Quarterly, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 532-550.
  • Baym, Nina (1976). The Shape of Hawthorne's Career. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press.
  • Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). “Attachment and Loss”, Vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
  • Chodorow, Nancy (1978). The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender (Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press.
  • Crews, Frederick C. (1966). The Sins of the Fathers: Hawthorne's Psychological Themes, New York: Oxford Univ. Press, pp. 136-53.
  • Donoghue, Emma. Interview. The Q&A: Emma Donoghue, Author. The Economist. More Intelligent Life, 17 November 2010. Web. 22 December 2015.
  • Donoghue, Emma. (2010). Room. USA: Little, Brown and Company.
  • Felluga, Dino. (2016). "Modules on Freud: On Psychosexual Development". Introductory Guide to Critical Theory. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University College of Liberal Arts.
  • Freud, Sigmund (1920). A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis. New York: Horace Liveright., (1963) 'Femininity', New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, Norton, NY, (c.1935), p. 129.
  • Freud, Sigmund (1933). Psychoanalytic Theory. The United States of America.
  • Fritzl case. (2022, October 19). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritzl_case
  • Garibotto, Becky (2009, April). “Atoning for the Past, Writing for the Future”. An Analysis of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter. Senior Project, Christiana Zwarg, Web. pp. 2-29. http://triceratops.brynmawr.edu.
  • Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The American Notebooks. Ed. Claude M. Simpson. Vol. 8 of Hawthorne, Centenary Edition.
  • Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1992). The Scarlet Letter. London: Wordsworth Classics.
  • Humm, Maggie. (1994). A Reader's Guide to Contemporary Feminist Literary Criticism. New York; London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
  • Irwin, American Hieroglyphics, pp. 239-84.
  • Jung, C. G., Read, H., Fordham, M., Adler, G., Ress, L., Forryan, B., & Glover, J. M. (1969). The collected works of C.G. Jung: The archetypes and the collective unconscious.
  • Lacan, Jacques (1977). The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis. The Seminar of Jacques Lacan: Book XI. Ed. Jacques A. Miller, Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Leland S. Person, Jr. (1989). “Hester's Revenge: The Power of Silence in The Scarlet Letter”. Nineteenth-Century Literature, Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 465-483.
  • Leverenz, David (1980). The Language of Puritan Feeling: An Exploration in Literature, Psychology, and Social History (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers Univ. Press, pp. 258-71.
  • Mader, M. Beth (2017, June 16). Luce Irigaray. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Luce-Irigaray
  • Mellard, James M. (1991). Using Lacan, Reading Fiction. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • Sganlon, Lawrence E. (1962). “The Heart of The Scarlet Letter”. Texas Studies in Literature and Language, Summer 1962, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 198-213.
  • Simon O. Lesser (1957), Fiction and the Unconscious, Boston, pp. 297, 15.
  • Skura, Meredith Anne (1981). The Literary Use of the Psychoanalytic Process. New Haven, Conn.
  • Tassi, Nina (1998). “Hester's Prisons: Sex, Intellect, and Gender in "The Scarlet Letter"”. CEA Critic, Vol. 60, No. 3, pp. 23-36.
  • T. Walter Herbert, Jr. (1988). “Nathaniel Hawthorne, Una Hawthorne, and The Scarlet Letter: Interactive Selfhoods and the Cultural Construction of Gender”. PMLA, May, 1988, Vol. 103, No. 3, pp. 285-297.
  • Waggoner, Hyatt H. (1955). Hawthorne: A Critical Study. Cambridge: Massachusetts, pp. 136,135,134.
  • https://www.readersdigest.co.uk/culture/film-tv/film-review-room-home-and-hell
Toplam 29 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sanat ve Edebiyat
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Neslihan Albay 0000-0003-1933-0125

Ülkü Güleşce 0000-0002-5545-1998

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 10 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Mayıs 2023
Kabul Tarihi 25 Kasım 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 56

Kaynak Göster

APA Albay, N., & Güleşce, Ü. (2023). A PSYCHOANALYTIC ANALYSIS OF MOTHERHOOD IN EMMA DONOGHUE’S ROOM AND NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE’S SCARLET LETTER. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(56), 247-266. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1130322
AMA Albay N, Güleşce Ü. A PSYCHOANALYTIC ANALYSIS OF MOTHERHOOD IN EMMA DONOGHUE’S ROOM AND NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE’S SCARLET LETTER. PAUSBED. Mayıs 2023;(56):247-266. doi:10.30794/pausbed.1130322
Chicago Albay, Neslihan, ve Ülkü Güleşce. “A PSYCHOANALYTIC ANALYSIS OF MOTHERHOOD IN EMMA DONOGHUE’S ROOM AND NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE’S SCARLET LETTER”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, sy. 56 (Mayıs 2023): 247-66. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1130322.
EndNote Albay N, Güleşce Ü (01 Mayıs 2023) A PSYCHOANALYTIC ANALYSIS OF MOTHERHOOD IN EMMA DONOGHUE’S ROOM AND NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE’S SCARLET LETTER. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 56 247–266.
IEEE N. Albay ve Ü. Güleşce, “A PSYCHOANALYTIC ANALYSIS OF MOTHERHOOD IN EMMA DONOGHUE’S ROOM AND NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE’S SCARLET LETTER”, PAUSBED, sy. 56, ss. 247–266, Mayıs 2023, doi: 10.30794/pausbed.1130322.
ISNAD Albay, Neslihan - Güleşce, Ülkü. “A PSYCHOANALYTIC ANALYSIS OF MOTHERHOOD IN EMMA DONOGHUE’S ROOM AND NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE’S SCARLET LETTER”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 56 (Mayıs 2023), 247-266. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1130322.
JAMA Albay N, Güleşce Ü. A PSYCHOANALYTIC ANALYSIS OF MOTHERHOOD IN EMMA DONOGHUE’S ROOM AND NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE’S SCARLET LETTER. PAUSBED. 2023;:247–266.
MLA Albay, Neslihan ve Ülkü Güleşce. “A PSYCHOANALYTIC ANALYSIS OF MOTHERHOOD IN EMMA DONOGHUE’S ROOM AND NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE’S SCARLET LETTER”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, sy. 56, 2023, ss. 247-66, doi:10.30794/pausbed.1130322.
Vancouver Albay N, Güleşce Ü. A PSYCHOANALYTIC ANALYSIS OF MOTHERHOOD IN EMMA DONOGHUE’S ROOM AND NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE’S SCARLET LETTER. PAUSBED. 2023(56):247-66.