SAĞLIK ÇALIŞANLARINA YÖNELİK ŞİDDETİN MEDYAYA YANSIMALARININ METİN MADENCİLİĞİ YÖNTEMİYLE ANALİZİ

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 59, 345 - 360, 22.11.2023

Sema Dökme , Ceren Türkdoğan Görgün , Çağdaş Erkan Akyürek

https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1227935

Cited By: 1

Öz

Günümüzün önemli iletişim kanallarından biri olan haberler, bireyleri bilgilendirebilmekte ve manipüle edebilmektedir. Türkiye'de sağlık sisteminde karşılaşılan önemli sorunlardan biri olan sağlıkta şiddetin toplumdaki yansımalarını ortaya koymak amacıyla bu çalışma kapsamında konuyla ilgili yapılan haberler detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın kapsamını Türkiye'de en yüksek tirajlı ilk beş gazeteye (Hürriyet, Sabah, Sözcü, Milliyet ve Posta) ait 946 haber oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin elde edilmesinde web madenciliği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde metin madenciliği yöntemi kullanılarak kelime bulutları, zaman grafikleri ve trigram oluşturulmuştur. Ayrıca manuel içerik analizi kullanılarak haberler bazı temel başlıklar altında sınıflandırılmıştır. Haber başlıklarında, özetlerinde ve içeriklerinde en sık kullanılan ortak kelimelerin “sağlık”, “şiddet”, “doktor” ve “hastane” olduğu belirlenmiştir. İçerik açısından bakıldığında sağlık hizmetlerinde şiddetin en çok hastane ve acil servislerde yaşandığı, şiddetin en çok hasta yakınları ve hastalardan kaynaklandığı, şiddete en çok maruz kalan grubun hekimler olduğu ve şiddetin genellikle hasta yakınları ile sonuçlandığı haberde vurgulanmıştır. Bu bulguların, politika oluşturma süreçlerinde önceliklendirilecek konuların doğru belirlenmesine katkı sağlaması açısından faydalı olacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sağlıkta Şiddet, Metin Madenciliği, Web Madenciliği, İçerik Analizi, Haberler

ANALYSIS OF THE REFLECTIONS OF VIOLENCE AGAINST HEALTHCARE WORKERS IN THE MEDIA USING TEXT MINING METHOD

Öz

One of the important communication channels today, news can inform and manipulate individuals. In order to reveal the public reflections of violence in health care, which is one of the important problems encountered in the health system in Turkey, the news on the subject were examined in detail within this study. The scope of the research consists of 946 news reports from the top five newspapers with the highest circulation (Hürriyet, Sabah, Sözcü, Milliyet and Posta). Web mining was used to obtain the data. In the analysis of the data, word clouds, time graphs and trigram were created using text mining method. In addition, using manual content analysis, the news reports were classified under some basic headings. It was determined that the most frequently used common words in the news headlines, abstracts and contents were "health", "violence", "doctor" and "hospital". When examined in terms of content, it was emphasized in the news that violence in health care occurred mostly in hospitals and emergency departments, violence was committed mostly by patient relatives and patients, the group most exposed to violence was physicians, and violence usually resulted in injury. It is thought that these findings will be beneficial in terms of contributing to the accurate determination of the issues to be prioritized in policy-making processes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sağlıkta Şiddet, Metin Madenciliği, Web Madenciliği, İçerik Analizi, Haberler

Kaynakça

• Alajmi, A., Saad, E. M., & Darwish, R. (2012). "Toward an ARABIC stop-words list generation", International Journal of Computer Applications, 46/8, 8-13. https://doi.org/10.1.1.734.7834
• Alan, S. (2019). Beyaz Kod’a ihbar yağdı: 7 yılda 91 bin şiddet vakası. Gazete Duvar. https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/saglik/2019/12/22/beyaz-koda-ihbar-yagdi-7-yilda-91-bin-siddet-vakasi
• Alsaleem, S. A., Alsabaani, A., Alamri, R. S., Hadi, R. A., Alkhayri, M. H., Badawi, K. K., . . . Al-Bishi, A. M. (2018). "Violence towards healthcare workers: A study conducted in Abha City, Saudi Arabia", Journal of family & community medicine, 25/3, 188-193. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfcm.JFCM_170_17
• Amasyalı, M. F., Diri, B., & Türkoğlu, F. (2006). Farklı özellik vektörleri ile Türkçe dokümanların yazarlarının belirlenmesi. In The Fifteenth Turkish Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Neural Networks, İzmir, Turkey.
• Baltacı, A. (2019). "Nitel araştırma süreci: Nitel bir araştırma nasıl yapılır?", Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5/2, 368-388. https://doi.org/10.31592/aeusbed.598299
• Bazán, P. R., de Azevedo Neto, R. M., Lacerda, S. S., Ribeiro, M. W., Balardin, J. B., Amaro Jr, E., & Kozasa, E. H. (2021). "COVID-19 news valence effects on emotion and its modulation by a relaxation: A randomized online experiment during COVID-19 pandemic", Internet Interventions, 26/1, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2021.100472
• Bhatti, O. A., Rauf, H., Aziz, N., Martins, R. S., & Khan, J. A. (2021). "Violence against healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a review of incidents from a lower-middle-income country", Annals of global health, 87/1, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.3203
• Carmi-Iluz, T., Peleg, R., Freud, T., & Shvartzman, P. (2005). "Verbal and physical violence towards hospital-and community-based physicians in the Negev: An observational study", BMC health services research, 5/1, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-5-54
• Cheung, T., Lee, P. H., & Yip, P. S. (2017). "Workplace violence toward physicians and nurses: prevalence and correlates in Macau", International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14/8, 879-894. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080879
• Choi, S. H., & Lee, H. (2017). "Workplace violence against nurses in Korea and its impact on professional quality of life and turnover intention", Journal of Nursing Management, 25/7, 508-518. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12488
• Cole, F. L. (1988). "Content analysis: process and application", Clinical Nurse Specialist, 2/1, 53-57. https://journals.lww.com/cns-journal/Abstract/1988/00210/Content_AnalysisProcess_and_Application.25.aspx
• Coleman, R., & Thorson, E. (2002). "The effects of news stories that put crime and violence into context: Testing the public health model of reporting", Journal of Health Communication, 7/5, 401-425. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730290001783
• Dökme Yağar, S., & Yağar, F. (2023). "Medyadaki yansımaları ile şehir hastaneleri: İki ulusal gazetenin incelenmesi", Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 11/1, 81-95. https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v11i1.2175
• Dwivedi, S., Kasliwal, P., & Soni, S. (2016). Comprehensive study of data analytics tools (RapidMiner, Weka, R tool, Knime). 2016 Symposium on Colossal Data Analysis and Networking (CDAN),
• El-Gilany, A.-H., El-Wehady, A., & Amr, M. (2010). "Violence against primary health care workers in Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia", Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25/4, 716-734. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509334395
• Eneroth, M., Gustafsson Sendén, M., Schenck Gustafsson, K., Wall, M., & Fridner, A. (2017). "Threats or violence from patients was associated with turnover intention among foreign-born GPs–a comparison of four workplace factors associated with attitudes of wanting to quit one’s job as a GP", Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 35/2, 208-213. https://doi.org/10.1080/02813432.2017.1333319
• Fang, H., Zhao, X., Yang, H., Sun, P., Li, Y., Jiang, K., . . . Qiao, H. (2018). "Depressive symptoms and workplace-violence-related risk factors among otorhinolaryngology nurses and physicians in Northern China: a cross-sectional study", BMJ open, 8/1, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019514
• Foley, K., McNaughton, D., & Ward, P. (2020). "Monitoring the ‘diabetes epidemic’: A framing analysis of United Kingdom print news 1993-2013", PloS one, 15/1, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225794
• Gollust, S. E., & Lantz, P. M. (2009). "Communicating population health: print news media coverage of type 2 diabetes", Social Science & Medicine, 69/7, 1091-1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.07.009
• Güvercin, C. H. (2019). "The news of violence against healthcare workers: Critical rol of the press", Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi, 28/5, 327-333. https://doi.org/10.17942/sted.575603
• Hao, L., & Hao, L. (2008). Automatic identification of stop words in chinese text classification In 2008 International conference on computer science and software engineering, Wuhan, China.
• Harrell, E. (2011). Workplace Violence, 1993–2009. Washington, USA
• Hopkins, D. J., & King, G. (2010). "A method of automated nonparametric content analysis for social science", American Journal of Political Science, 54/1, 229-247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00428.x
• Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). "Three approaches to qualitative content analysis", Qualitative Health Research, 15/9, 1277-1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
• HSWU. (2013). Sağlık Çalışanları Şiddet Araştırması. Ankara, Turkey: Health and Social Workers Union Retrieved from www.sagliksen.org.tr
• Jalil, R., Huber, J. W., Sixsmith, J., & Dickens, G. L. (2017). "Mental health nurses’ emotions, exposure to patient aggression, attitudes to and use of coercive measures: Cross sectional questionnaire survey", International Journal of Nursing Studies, 75/, 130-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.07.018
• Jeong, I. Y., & Kim, J. S. (2018). "The relationship between intention to leave the hospital and coping methods of emergency nurses after workplace violence", Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27/7-8, 1692-1701. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14228
• Kara, D., & Toygar, S. A. (2019). "Gender differences in attitudes toward sexual harassment of health care employees: A Turkish Case Study", Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34/17, 3574-3591. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518815711
• Li, P., Xing, K., Qiao, H., Fang, H., Ma, H., Jiao, M., . . . Gao, L. (2018). "Psychological violence against general practitioners and nurses in Chinese township hospitals: incidence and implications", Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 16/1, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-018-0940-9
• Liu, J., Gan, Y., Jiang, H., Li, L., Dwyer, R., Lu, K., . . . Wang, C. (2019). "Prevalence of workplace violence against healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis", Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 76/12, 927-937. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2019-105849
• MA. (2021). Weekly Circulations. Media Agency. Retrieved August 11, 2021 from www.medyajans.com
• Martinez, A. J. S. (2016). "Managing workplace violence with evidence-based interventions: a literature review", Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 54/9, 31-36. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20160817-05
• McNamara, S. A. (2010). "Workplace violence and its effects on patient safety", AORN Journal, 92/6, 677-682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aorn.2010.07.012
• Mento, C., Silvestri, M. C., Bruno, A., Muscatello, M. R. A., Cedro, C., Pandolfo, G., & Zoccali, R. A. (2020). "Workplace violence against healthcare professionals: A systematic review", Aggression and violent behavior, 51/, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2020.101381
• MH. (2012). Çalışan Güvenliği Genelgesi. Ankara, Turkey: Ministry of Health Retrieved from www.saglik.gov.tr/TR,3282/calisan-guvenligi-genelgesi-14052012.html
• MI. (2012). Sağlık Çalışanlarına karşı İşlenen Suçların Soruşturulması Genelgesi. Ankara, Turkey: Ministry of Interior Retrieved from manisaism.saglik.gov.tr
• Nowrouzi-Kia, B., Chai, E., Usuba, K., Nowrouzi-Kia, B., & Casole, J. (2019). "Prevalence of type II and type III workplace violence against physicians: A systematic review and meta-analysis", The International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 10/3, 99-110. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijoem.2019.1573
• Okuhara, T., Ishikawa, H., Okada, M., Kato, M., & Kiuchi, T. (2019). "Newspaper coverage before and after the HPV vaccination crisis began in Japan: a text mining analysis", BMC Public Health, 19/1, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7097-2
• ON. (2011). Hasta ve Çalışan Güvenliğinin Sağlanmasına Dair Yönetmelik. Ankara, Turkey: Official Newspaper Retrieved from www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/04/20110406-3.htm
• ON. (2012b). Sağlık Çalışanlarına Yönelik Artan Şiddet Olaylarının Araştırılarak Alınması Gereken Önlemlerin Belirlenmesi Amacıyla Bir Meclis Araştırması Komisyonu Kurulmasına İlişkin Karar. Ankara, Turkey: Official Newspaper Retrieved from www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2012/05/20120503-1.htm
• Rafeea, F., Al Ansari, A., Abbas, E. M., Elmusharaf, K., & Zeid, M. S. A. (2017). "Violence toward health workers in Bahrain Defense Force Royal Medical Services’ emergency department", Open access emergency medicine: OAEM, 9/, 113. https://doi.org/10.2147/OAEM.S147982
• Ray, M. M. (2007). "The dark side of the job: violence in the emergency department", Journal of Emergency Nursing, 33/3, 257-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2007.01.015
• Richards, J. (2003). Management of Workplace Violence Victims. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Retrieved from www.who.int
• Schablon, A., Wendeler, D., Kozak, A., Nienhaus, A., & Steinke, S. (2018). "Prevalence and consequences of aggression and violence towards nursing and care staff in Germany—A survey", International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15/6, 1274-1292. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061274
• Shafran-Tikva, S., Chinitz, D., Stern, Z., & Feder-Bubis, P. (2017). "Violence against physicians and nurses in a hospital: How does it happen? A mixed-methods study", Israel Journal of Health Policy Research, 6/1, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-017-0183-y
• Shafran-Tikva, S., Zelker, R., Stern, Z., & Chinitz, D. (2017). "Workplace violence in a tertiary care Israeli hospital-a systematic analysis of the types of violence, the perpetrators and hospital departments", Israel Journal of Health Policy Research, 6/1, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-017-0168-x
• Shea, T., Sheehan, C., Donohue, R., Cooper, B., & De Cieri, H. (2017). "Occupational violence and aggression experienced by nursing and caring professionals", Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 49/2, 236-243. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12272
• SN. (2021). TTB: Sağlık çalışanları için çıkarılan yasa şiddeti önlemiyor, saldırganı cesaretlendiriyor. Sözcü Newspaper. Retrieved April 17, 2021 from www.sozcu.com.tr/2021/saglik/ttb-saglik-calisanlari-icin-cikarilan-yasa-siddeti-onlemiyor-saldirgani-cesaretlendiriyor-6380038
• Sotirovic, M. (2003). "How individuals explain social problems: The influences of media use", Journal of Communication, 53/1, 122-137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2003.tb03009.x
• Stainback, K., Hearne, B. N., & Trieu, M. M. (2020). "COVID-19 and the 24/7 news cycle: Does COVID-19 news exposure affect mental health?", Socius, 6/1, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023120969339
• Strickler, J. (2018). "Staying safe: Responding to violence against healthcare staff", Nursing2020, 48/11, 58-62. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NURSE.0000545021. 36908.28
• Şantaş, G., & Erdoğan, B. (2021). "Sağlık çalışanlarına yönelik şiddet haberlerinin içerik analizi ", Uluslararası Sağlık Yönetimi ve Stratejileri Araştırma Dergisi, 7/2, 308-317. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/usaysad/issue/64697/988548
• TMA. (2020). Sağlıkta Şiddet Yasası” Türk Tabipleri Birliği’nin Kazanımıdır. Turkish Medical Association. Retrieved August 15, 2020 from https://www.ttb.org.tr/haber_goster.php?Guid=89769254-7f21-11ea-bc5a-1802c1c4918a
• Toraldo, D. M., Vergari, U., & Toraldo, M. (2015). "Medical malpractice, defensive medicine and role of the “media” in Italy", Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine, 10/1, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40248-015-0006-3
• USBLS. (2018). Injuries, illnesses, and fatalities. Washington, USA: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Retrieved from www.bls.gov/iif
• Vargas, L., Vélez-Grau, C., Camacho, D., Richmond, T. S., & Meisel, Z. F. (2021). "The permeating effects of violence on health services and health in Mexico", Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 0886260521990832. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260521990832
• Vargiu, E., & Urru, M. (2013). "Exploiting web scraping in a collaborative filtering-based approach to web advertising", Artif. Intell. Res., 2/1, 44-54. https://doi.org/10.5430/ air.v2n1p44
• Vento, S., Cainelli, F., & Vallone, A. (2020). "Violence against healthcare workers: a worldwide phenomenon with serious consequences", Frontiers in Public Health, 8/, 541-546. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.570459
• Volz, N. B., Fringer, R., Walters, B., & Kowalenko, T. (2017). "Prevalence of horizontal violence among emergency attending physicians, residents, and physician assistants", Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 18/2, 213-218. https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem. 2016.10.31385
• WHO. (2021). Definition and typology of “violence”. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization Retrieved from www.who.int/violenceprevention/approach/definition/en
• WMA. (2017). WMA Statement on Violence in the Health Sector by Patients and Those Close to Them. England: World Medical Association Retrieved from www.wma.net/
• Wu, J.-C., Tung, T.-H., Chen, P. Y., Chen, Y.-L., Lin, Y.-W., & Chen, F.-L. (2015). "Determinants of workplace violence against clinical physicians in hospitals", Journal of Occupational Health, 57/6, 540-547. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.15-0111-OA
• Yağar, F., & Dökme, S. (2019). "Health Professionals and Mobbing", Journal of Health and Nursing Managment, 2/6, 12-129.
• Zhang, S.-E., Liu, W., Wang, J., Shi, Y., Xie, F., Cang, S., . . . Fan, L. (2018). "Impact of workplace violence and compassionate behaviour in hospitals on stress, sleep quality and subjective health status among Chinese nurses: a cross-sectional survey", BMJ Open, 8/10, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019373