TURKISH ADAPTATION OF THE PERCEPTION OF ANOMIE SCALE: PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES, VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 63, 125 - 138

Hilal Peker Dural Nihan Selin Soylu Çağlar Solak

https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1431178

Öz

Anomie describes a situation in which society does not meet individuals' expectations and does not offer moral standards and a just and reasonable social context. Perceived anomie is related to numerous psychological variables, such as political decisions and self-esteem. This study aims to adapt and assess the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Perception of Anomie Scale. The sample consisted of 332 participants (189 women) aged between 18-66. For convergent validity we used Group Integration Scale and Belief in a Dangerous World Scale, for discriminant validity we used General Belief in a Just World Scale and Social Dominance Orientation Scale, for predictive validity we used Life Satisfaction Scale and Importance of Identity Scale. The results demonstrated the structural validity of the scale and presented adequate evidence for the measurement validity of the Turkish version of the Perception of Anomie Scale.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anomie, Breakdown in social fabric, Breakdown in leadership, Perception of anomie scale

ALGILANAN ANOMİ ÖLÇEĞİNİN TÜRKÇE UYARLAMASI: PSİKOMETRİK ÖZELLİKLER, GEÇERLİLİK VE GÜVENİLİRLİK

Öz

Anomi, toplumun bireylerin beklentilerini karşılamadığı, ahlaki standartlar ve adil ve makul bir sosyal bağlam sunmadığı durumu tanımlamaktadır. Algılanan anomi, politik kararlar ve benlik saygısı gibi pek çok psikolojik değişkenle ilişkilidir. Bu çalışma, Algılanan Anomi Ölçeğinin (Perception of Anomie Scale) Türkçeye uyarlanmasını ve geçerlilik ve güvenilirliğinin değerlendirilmesini amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın örneklemi, yaşları 18 ile 66 arasında değişen 332 katılımcıdan (189 kadın) oluşmaktadır. Yakınsak geçerlilik için Grupla Bütünleşme Ölçeği ve Tehlikeli Dünya İnancı Ölçeği; ayırt edici geçerlilik için Genel Adil Dünya İnancı Ölçeği ve Sosyal Baskınlık Yönelimi Ölçeği; yordayıcı geçerlilik için ise Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği ve Kimliğin Önemi Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, ölçeğin yapısal geçerliliğe sahip olduğunu göstermiş ve Türkçe versiyonunun ölçme geçerliliği için yeterli kanıt sunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anomi, Sosyal dokunun bozulması, Liderliğin bozulması, Algılanan anomi ölçeği

Etik Beyan

The authors of this article confirm that their work complies with the principles of research and publication ethics.

Kaynakça

• Arslan, Ö. E., & Yavuz, E. (2019). The relationship between organisational justice, organisational anomie and organisational trust: A study on hotels. Electronic Turkish Studies, 14(2), 113-134.
• Aslan, S. & Dönmez, A. (2013). Gençlerde kimlik yönelimi, toplumsal karşılaştırma, arkadaşlara bağlılık ve grupla bütünleşme. Mülkiye Dergisi, 37(3), 141-174.
• Acar, Y. G. & Uluğ, Ö. M. (2021). When and why does political trust predict well-being in authoritarian contexts? Examining the role of political efficacy and collective action among opposition voters. British Journal of Social Psychology, 61(3), 861-881. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12505
• Baysu, G. (2007). The effects of intergroup perceptions and ingroup identifications on the political participation of the second-generation Turkish migrants in The Netherlands. (Publication No. 218049). [Doctoral Dissertation: Middle East Technical University]. Turkey: The Council of Higher Education- National Thesis Center.
• Blank, T. (2003). Determinants of national identity in East and West Germany: An empirical comparison of theories on the significance of authoritarianism, anomie, and general self‐esteem. Political Psychology, 24(2), 259-288.
• Bjarnason, T. (2009). Anomie among European adolescents: Conceptual and empirical clarification of a multilevel sociological concept. Sociological Forum, 24(1), 135-161.
• Brehm, J., & Rahn, W. (1997). Individual-level evidence for the causes and consequences of social capital. American Journal of Political Science, 41, 999–1023.
• Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Publications.
• Bornand, T. & Klein, O. (2022). Political trust by individuals of low socioeconomic status: The key role of anomie. Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 1-22.
• Byrne, B. M. (2011). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (Multivariate Applications Series). Routledge, New York.
• Cengiz, F. Ç. (2023). The rise of the right-wing Good Party (İYİP) in Turkey: Authoritarian turn, anomie, and regulatory nostalgia. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 25, 1-19.
• Crimston, C. R., Selvanathan, H. P., & Jetten, J. (2022). Moral polarisation predicts support for authoritarian and progressive strong leaders via the perceived breakdown of society. Political Psychology, 43(4), 671-691.
• Dağlı, A. & Baysal, N. (2016). Adaptation of the satisfaction with life scale into Turkish: The study of validity and reliability. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 15(59), 1250-1262.
• Dalbert, C. (1999). The world is more just for me than generally: About the personal belief in a just world scale's validity. Social Justice Research, 12, 79–98.
• Demirdağ, A. & Hasta, D. (2019). Threat perception and perspective taking as mediators between competitive victimhood and evaluations of collective action: The Gezi Park protests. Political Psychology, 40(5), 953-971. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12564
• Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J. & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49 (1), 71-75.
• Dobson, C., Powers, E. A., Keith, P. M., & Goudy, W. J. (1979). Anomia, self-esteem, and life satisfaction: Interrelationships among three scales of well-being. Journal of Gerontology, 34(4), 569–572. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/34.4.569
• Duckitt, J., Wagner, C., du Plessis, I., & Birum, I. (2002). The psychological bases of ideology and prejudice: Testing a dual process model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(1), 75-93.
• Dushime, C. & Hashemipour, S. (2020). The psychological effect of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey and the world at the context of political psychology. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(6), 75-86.
• Durkheim, E. (1897/1952). Suicide: A study in sociology (Spaulding, J. A., Simpson, G., Trans.). London, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Ellinas, A. A. (2013). The rise of Golden Dawn: The new face of the far right in Greece. South European Society and Politics, 18, 543–565.
• Goode, W. J. (1961). Illegitimacy, anomie, and cultural penetration. American Sociological Review, 910-925.
• Göregenli, M. (2004). Şiddet, kötü muamele ve işkenceye ilişkin değerlendirmeler tutumlar ve deneyimler. Turkey: İzmir Barosu Publications.
• Greenaway, K. H., Cruwys, T., Haslam, S. A., & Jetten, J. (2016). Social identities promote well-being because they satisfy global psychological needs. European Journal of Social Psychology, 46, 294–307. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2169
• Hakobyan, N., Gevorgyan, S., Petrosyan, L., & Khachatryan, A. (2022). The problem of personal development in the context of social anomie. Wisdom, 2(22), 7-14. https://doi.org/10.24234/wisdom.v22i2.749
• Hilbert, R. A. (1986). Anomie and the moral regulation of reality: The Durkheimian tradition in modern relief. Sociological Theory, 4(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/202102
• Heydari, A., Teymoori, A., Nasir, H. & Fardzadeh, H. E. (2012). Relationship between socioeconomic status, anomie, and authoritarianism. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 7(1), 1-12.
• Ionescu, O., Tavani, J. L., & Collange, J. (2021). Political extremism and perceived anomie: new evidence of political extremes' symmetries and asymmetries within French samples. International Review of Social Psychology, 34(1).
• Jiang, X., Hu, X., Liu, Z., Sun, X., & Xue, G. (2020). Greed as an adaptation to anomie: The mediating role of belief in a zero-sum game and the buffering effect of internal locus of control. Personality and Individual Differences, 152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109566
• Kállay, É., Dégi, C. L., Pintea, S., & Kopp, M. S. (2016). Investigating changes from 2002 to 2005/2006 in well-being, satisfaction with life, depression, and anomie in a nationally representative Hungarian sample. Cognition, Brain, Behavior, 20(2), 101-116.
• Karaçanta, H. (2002). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal baskınlık yönelimi ve bazı değişkenler açısından karşılaştırılması. (Publication No. 117539). [Doctoral Dissertation, Ankara University]. Turkey: The Council of Higher Education – National Thesis Center.
• Lerner, M. J., & Goldberg, J. H. (1999). When do decent people blame victims? The differing effects of the explicit/rational and implicit/experiential cognitive systems.
• Lerner, M. J., and Miller, D. T. (1978). Just world research and the attribution process: looking back and ahead. Psychol. Bull. 85, 1030–1051. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.85.5.1030
• Lewis, I., Watson, B., & White, K. M. (2009). Internet versus paper and pencil survey methods in psychological experiments: Equivalence testing of participant responses to health‐related messages. Australian Journal of Psychology, 61(2), 107-116.
• Luhtanen, R., & Crocker, J. (1992). A collective self-esteem scale: Self-evaluation of one's social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 302-318.
• Maher, D., & Pieper, M. (2021). Russian intervention in Syria: Exploring the nexus between regime consolidation and energy transnationalisation. Political Studies, 69(4), 944–964. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321720934637
• Martin, R. (2000). Anomie, spirituality, and crime. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 16(1), 75-98.
• McCarthy, M., Murphy, K., Sargeant, E. & Williamson, H. (2021). Examining the relationship between conspiracy theories and COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy: A mediating role for perceived health threats, trust, and anomie? Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy. 2021, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/asap.12291
• Merton, R. (1938). Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review, 3, 672–682.
• Nera, K., Wagner‐Egger, P., Bertin, P., Douglas, K. M., & Klein, O. (2021). A power‐challenging theory of society or a conservative mindset? Upward and downward conspiracy theories as ideologically distinct beliefs. European Journal of Social Psychology, 51(4-5), 740-757.
• Öner, S. & Gülgöz, S. (2020). Representing the collective past: public event memories and future simulations in Turkey. Memory. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2020.1727520
• Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. F. (1994). Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(4), 741-763.
• Rahmani, M., Pumariega, A. J., Prajapati, P., Dalkilic, A., Burakgazi-Yilmaz, H., & Unlu, A. (2022). Anomie, loneliness, and psychopathology: Results from the study of youth in Istanbul. World Social Psychiatry, 4(2), 121-131.
• Sayılan, G. (2018). Worldviews and ideological orientation: An integration of polarity theory, dual process model, and moral foundations theory. (Publication No. 515041). [Doctoral Dissertation, Middle East Technical University]. Turkey: The Council of Higher Education – National Thesis Center.
• Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (2001). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
• Sidanus, J. ve Pratto, F. (2004). Social dominance theory: A new synthesis. In J. T.Jost, J. Sidanus (Ed.), Political Psychology. New York: Psychology Press, 420-442.
• Sprong, S., Jetten, J., Wang, Z., Peters, K., Mols, F., Verkuyten, M., ... & Wohl, M. J. (2019). "Our country needs a strong leader right now": Economic inequality enhances the wish for a strong leader. Psychological Science, 30(11), 1625-1637. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619890360
• Srole, L. (1956). Social integration and certain corollaries: An exploratory study. American Sociological Review, 21(6), 709-716.
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (Sixth ed.). Pearson.
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of Intergroup Relations (pp. 7–24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
• Tay, L., Herian, M. N., & Diener, E. (2014). Detrimental effects of corruption and subjective well-being: Whether, how, and when. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5, 751–759.
• Teymoori, A., Bastian, B., & Jetten, J. (2017). Towards a psychological analysis of anomie. Political Psychology, 38(6). https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12377
• Teymoori, A., Jetten, J., Bastian, B., Ariyanto, A., Autin, F., Ayub, N., ... & Wohl, M. (2016). Revisiting the measurement of anomie. PloS one, 11(7).
• Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis understanding concepts and applications. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10694-000
• Wagner-Egger, P. & Bangerter, A. (2007). La vérité est ailleurs : corrélats de l'adhésion aux théories du complot. Revue internationale de psychologie sociale, 20, 31-61.
• Yang, A. (2015). Quantifying anomia: Development of a scale [Master's Thesis: California State University]. Fresno State Library.
• Yalçın, Ö., (2009). An analysis of attitudes towards ecological dilemmas, social responsibility, and alienation in terms of social value orientation. (Publication No. 250232) [Master's Thesis, Ankara University]. Turkey: The Council of Higher Education – National Thesis Center.