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STREET-LEVEL BUREAUCRATS VERSUS PANDEMIC IN TÜRKİYE: PROBLEMS & STRATEGIES

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 63, 239 - 250

Cenay Babaoğlu Mete Yıldız Onur Kulaç

https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1464403

Öz

This article examines and explains the problems encountered and strategies the street-level bureaucrats (SLBs) used during COVID-19 Pandemic response efforts in Türkiye. To this end, the authors adopted Michael Lipsky's street-level bureaucrat concept to explain the conditions and challenges faced by various Turkish street-level bureaucrats (e.g., doctors, nurses, security personnel, and teachers) during the COVID-19 Pandemic response efforts. The article ends with discussing and categorizing strategies used by the Turkish SLBs and directions for future research.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19 Public Servant Municipality Türkiye Public Health

Kaynakça

  • Alcadipani, R., Cabral, S., Fernandes, A., & Lotta, G. (2020). Street-level bureaucrats under COVID-19: Police officers' responses in constrained settings. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 42(3), 394–403.
  • Aristovnik, A., Kovac, P., Murko, E., Ravšelj, D., Umek, L., Bohatá, M., Hirsch, B., Schäfer, F. S., & Tomaževic, N. (2021). The use of ICT by local general administrative authorities during COVID-19 for a sustainable future: Comparing five European countries. Sustainability, 13(11765), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111765
  • Aristovnik, A., Ravšelj, D., & Umek, L. (2020). A bibliometric analysis of COVID-19 across science and social science research landscape. Sustainability, 12(9132). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219132
  • Aurélien, B. (2015). Street-level bureaucracy and e-government. Public Management Review, 17(1), 149–161.
  • Bakir, C. (2020). The Turkish state’s responses to existential COVID-19 crisis. Policy and Society, 39(3), 424–441. https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2020.1783786
  • Bek, N., & Bek, A. (2021). Yerel yönetimlerin COVID-19 ile imtihanı: Istanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi örneği. Lapseki Meslek Yüksekokulu Uygulamalı Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(4), 117-127.
  • Bilgiç, A. K. (2020). COVID-19 ile mücadele sürecinde yerel yönetimlerin genel görünümü. İdealkent, 11(31), 2084-2112.
  • Brockmann, J. (2017). Unbureaucratic behavior among street-level bureaucrats: The case of the German state police. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 37(4), 430–451.
  • Buffat, A. (2015). Street-level bureaucracy and e-government. Public Management Review, 17(1), 149–161.
  • Caswell, D., & Høybye-Mortensen, M. (2015). Responses from the frontline: How organizations and street-level bureaucrats deal with economic sanctions. European Journal of Social Security, 17(1), 31–51.
  • Çelikyay, H. H., & Bayraktar, H. K. (2021). Sakin şehirlerin COVID-19 ile mücadele yöntemleri: Seferihisar ve Bra kenti örnekleri. İdealkent, 12, 333-361.
  • Davidovitz, M., Cohen, N., & Gofen, A. (2021). Governmental response to crises and its implications for street-level implementation: Policy ambiguity, risk, and discretion during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 1–11.
  • Edwards, G. C., III. (1980). Implementing public policy. Congressional Quarterly Press.
  • Ellis, K. (2011). Street‐level bureaucracy revisited: The changing face of frontline discretion in adult social care in England. Social Policy & Administration, 45(3), 221–244.
  • Erasmus, E. (2014). The use of street-level bureaucracy theory in health policy analysis in low-and middle-income countries: A meta-ethnographic synthesis. Health Policy and Planning, 29, iii70-iii78.
  • Eraydin, A., & Tasan-Kok, T. (2014). State response to contemporary urban movements in Türkiye: A critical overview of state entrepreneurialism and authoritarian interventions. Antipode, 46(1), 110–129.
  • Erdoğan, O. (2022). Türkiye’nin Koronavirüs ile Mücadelesinde Belediyeler. TIAV.
  • Etiler, N. (2020). Yerel yönetimler ve salgınlarla mücadele, COVID-19 pandemisi altıncı ay değerlendirme raporu. Türk Tabipler Birliği. https://www.ttb.org.tr/kutuphane/covid19-rapor_6/covid19-rapor_6_Part11.pdf
  • Hill, M. (1997). The policy process in the modern state (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall/Harvester Wheatsheaf.
  • Hogwood, B. W., & Gunn, L. A. (1984). Policy analysis for the real world. Oxford University Press.
  • Honig, M. I. (1984). Street-level bureaucracy revisited: Frontline district central-office administrators as boundary spanners in education policy implementation. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 28(4), 357–383.
  • Howlett, M., & Ramesh, M. (1995). Policy cycles and policy subsystems. Oxford University Press. Institute Istanbul. (2020). Rome. Covid-19 Araştırmaları. https://enstitu.ibb.istanbul/covid19/yerel yonetimler/roma/ accessed April 13, 2020.
  • Izmir Metropolitan Municipality. (2020). İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi’nden günde 60 bin maske. https://www.izmir.bel.tr/tr/Haberler/izmir-buyuksehir--belediyesi-nden-gunde-60-bin-maske/43495/156 accessed April 10, 2021.
  • Jansen, E., Javornik, J., Brummel, A., & Yerkes, M. A. (2021). Central‐local tensions in the decentralization of social policies: Street‐level bureaucrats and social practices in the Netherlands. Social Policy & Administration, 55(7), 1–14.
  • Karataş, A., & Beşer, N. G. (2021). Yerel yönetim birimleri olarak belediyelerin salgın hastalıklar konusundaki sorumlulukları: Covid-19 pandemisi örneği. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(4), 1340-1351.
  • Kaşik, V. (2020). Malatya’da günlük 2 milyon maske üretiliyor. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/malatyada-gunluk-2-milyon-maske-uretiliyor/1807513 accessed April 16, 2020.
  • Kazan, A. (2017). The effects of the Law No. 6360 on the financial structures of metropolitan municipalities. Journal of Sayıştay, 104, 87–196.
  • Keiser, L. R. (2010). Understanding street‐level bureaucrats' decision making: Determining eligibility in the social security disability program. Public Administration Review, 70(2), 247–257.
  • Knoepfel, P., Larrue, C., Varone, F., & Hill, M. (2007). Public policy analysis. The Policy Press.
  • Kørnøv, L., Zhang, J., & Christensen, P. (2015). The influence of street-level bureaucracy on the implementation of strategic environmental assessment. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 58(4), 598–615.
  • Lipsky, M. (1980). Street-level bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the individual in public service. Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Lipsky, M. (2010). Street-level bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the individual in public service (30th Anniversary ed.). Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Lotta, G. S., & Marques, E. C. (2020). How social networks affect policy implementation: An analysis of street‐level bureaucrats' performance regarding a health policy. Social Policy & Administration, 54(3), 345–360.
  • May, P. J., & Winter, S. C. (2009). Politicians, managers, and street-level bureaucrats: Influences on policy implementation. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 19(3), 453–476.
  • Netuce. (2021). Akıllı şehirler koronavirüs ile nasıl mücadele ediyor? https://netuce.com/akilli-sehirler-koronavirus-ile-nasil-mucadele-ediyor/ accessed May 1, 2021.
  • Peker, D., & Köseoğlu, I. (2021). Koronavirüs (Covid-19) salgınında krizle mücadelede yerel yönetimlerin rolü: Beş büyükşehir belediyesinde bir analiz. ASSAM, 8(18), 87-102.
  • Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye. (2020). T. C. Presidential Decision No. 2280 (March 24, 2020). https://yhgm.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/36953/0/toplu-tasima-sosyal-tesispdf.pdf accessed April 2, 2022.
  • Rowe, M. (2012). Going back to the street: Revisiting Lipsky's street-level bureaucracy. Teaching Public Administration, 30(1), 10–18.
  • Sanlıurfa Metropolitan Municipality. (2021). Büyükşehir vatandaşların araçlarını ücretsiz dezenfekte ediyor. Retrieved April 21, 2021, from http://sanliurfa.bel.tr/icerik/9499/21/buyuksehir-vatandaslarin-araclarini-ucretsiz-dezenfekte-ediyor
  • Sayın, A. (2021). Koronavirüs: Belediyelerin yardım kampanyaları neden tartışma yarattı, iktidar ve muhalefet ne diyor? BBC Türkçe. Retrieved May 1, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-52127212
  • Sevä, M., & Jagers, S. C. (2013). Inspecting environmental management from within: The role of street-level bureaucrats in environmental policy implementation. Journal of Environmental Management, 128, 1060-1070.
  • The Constitution of the Republic of Türkiye. (1982). Retrieved from https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.2709.pdf
  • The Law on Metropolitan Municipality, No. 5216. Retrieved from https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5216.pdf
  • The Law on Municipality, No. 5393. Retrieved from https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.5393.pdf
  • The Law on Public Health, No. 1593. Retrieved from https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.3.1593.pdf
  • The Law on Special Province Administrations, No. 5302. Retrieved from https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5302.pdf
  • The Law on Village, No. 442. Retrieved from https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.3.442.pdf
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT). (2021). Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları-2020 (Address Based Population Registration System Results). Retrieved April 10, 2021, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Adrese-Dayali-Nufus-Kayit-Sistemi-Sonuclari-2020-37210
  • Türkiye Belediyeler Birliği (Union of Municipalities of Türkiye) (TBB). (n.d.). Samsun Büyükşehirden 'Tıbbi Atık' Seferberliği! Retrieved from https://www.tbb.gov.tr/basin-ve-yayin/covid-19/belediyelerimizden-covid-19-haberleri/samsun-buyuksehirden-tibbi-atik-seferberligi/
  • Ulutaş, Ç. U. (2021). Street-level bureaucrats and provision of welfare services to forced migrants in Türkiye. Journal of Identity and Migration Studies, 15(1), 29-49.
  • Urhan, G., & Arslankoç, S. (2021). COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde sosyal politika ve yerel yönetimler: İstanbul ilçe belediyeleri örneği. Çalışma ve Toplum, 2021(2), 945-980.
  • Voice of America (VoA). (2020). Toplu taşıma ve konaklamada HES kodu zorunluluğu. Retrieved May 1, 2021, from https://www.amerikaninsesi.com/a/sehir-ici-toplu-tasima-ve-otel-konaklamasinda-hes-kodu-zorunlulugu/5603220.html
  • Yang, F., Huang, X., & Li, Z. (2021). Gender, situational visibility, and discretionary decision-making of regulatory street-level bureaucrats under pandemic emergency: An experimental study in China. Public Management Review, 24(8), 1312-1329.
  • Yilmaz, S., & Boex, J. (2021). Unleashing the potential of local governments in pandemic response. Development in Practice, 31(6), 805-815.
  • Zarychta, A., Grillos, T., & Andersson, K. P. (2019). Public sector governance reform and the motivation of street‐level bureaucrats in developing countries. Public Administration Review, 80(1), 75-91.
  • Zedekia, S. (2017). Street level bureaucrats as the ultimate policy makers. Journal of Political Sciences & Public Affairs, 5(4), 306.

TÜRKİYE'DE SOKAK DÜZEYİ BÜROKRATLARI PANDEMİYE KARŞI: SORUNLAR VE STRATEJİLER

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 63, 239 - 250

Cenay Babaoğlu Mete Yıldız Onur Kulaç

https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1464403

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de COVID-19 Pandemisine müdahale çalışmaları sırasında karşılaşılan sorunları ve sokak düzeyindeki bürokratların (SLB'ler) kullandıkları stratejileri incelemekte ve açıklamaktadır. Bu amaçla yazarlar, COVID-19 Pandemisine müdahale çabaları sırasında çeşitli Türk sokak düzeyindeki bürokratların (örneğin doktorlar, hemşireler, güvenlik personeli ve öğretmenler) karşılaştığı koşulları ve zorlukları açıklamak için Michael Lipsky'nin sokak düzeyinde bürokrat kavramını benimsemiştir. Makale, Türk SLB'leri tarafından kullanılan stratejilerin tartışılması ve sınıflandırılması ve gelecekteki araştırmalar için yönlendirmeler ile sona ermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19 Kamu Görevlisi Belediye Türkiye Kamu Sağlığı

Kaynakça

  • Alcadipani, R., Cabral, S., Fernandes, A., & Lotta, G. (2020). Street-level bureaucrats under COVID-19: Police officers' responses in constrained settings. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 42(3), 394–403.
  • Aristovnik, A., Kovac, P., Murko, E., Ravšelj, D., Umek, L., Bohatá, M., Hirsch, B., Schäfer, F. S., & Tomaževic, N. (2021). The use of ICT by local general administrative authorities during COVID-19 for a sustainable future: Comparing five European countries. Sustainability, 13(11765), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111765
  • Aristovnik, A., Ravšelj, D., & Umek, L. (2020). A bibliometric analysis of COVID-19 across science and social science research landscape. Sustainability, 12(9132). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219132
  • Aurélien, B. (2015). Street-level bureaucracy and e-government. Public Management Review, 17(1), 149–161.
  • Bakir, C. (2020). The Turkish state’s responses to existential COVID-19 crisis. Policy and Society, 39(3), 424–441. https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2020.1783786
  • Bek, N., & Bek, A. (2021). Yerel yönetimlerin COVID-19 ile imtihanı: Istanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi örneği. Lapseki Meslek Yüksekokulu Uygulamalı Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(4), 117-127.
  • Bilgiç, A. K. (2020). COVID-19 ile mücadele sürecinde yerel yönetimlerin genel görünümü. İdealkent, 11(31), 2084-2112.
  • Brockmann, J. (2017). Unbureaucratic behavior among street-level bureaucrats: The case of the German state police. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 37(4), 430–451.
  • Buffat, A. (2015). Street-level bureaucracy and e-government. Public Management Review, 17(1), 149–161.
  • Caswell, D., & Høybye-Mortensen, M. (2015). Responses from the frontline: How organizations and street-level bureaucrats deal with economic sanctions. European Journal of Social Security, 17(1), 31–51.
  • Çelikyay, H. H., & Bayraktar, H. K. (2021). Sakin şehirlerin COVID-19 ile mücadele yöntemleri: Seferihisar ve Bra kenti örnekleri. İdealkent, 12, 333-361.
  • Davidovitz, M., Cohen, N., & Gofen, A. (2021). Governmental response to crises and its implications for street-level implementation: Policy ambiguity, risk, and discretion during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 1–11.
  • Edwards, G. C., III. (1980). Implementing public policy. Congressional Quarterly Press.
  • Ellis, K. (2011). Street‐level bureaucracy revisited: The changing face of frontline discretion in adult social care in England. Social Policy & Administration, 45(3), 221–244.
  • Erasmus, E. (2014). The use of street-level bureaucracy theory in health policy analysis in low-and middle-income countries: A meta-ethnographic synthesis. Health Policy and Planning, 29, iii70-iii78.
  • Eraydin, A., & Tasan-Kok, T. (2014). State response to contemporary urban movements in Türkiye: A critical overview of state entrepreneurialism and authoritarian interventions. Antipode, 46(1), 110–129.
  • Erdoğan, O. (2022). Türkiye’nin Koronavirüs ile Mücadelesinde Belediyeler. TIAV.
  • Etiler, N. (2020). Yerel yönetimler ve salgınlarla mücadele, COVID-19 pandemisi altıncı ay değerlendirme raporu. Türk Tabipler Birliği. https://www.ttb.org.tr/kutuphane/covid19-rapor_6/covid19-rapor_6_Part11.pdf
  • Hill, M. (1997). The policy process in the modern state (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall/Harvester Wheatsheaf.
  • Hogwood, B. W., & Gunn, L. A. (1984). Policy analysis for the real world. Oxford University Press.
  • Honig, M. I. (1984). Street-level bureaucracy revisited: Frontline district central-office administrators as boundary spanners in education policy implementation. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 28(4), 357–383.
  • Howlett, M., & Ramesh, M. (1995). Policy cycles and policy subsystems. Oxford University Press. Institute Istanbul. (2020). Rome. Covid-19 Araştırmaları. https://enstitu.ibb.istanbul/covid19/yerel yonetimler/roma/ accessed April 13, 2020.
  • Izmir Metropolitan Municipality. (2020). İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi’nden günde 60 bin maske. https://www.izmir.bel.tr/tr/Haberler/izmir-buyuksehir--belediyesi-nden-gunde-60-bin-maske/43495/156 accessed April 10, 2021.
  • Jansen, E., Javornik, J., Brummel, A., & Yerkes, M. A. (2021). Central‐local tensions in the decentralization of social policies: Street‐level bureaucrats and social practices in the Netherlands. Social Policy & Administration, 55(7), 1–14.
  • Karataş, A., & Beşer, N. G. (2021). Yerel yönetim birimleri olarak belediyelerin salgın hastalıklar konusundaki sorumlulukları: Covid-19 pandemisi örneği. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(4), 1340-1351.
  • Kaşik, V. (2020). Malatya’da günlük 2 milyon maske üretiliyor. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/malatyada-gunluk-2-milyon-maske-uretiliyor/1807513 accessed April 16, 2020.
  • Kazan, A. (2017). The effects of the Law No. 6360 on the financial structures of metropolitan municipalities. Journal of Sayıştay, 104, 87–196.
  • Keiser, L. R. (2010). Understanding street‐level bureaucrats' decision making: Determining eligibility in the social security disability program. Public Administration Review, 70(2), 247–257.
  • Knoepfel, P., Larrue, C., Varone, F., & Hill, M. (2007). Public policy analysis. The Policy Press.
  • Kørnøv, L., Zhang, J., & Christensen, P. (2015). The influence of street-level bureaucracy on the implementation of strategic environmental assessment. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 58(4), 598–615.
  • Lipsky, M. (1980). Street-level bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the individual in public service. Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Lipsky, M. (2010). Street-level bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the individual in public service (30th Anniversary ed.). Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Lotta, G. S., & Marques, E. C. (2020). How social networks affect policy implementation: An analysis of street‐level bureaucrats' performance regarding a health policy. Social Policy & Administration, 54(3), 345–360.
  • May, P. J., & Winter, S. C. (2009). Politicians, managers, and street-level bureaucrats: Influences on policy implementation. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 19(3), 453–476.
  • Netuce. (2021). Akıllı şehirler koronavirüs ile nasıl mücadele ediyor? https://netuce.com/akilli-sehirler-koronavirus-ile-nasil-mucadele-ediyor/ accessed May 1, 2021.
  • Peker, D., & Köseoğlu, I. (2021). Koronavirüs (Covid-19) salgınında krizle mücadelede yerel yönetimlerin rolü: Beş büyükşehir belediyesinde bir analiz. ASSAM, 8(18), 87-102.
  • Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye. (2020). T. C. Presidential Decision No. 2280 (March 24, 2020). https://yhgm.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/36953/0/toplu-tasima-sosyal-tesispdf.pdf accessed April 2, 2022.
  • Rowe, M. (2012). Going back to the street: Revisiting Lipsky's street-level bureaucracy. Teaching Public Administration, 30(1), 10–18.
  • Sanlıurfa Metropolitan Municipality. (2021). Büyükşehir vatandaşların araçlarını ücretsiz dezenfekte ediyor. Retrieved April 21, 2021, from http://sanliurfa.bel.tr/icerik/9499/21/buyuksehir-vatandaslarin-araclarini-ucretsiz-dezenfekte-ediyor
  • Sayın, A. (2021). Koronavirüs: Belediyelerin yardım kampanyaları neden tartışma yarattı, iktidar ve muhalefet ne diyor? BBC Türkçe. Retrieved May 1, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-52127212
  • Sevä, M., & Jagers, S. C. (2013). Inspecting environmental management from within: The role of street-level bureaucrats in environmental policy implementation. Journal of Environmental Management, 128, 1060-1070.
  • The Constitution of the Republic of Türkiye. (1982). Retrieved from https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.2709.pdf
  • The Law on Metropolitan Municipality, No. 5216. Retrieved from https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5216.pdf
  • The Law on Municipality, No. 5393. Retrieved from https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.5393.pdf
  • The Law on Public Health, No. 1593. Retrieved from https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.3.1593.pdf
  • The Law on Special Province Administrations, No. 5302. Retrieved from https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5302.pdf
  • The Law on Village, No. 442. Retrieved from https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.3.442.pdf
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT). (2021). Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları-2020 (Address Based Population Registration System Results). Retrieved April 10, 2021, from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Adrese-Dayali-Nufus-Kayit-Sistemi-Sonuclari-2020-37210
  • Türkiye Belediyeler Birliği (Union of Municipalities of Türkiye) (TBB). (n.d.). Samsun Büyükşehirden 'Tıbbi Atık' Seferberliği! Retrieved from https://www.tbb.gov.tr/basin-ve-yayin/covid-19/belediyelerimizden-covid-19-haberleri/samsun-buyuksehirden-tibbi-atik-seferberligi/
  • Ulutaş, Ç. U. (2021). Street-level bureaucrats and provision of welfare services to forced migrants in Türkiye. Journal of Identity and Migration Studies, 15(1), 29-49.
  • Urhan, G., & Arslankoç, S. (2021). COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde sosyal politika ve yerel yönetimler: İstanbul ilçe belediyeleri örneği. Çalışma ve Toplum, 2021(2), 945-980.
  • Voice of America (VoA). (2020). Toplu taşıma ve konaklamada HES kodu zorunluluğu. Retrieved May 1, 2021, from https://www.amerikaninsesi.com/a/sehir-ici-toplu-tasima-ve-otel-konaklamasinda-hes-kodu-zorunlulugu/5603220.html
  • Yang, F., Huang, X., & Li, Z. (2021). Gender, situational visibility, and discretionary decision-making of regulatory street-level bureaucrats under pandemic emergency: An experimental study in China. Public Management Review, 24(8), 1312-1329.
  • Yilmaz, S., & Boex, J. (2021). Unleashing the potential of local governments in pandemic response. Development in Practice, 31(6), 805-815.
  • Zarychta, A., Grillos, T., & Andersson, K. P. (2019). Public sector governance reform and the motivation of street‐level bureaucrats in developing countries. Public Administration Review, 80(1), 75-91.
  • Zedekia, S. (2017). Street level bureaucrats as the ultimate policy makers. Journal of Political Sciences & Public Affairs, 5(4), 306.
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kamu Yönetimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Cenay Babaoğlu 0000-0002-2935-0579

Mete Yıldız 0000-0002-5864-6731

Onur Kulaç 0000-0002-5135-0356

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 22 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Nisan 2024
Kabul Tarihi 13 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 63

Kaynak Göster

APA Babaoğlu, C., Yıldız, M., & Kulaç, O. (2024). STREET-LEVEL BUREAUCRATS VERSUS PANDEMIC IN TÜRKİYE: PROBLEMS & STRATEGIES. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(63), 239-250. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1464403
AMA Babaoğlu C, Yıldız M, Kulaç O. STREET-LEVEL BUREAUCRATS VERSUS PANDEMIC IN TÜRKİYE: PROBLEMS & STRATEGIES. PAUSBED. Temmuz 2024;(63):239-250. doi:10.30794/pausbed.1464403
Chicago Babaoğlu, Cenay, Mete Yıldız, ve Onur Kulaç. “STREET-LEVEL BUREAUCRATS VERSUS PANDEMIC IN TÜRKİYE: PROBLEMS & STRATEGIES”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, sy. 63 (Temmuz 2024): 239-50. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1464403.
EndNote Babaoğlu C, Yıldız M, Kulaç O (01 Temmuz 2024) STREET-LEVEL BUREAUCRATS VERSUS PANDEMIC IN TÜRKİYE: PROBLEMS & STRATEGIES. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 63 239–250.
IEEE C. Babaoğlu, M. Yıldız, ve O. Kulaç, “STREET-LEVEL BUREAUCRATS VERSUS PANDEMIC IN TÜRKİYE: PROBLEMS & STRATEGIES”, PAUSBED, sy. 63, ss. 239–250, Temmuz 2024, doi: 10.30794/pausbed.1464403.
ISNAD Babaoğlu, Cenay vd. “STREET-LEVEL BUREAUCRATS VERSUS PANDEMIC IN TÜRKİYE: PROBLEMS & STRATEGIES”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 63 (Temmuz 2024), 239-250. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1464403.
JAMA Babaoğlu C, Yıldız M, Kulaç O. STREET-LEVEL BUREAUCRATS VERSUS PANDEMIC IN TÜRKİYE: PROBLEMS & STRATEGIES. PAUSBED. 2024;:239–250.
MLA Babaoğlu, Cenay vd. “STREET-LEVEL BUREAUCRATS VERSUS PANDEMIC IN TÜRKİYE: PROBLEMS & STRATEGIES”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, sy. 63, 2024, ss. 239-50, doi:10.30794/pausbed.1464403.
Vancouver Babaoğlu C, Yıldız M, Kulaç O. STREET-LEVEL BUREAUCRATS VERSUS PANDEMIC IN TÜRKİYE: PROBLEMS & STRATEGIES. PAUSBED. 2024(63):239-50.