Çocukluk Çağı Astımında İlaç Tedavisi

Yıl 2003, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 19 - 28, 01.09.2003

Yakup Canıtez Cahide Gider Fatih Gök Nihat Sapan

https://izlik.org/JA59UY44UG

Öz

Epidemiyolojik çalışmalar son yıllarda astım ve di- ğer atopik hastalıkların gelişmiş ülkelerde daha belirgin olmak üzere tüm dünyada arttığını göstermektedir 1-3 . Atopik hastalıklardaki bu artış oldukça dramatiktir ve dünyada bir allerji pandemisinin yaşandığını düşündürmektedir 4 .

Kaynakça

• 1. Asher MI, Weiland SK. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). ISAAC Steering Committee. Clin Exp Allergy 1998; 28(suppl. 5): 52-66.
• 2. Wolcock AJ, Peat JK. Evidence for the increase in asthma worldwide. Ciba Found Symp 1997;206:122-34.
• 3. Wahn U, von Mutius E. Childhood risk factors for atopy and the importance of early intervention. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;107:567-74.
• 4. Eichenfield LF, Hanefin JM, Back LA, et al. Atopic dermatitis and asthma: parallels in the evolution in treatment. Pediatrics 2003; 111:608-16.
• 5. Expert Panel Report 2, Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma, NIH Pub.No:97-4051,1997.
• 6. GINA (Global Initiative for Asthma) 2002 Workshop report, Global strategy for asthma management and prevention, April 2002, (Scientific information and recommendations for asthma programs. NIH Publication No. 02-3659).
• 7. Bisgaard H. Delivery of inhaled medication to children. J Asthma 1997;34:443-67.
• 8. Pedersen S. Inhalers and nebulizers: which to choose and why. Respir Med 1996;90:69-77.
• 9. Oj JA, Thorsson L, Bisgaard H. Lung deposition of inhaled drugs increases with age. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:1819-22.
• 10. Agertoft L, Andersen A, Weibull E, Pedersen S. Systemic availability and pharmacokinetics of nebulised budesonide in preschool children. Arch Dis Child 1999;80:241-7.
• 11. Shapiro G, Bronsky EA, LaForce CF, Mendelson L, Pearlman D, Schwartz RH, et al. Dose-related efficacy of budesonide administered via a dry powder inhaler in the treatment of children with moderate to severe persistent asthma. J Pediatr 1998;132:976-82.
• 12. Pedersen S, Hansen OR. Budesonide treatment of moderate and severe asthma in children: a dose response study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995;95:29-33.
• 13. Jonasson G, Carlsen KH, Blomqvist P. Clinical efficacy of low-dose inhaled budesonide once or twice daily in children with mild asthma not previously treated with steroids. Eur Respir J 1998;12:1099-104.
• 14. Agertoft L, Pedersen S. A randomized, double-blind dose reduction study to compare the minimal effective dose of budesonide Turbuhaler and fluticasone propionate Diskhaler. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997;99:773-80.
• 15. Meltzer EO, Orgel HA, Ellis EF, Eigen HN, Hemstreet MP. Long-term comparison of three combinations of albuterol, theophylline, and beclomethasone in children with chronic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992;90:2-11.
• 16. Henriksen JM. Effect of inhalation of corticosteroids on exercise induced asthma: randomised double blind crossover study of budesonide in asthmatic children. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985;291:248-9.
• 17. Waalkens HJ, Van Essen-Zandvliet EE, Hughes MD, Gerritsen J, Duiverman EJ, Knol K, et al. Cessation of long-term treatment with inhaled corticosteroid (budesonide) in children with asthma results in deterioration. The Dutch CNSLD Study Group. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148:1252-7.
• 18. Foresi A, Morelli MC, Catena E. Low-dose budesonide with the addition of an increased dose during exacerbations is effective in long-term asthma control. On behalf of the Italian Study Group. Chest 2000;117:440-6.
• 19. Nielsen KG, Bisgaard H. The effect of inhaled budesonide on symptoms, lung function, and cold air and methacholine responsiveness in 2- to 5-year-old asthmatic children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:1500-6.
• 20. Roosevelt G, Sheehan K, Grupp-Phelan J, Tanz RR, Lister nick R. Dexamethasone in bronchiolitis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1996;348:292-5.
• 21. Klassen TP, Sutcliffe T, Watters LK, Wells GA, Allen UD, Li MM. Dexamethasone in salbutamol-treated inpatients with acute bronchiolitis: a randomized, controlled trial. J Pediatr 1997;130:191-6.
• 22. Springer C, Bar-Yishay E, Uwayyed K, Avital A, Vilozni D, Godfrey S. Corticosteroids do not affect the clinical or physiological status of infants with bronchiolitis. Pediatr Pulmonol 1990;9:181-5.
• 23. Cade A, Brownlee KG, Conway SP, Haigh D, Short A, Brown J, et al. Randomised placebo controlled trial of nebulised corticosteroids in acute respiratory syncytial viral bronchiolitis. Arch Dis Child 2000;82:126-30.
• 24. Daugbjerg P, Brenoe E, Forchhammer H, Frederiksen B, Glazowski MJ, Ibsen KK, et al. A comparison between nebulized terbutaline, nebulized corticosteroid and systemic corticosteroid for acute wheezing in children up to 18 months of age. Acta Paediatr 1993;82:547-51.
• 25. şekerel BE, Kalaycı CÖ. Çocukluk çağında kronik astma tedavisi. In: Kalyoncu AF (ed.). Bronş Astması ve Allerjik Hastalıklar. Ankara: Güneş Kitabevi; 1999. p.42-55.
• 26. Kemp JP, Dockhorn RJ, Shapiro GG, Nguyen HH, Reiss TF, Seidenberg BC, et al. Montelukast once daily inhibits exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in 6- to 14-year-old children with asthma. J Pediatr 1998;133:424-8.
• 27. Knorr B, Matz J, Bernstein JA, Nguyen H, Seidenberg BC, Reiss TF, et al. Montelukast for chronic asthma in 6- to 14- year-old children: a randomized, double-blind trial. Pediatric Montelukast Study Group. JAMA 1998;279:1181- 6.
• 28. Adkins JC, Brogden RN. Zafirlukast. A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic potential in the management of asthma. Drugs 1998;55:121-44.
• 29. Vidal C, Fernandez-Ovide E, Pineiro J, Nunez R, GonzalezQuintela A. Comparison of montelukast versus budesonide in the treatment of exerciseinduced bronchoconstriction. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001;86:655-8.
• 30. Bisgaard H, Nielsen KG. Bronchoprotection with a leukotriene receptor antagonist in asthmatic preschool children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:187-90.
• 31. The Childhood Asthma Managment Program Research Group. Long term effects of budesonide or nedocromil in children with asthma. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1054-63.
• 32. Eigen H, Reid JJ, Dahl R, Del Bufalo C, Fasano L, Gunella G, et al. Evaluation of the addition of cromolyn sodium to bronchodilator maintenance therapy in the long-term management of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987;80:612-21.
• 33. Tasche MJ, Uijen JH, Bernsen RM, de Jongste JC, van Der Wouden JC. Inhaled disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) as maintenance therapy in children with asthma: a systematic review. Thorax 2000;55:913-20.
• 34. Spooner CH, Saunders LD, Rowe BH. Nedocromil sodium for preventing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;2.
• 35. Rachelefsky GS, Shapiro G, Eigen H, Taussig L. Detrimental effects of hypotonic cromolyn sodium. J Pediatr 1992;121:992-3.
• 36. Mitenko PA, Ogilvie RI. Rational intravenous doses of theophylline. N Engl J Med 1973;289:600-3.
• 37. Magnussen H, Reuss G, Jorres R. Methylxanthines inhibit exercise-induced bronchoconstriction at low serum theophylline concentration and in a dosedependent fashion. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1988;81:531-7.
• 38. Pedersen S. Treatment of nocturnal asthma in children with a single dose of sustained-release theophylline taken after supper. Clin Allergy 1985;15:79-85.
• 39. Stratton D, Carswell F, Hughes AO, Fysh WJ, Robinson P. Double-blind comparisons of slowrelease theophylline, ketotifen and placebo for prophylaxis of asthma in young children. Br J Dis Chest 1984;78:163-7.
• 40. Hendeles L, Weinberger M, Szefler S, Ellis E. Safety and efficacy of theophylline in children with asthma. J Pediatr 1992;120:177-83.
• 41. Furukawa CT, Shapiro GG, DuHamel T, Weimer L, Pierson WE, Bierman CW. Learning and behaviour problems associated with theophylline therapy. Lancet 1984;1:621.
• 42. Graff-Lonnevig V, Browaldh L. Twelve hours’ bronchodilating effect of inhaled formoterol in children with asthma: a double-blind cross-over study versus salbutamol. Clin Exp Allergy 1990;20:429-32.
• 43. Barbato A, Cracco A, Tormena F, Novello A Jr. The first 20 minutes after a single dose of inhaled salmeterol in asthmatic children. Allergy 1995;50:506-10.
• 44. Meijer GG, Postma DS, Mulder PG, van Aalderen WM. Long-term circadian effects of salmeterol in asthmatic children treated with inhaled corticosteroids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:1887-92.
• 45. Zarkovic JP, Marenk M, Valovirta E, Kuusela AL, Sandahl G, Persson B, et al. One-year safety study with bambuterol once daily and terbutaline three times daily in 2-12-year-old children with asthma. The Bambuterol Multicentre Study Group. Pediatr Pulmonol 2000;29:424-9.
• 46. Henriksen JM, Agertoft L, Pedersen S. Protective effect and duration of action of inhaled formoterol and salbutamol on exercise-induced asthma in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992;89:1176-82.
• 47. Nyberg L, Kennedy BM. Pharmacokinetics of terbutaline given in slow-release tablets. Eur J Respir Dis 1984;134 Suppl:119-39.
• 48. Morgan DJ. Clinical pharmacokinetics of beta agonists. Clin Pharmacokinet 1990;18:270-94.
• 49. Fuglsang G, Hertz B, Holm EB. No protection by oral terbutaline against exercise-induced asthma in children: a doseresponse study. Eur Respir J 1993;6:527-30.
• 50. Lonnerholm G, Foucard T, Lindstrom B. Oral terbutaline in chronic childhood asthma; effects related to plasma concentrations. Eur J Respir Dis 1984;134 Suppl: 205-10.
• 51. Pedersen S. Aerosol treatment of bronchoconstriction in children, with or without a tube spacer. N Engl J Med 1983;308:1328-30.
• 52. Wilkie RA, Bryan MH. Effect of bronchodilators on airway resistance in ventilator-dependent neonates with chronic lung disease. J Pediatr 1987;111:278 - 82.
• 53. Prendiville A, Green S, Silverman M. Airway responsiveness in wheezy infants: evidence for functional beta adrenergic receptors. Thorax 1987;42:100-4.
• 54. Davis A, Vickerson F, Worsley G, Mindorff C, Kazim F, Levison H. Determination of dose-response relationship for nebulized ipratropium in asthmatic children. J Pediatr 1984;105:1002-5.
• 55. Boner AL, Vallone G, De Stefano G. Effect of inhaled ipratropium bromide on methacholine and exercise provocation in asthmatic children. Pediatr Pulmonol 1989;6:81-5.
• 56. Bratteby LE, Foucard T, Lonnerholm G. Combined treatment with ipratropium bromide and beta-2- adrenoceptor agonists in childhood asthma. Eur J Respir Dis 1986;68:239-47.
• 57. Groggins RC, Milner AD, Stokes GM. Bronchodilator effects of clemastine, ipratropium bromide, and salbutamol in preschool children with asthma. Arch Dis Child 1981;56:342-4.
• 58. Duchame FM, Davis GM. Randomized controlled trial of ipratropium bromide and frequent low doses of salbutamol in the management of mild and moderate acute pediatric asthma. J Pediatr 1998;133:479-85.
• 59. Beasley CR, Rafferty P, Holgate ST. Bronchoconstrictor properties of preservatives in ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) nebuliser solution. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987;294:1197-8.