Bebek Beslenmesinde Kültürel Farklılıklar ve Bebek Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 165 - 171, 01.12.2014

Hande Yılmaz Nilüfer Tek

https://doi.org/10.4274/jcp.47966

Öz

Anne sütü verme süresi, bebeklerin tamamlayıcı besinlere başlama zamanları ve tamamlayıcı besinlerin çeşitleri ülkelere göre farklılık göstermektedir. Bu farklılıkların nedenleri arasında, ülke politikaları, etnik köken, dini inanışlar, gelenekler ve görenekler sayılabilmektedir. Araştırmalar farklı uygulamaların bebeğin hem bebeklik dönemini, hem de gelecekteki sağlığını olumlu veya olumsuz yönde etkilediğini bildirmektedir. Yapılan epidemiyolojik çalışmalarda bebeklik döneminde yüksek protein alımı okul çağı döneminde adipozite görülmesiyle ilişkilendirilmiştir. Ayrıca tamamlayıcı besinlere erken başlanması bebeklerde alerjik hastalıklar, çölyak ve üst solunum yolu enfeksiyonları görülmesiyle ilişkilendirilmiştir. Bebeklerde beslenme uygulamalarına bağlı olarak görülen sağlık sorunlarına politika değişiklikleriyle çözüm getirilmektedir. Bu makalede farklı ülkelerdeki anne sütü verme süresi, tamamlayıcı besine başlama zamanı, verilen tamamlayıcı besinlerdeki farklılıklar ve bunların sağlık üzerine etkileri irdelenmektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bebek beslenmesi, anne sütü, sağlık, beslenme politikaları

Cultural Differences in Infant Nutrition and Effects on Baby Health

Öz

Duration of breastfeeding, initiation of complementary foods for infants, types of complementary foods vary according to countries. Reasons of these differences include country policies, ethnic origin, religious beliefs, traditions and customs. Researches show that the different applications affected both the period of infancy and future health of the baby both positively and negatively. Epidemiological researches showed that high protein intake in infancy was associated with adiposity in school-age. Also early initiation of complementary foods was associated with allergic diseases, celiac disease and upper respiratory tract infections in infants. Health problems depending on feeding practices in infants are brought to solution with policy changes. In this manuscript, duration of breastfeeding in different countries, time to starting complementary foods, the differences in complementary food and their effects on health were discussed

Anahtar Kelimeler

Infant feeding, breast feeding, health, nutrition policies

Kaynakça

• 1. Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, Onis M, Ezzati M, et al. Geneva, World Health Organization. Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet 2008;19:243-60.
• 2. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü (2009) Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması, 2008. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, Sağlık Bakanlığı Ana Çocuk Sağlığı ve Aile Planlaması Genel Müdürlüğü, Başbakanlık Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı Müsteşarlığı ve TÜBİTAK, Ankara, Türkiye.
• 3. Rebhan B, Kohlhuber M, Schwegler U, Koletzko BV, Fromme H. Infant feeding practices and associated factors through the first 9 months of life in Bavaria, Germany. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009;49:467-73.
• 4. Hoppe C, Molgaard C, Thomsen BL, Juul A, Michaelsen KF. Protein intake at 9 mo of age is associated with body size but not with body fat in 10-y-old Danish children. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:494-501.
• 5. Atkinson SA. Introduction to the workshop. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:1485-7.
• 6. Anderson J. Introducing Solid Foods to Infants. Colorado State University Extension. Food and Nutrition Series. 2008.
• 7. National Health and Medical Research Council. Infant Feeding Guidelines Information for health workers, 2012.
• 8. United States Departman of Agricultural Food and Nutrition Service. Effects of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children. 2012.
• 9. Green M, Palfrey JS, (eds). Bright Futures: Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children, and Adolescents. 2nd edition. Arlington: National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health; 2002.
• 10. Work Group on Breastfeeding American Academy of Pediatrics. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics 1997;100:1035-9.
• 11. California Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines for Adolescents, 2013.
• 12. ADA. Position of The American Dietetic Association: Promoting and supporting breastfeeding. J Am Diet Assoc 2009;109:1926- 42.
• 13. WHO Expert Consultation. The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. 2001.
• 14. WHO, Infant and Young Child Feeding– Model Chapter for textbooks. Geneva: WHO pres, 2009.
• 15. Agostoni C, Decsi T, Fewtrell M, Goulet O, Kolacek S, Koletzko B, et al. Complementary feeding: a commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008;46:99-110.
• 16. WHO multicentre growth reference study group. Complementary feeding in the WHO multicentre growth reference study. Acta Paediatr 2006;450:27-37.
• 17. Lin JR, Tzeng MS, Kao MD, Yang YH, Pan WH. Practice to introduce complementary foods to infants in Taiwan – changes from 1997 to 2008. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2011;20:337-45.
• 18. Briefel RR, Reidy K, Karwe V, Devaney B. Feeding infants and toddlers study: Improvements needed in meeting infant feeding recommendations. J Am Diet Assoc 2004;104(Suppl 1):s31-7.
• 19. Barness LA, Dallman PR, Anderson H, Collipp PJ, Nichols Jr BL, Walker WA, et al. On the feeding of supplemental foods to infants. Pediatrics 1980;65:1178-81.
• 20. Dietz WH, Stern L. AAP Guide to Your Child’s Nutrition: Making peace at the Table and Building Healthy Eating Habits for Life. New York: Villard Books; 1999.
• 21. Kırımi E, Tuncer O, Ataş B, Ceylan A. Yaşamın ilk altı ayında yalnızca anne sütü veya demirle zenginleştirilmiş mama ile beslenen süt çocuklarında 5. ve 1. aylarda büyüme ve demir durumu. Türkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci 2004;24:608-13.
• 22. Kramer MS, Guo T, Platt RW, Sevkovskaya Z, Dzikovich I, Collet JP, et al. Infant growth and health outcomes associated with 3 compared with 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:291-5.
• 23. Chantry C, Howard C, Auinger P. Full breastfeeding duration and associated decrease in respiratory tract infection in US children. Pediatrics 2006;117:425-32.
• 24. Norris JM, Barriga K, Hoffenberg EJ, Taki I, Miao D, Haas JE, et al. Risk of celiac disease autoimmunity and timing of gluten introduction in the diet of infants at increased risk of disease. J Am Med Assoc 2005;293:2343-51.
• 25. Poole JA, Barriga K, Leung DYM, Hoffman M, Eisenbarth GS, Rewers M, et al. Timing of initial exposure to cereal grains and the risk of wheat allergy. Pediatrics 2006;117:2175-82.
• 26. Yang Z, Huffman LS. Nutrition in pregnancy and early childhood and associations with obesity in developing countries. Matern Child Nutr 2013;9:105-19.
• 27. Kuloğlu Z. Anne sütüyle beslenmenin erişkin sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri bebek beslenmesiyle programlanma-II. Türkiye Klinikleri J Pediatr 2009;18:27-35.
• 28. Owen CG, Martin RM, Whincup PH, Davey-Smith G, Gillman MW, Cook DG. The effect of breastfeeding on mean body mass index throughout life: a quantitative review of published and unpublished observational evidence. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:1298-307.
• 29. Arenz S, Ruckerl R, Koletzko B, Kries R. Breast-feeding and childhood obesity – a systematic review. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004;28:1247-56.
• 30. Koletzko B, Kries R, Closa R, Escribano J, Scaglioni S, Giovannini M, et al. Can infant feding choices modulate later obesity risk? Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:1502-8.
• 31. Harder T, Bergmann R, Kallischnigg G, Plagemann A. Duration of breastfeeding and risk of overweight: a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2005;162:397-403.
• 32. Baker JL, Michaelsen KF, Rasmussen KM, Sorensen TI. Maternal prepregnant body mass index, duration of breastfeeding, and timing of complementary food introduction are associated with infant weight gain. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:1579-88.
• 33. Wilson AC, Forsyth JS, Greene SA, Irvine L, Hau C, Howie PW. Relation of infant diet to childhood health: seven year follow up of cohort of children in Dundee infant feeding study. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 1998;316:21-5.
• 34. Schack-Nielsen L, Sorensen T, Mortensen EL, Michaelsen KF. Late introduction of complementary feeding, rather than duration of breastfeeding, may protect against adult overweight. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:619-27.
• 35. Fewtrell MS, Morgan JB, Duggan C, Gunnlaugsson G, Hibberd PL, Lucas A, et al. Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding: what is the evidence to support current recommendations? Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:635-8.
• 36. Anderson JW, Johnstone BM, Remley DT. Breast-feeding and cognitive development: a metaanalysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:525-35.
• 37. Ünsal H, Atlıhan F, Özkan H, Targan Ş, Hassoy H. Toplumda anne sütü verme eğilimi ve buna etki eden faktörler. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi 2005;48:226-33.
• 38. Samlı G, Kara B, Cöbek Ünalan P, Samlı B, Sarper N, Gökalp AS. Annelerin emzirme ve süt çocuğu beslenmesi konusundaki bilgi, inanış ve uygulamaları: niteliksel bir araştırma. Marmara Medical Journal 2006;19:13-20.
• 39. Kahriman İ, Topbaş M, Çan G. Trabzon İl Merkezinde 6-12 Aylık Çocuğu Olan Annelerin Bebek Bakımına İlişkin Geleneksel Uygulamaları. TAF Prev Med Bull 2011;10:61-70.
• 40. Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2003.
• 41. Anneke MW, Pieternel CM, Jacobus P, Cornelis J. Ethnic Variation in Infant-Feeding Practices in the Netherlands and Weight Gain at 4 Months. J Hum Lact 2008;24:42-9.
• 42. Dratva J, Merten S, Ackermann-Liebrich U. The timing of complementary feeding of infants in Switzerland: compliance with the Swiss and the WHO guidelines. Acta Paediatr 2006;95:818-25.
• 43. Giovannini G, Riva E, Banderali G, Scaglioni S, Veehof SHE, Sala M, et al. Feeding practices of infants through the first year of life in Italy. Acta Paediatr 2004;93:492-7.
• 44. Kruger R, Gericke GJ. A qualitative exploration of rural feeding and weaning practices, knowledge and attitudes on nutrition. Public Health Nutr 2003;6:217-23.
• 45. Parada CMGL, Carvalhaes MABL, Jamas MT. Complementary feeding practices to children during their first year of life. Pev Lat Am Enfemagem 2007;15:282-9.
• 46. Duong DV, Binns CW, Lee AH. Introduction of complementary food to infants within the first six months postpartum in rural Vietnam. Acta Paediatr 2005;94:1714-20.
• 47. Lande B, Andersen LF, Baerug A, Trygg KU, Lund-Larsen K, Veierod MB, et al. Infant feeding practices and associated factors in the first six months of life: the Norwegian infant nutrition survey. Acta Paediatr 2003;92:152-61.
• 48. McCann MF, Baydar N, Williams RL. Breastfeeding attitudes and reported problems in a national sample of WIC participants. J Hum Lact 2007;23:314-24.
• 49. Amir LH, Cwikel J. Why do women stop breastfeeding? Breastfeed Rev 2005;13:7-13.