Endokrin Bozucular

Ediz Yeşilkaya

Endokrin Bozucular

Yıl 2008, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 76 - 82, 01.12.2008

Öz

Endokrin bozucular, endokrin sistem tarafından sentezlenen endojen kimyasalların aktivitelerini bir şekilde taklit ettikleri, blokladıkları ya da değiştirdikleri için özel ilgi konusudurlar. Diğer birçok organın yanında, özellikle üriner sistemi ve tiroid bezlerini etkilemektedirler. Endokrin bozucu kimyasallar östrojen ve androjen reseptörleri ile reaksiyona girip, endojen hormonların agonist ya da antagonistleri olarak etki gösterebilirler. Son on yılda reprodüktif organ anomalileri, testiküler kanser, erkek doğum oranlarında azalma ve semen kalitesinde düşme rapor eden birçok çalışma yayınlanmıştır. Bu derlemede, endokrin bozucuların reprodüktif sağlık üzerine olan etkileri yakın dö- neme ait literatür ışığında tartışılmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Endokrin bozucular, üreme sistemi, çocuk

Kaynakça

1. Bigsby R, Chapin RE, Daston GP et a. Evaluating the effects of endocrine disruptors on endocrine function during development. Environ Health Perspect 1999; 107: 613-8.
2. Lee MM. Endocrine Disrupters. A Current Review of Pediatric Endocrinology 2007; 109-18.
3. Kelce WR, Wilson EM. Antiandrogenic Effects of Environmental Endocrine Disruptors. In: Metzler M (ed). The Handbook of Enviromental Chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors Part 1. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 2001. p. 39-61.
4. Metzler M, Pfeiffer E. Chemistry of Natural and Anthropogenic Endocrine Active Compounds. In: Metzler M (ed). The Handbook of Enviromental Chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors Part 1. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 2001. p.63-80.
5. Giusti RM, Iwamoto K, Hatch EE. Diethylstilbestrol revisited: a review of the long-term health effects. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 778-88.
6. Solomon GM, Schettler T. Environment and health. 6.Endocrine disruption and potential human health implications. CMAJ Canadian Medicel Asoociation Journal 2000; 1116: 1467-74.
7. Gray LE Jr, Wilson VS, Stoker T et al. Adverse effects of environmental antiandrogens and androgens on reproductive development in mammals. Int J Androl 2006; 29: 96-104.
8. Weuve J, SÃ¡nchez BN, Calafat AM et al. Exposure to phthalates in neonatal intensive care unit infants: urinary concentrations of monoesters and oxidative metabolites. Environ Health Perspect 2006; 114: 1424-31.
9. Ishihara K, Warita K, Tanida T, Sugawara T, Kitagawa H, Hoshi N. Does paternal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzop-dioxin (TCDD) affect the sex ratio of offspring? J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69: 347-52.
10. Divi RL, Chang HC, Doerge DR. Anti-thyroid isoflavones from soybean: isolation, characterization, and mechanisms of action. Biochem Pharmacol 1997; 54: 1087-96.
11. Cunha GR, Alarid ET, Turner T, Donjacour AA, Boutin EL, Foster BA. Normal and abnormal development of the male urogenital tract. Role of androgens, mesenchymal-epithelial interactions, and growth factors. J Androl 1992; 13: 465-75.
12. Kuwada M, Kawashima R, Nakamura K, Kojima H, Hasumi H, Maki J. Study of neonatal exposure to androgenic endocrine disruptors, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone by normal-phase HPLC. Biomed Chromatogr 2006; 20: 1237-41.
13. Carlsen E, Giwercman A, Keiding N, Skakkebaek NE. Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years. BMJ 1992; 305: 609-13.
14. Bay K, Asklund C, Skakkebaek NE, Andersson AM. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: possible role of endocrine disrupters. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 20: 77-90.
15. Massart F, Parrino R, Seppia P, Federico G, Saggese G. How do environmental estrogen disruptors induce precocious puberty? Minerva Pediatr 2006; 58: 247-54.
16. McLachlan JA, Simpson E, Martin M. Endocrine disrupters and female reproductive health. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 20: 63-75.
17. Dötsch J, Dörr HG, Wildt L. Exposure to Endogenous Estrogens During Lifetime. In: Metzler M (ed). The Handbook of Enviromental Chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors Part 1. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 2001. p. 81-99.
18. Ward WE, Thompson LU. Dietary Estrogens of Plant and Fungal Origin: Occurrence and Exposure. In: Metzler M (ed). The Handbook of Enviromental Chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors Part 1. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 2001. p. 101-28.
19. Dhondup P, Kaliwal BB. Inhibition of ovarian compensatory hypertrophy by the administration of methyl parathion in hemicastrated albino rats. Reprod Toxicol 1997; 11: 77-84.
20. Maffini MV, Rubin BS, Sonnenschein C, Soto AM. Endocrine disruptors and reproductive health: the case of bisphenol-A. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 25: 254-5.
21. Kondo T, Shono T, Suita S. Age-specific effect of phthalate ester on testicular development in rats. J Pediatr Surg 2006; 41: 1290-3.
22. Potashnik G, Ben Aderet N, Israeli R, Yanai-Inbar I, Sober I. Suppressive effect of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane on human spermatogenesis. Fertil Steril 1978; 30: 444-7.
23. Nguyen T, Brunson D, Crespi CL, Penman BW, Wishnok JS, Tannenbaum SR. DNA damage and mutation in human cells exposed to nitric oxide in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 3030-4.
24. El-Gohary M, Awara WM, Nassar S, Hawas S. Deltamethrininduced testicular apoptosis in rats: the protective effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Toxicology 1999; 132: 1-8.
25. Kröncke KD, Fehsel K, Kolb-Bachofen V. Nitric oxide: cytotoxicity versus cytoprotection--how, why, when, and where? Nitric Oxide 1997; 1: 107-20.
26. Gupta RK, Miller KP, Babus JK, Flaws JA. Methoxychlor inhibits growth and induces atresia of antral follicles through an oxidative stress pathway. Toxicol Sci 2006; 93: 382-9.
27. Boockfor FR, Blake CA. Chronic administration of 4-tert-octylphenol to adult male rats causes shrinkage of the testes and male accessory sex organs, disrupts spermatogenesis, and increases the incidence of sperm deformities. Biol Reprod 1997; 57: 267-77.
28. Uzumcu M, Suzuki H, Skinner MK. Effect of the anti-androgenic endocrine disruptor vinclozolin on embryonic testis cord formation and postnatal testis development and function. Reprod Toxicol 2004; 18: 765-74.
29. vom Saal FS, Cooke PS, Buchanan DL et al. A physiologically based approach to the study of bisphenol A and other estrogenic chemicals on the size of reproductive organs, daily sperm production, and behavior. Toxicol Ind Health 1998; 14: 239-60.
30. Alonso-Magdalena P, Morimoto S, Ripoll C, Fuentes E, Nadal A. The estrogenic effect of bisphenol A disrupts pancreatic beta-cell function in vivo and induces insulin resistance. Environ Health Perspect 2006; 114: 106-12.
31. Gray LE Jr, Ostby J, Cooper RL, Kelce WR. The estrogenic and antiandrogenic pesticide methoxychlor alters the reproductive tract and behavior without affecting pituitary size or LH and prolactin secretion in male rats. Toxicol Ind Health 1999; 15: 37-47.
32. de Jager C, Bornman MS, Oosthuizen JM. The effect of p-nonylphenol on the fertility potential of male rats after gestational, lactational and direct exposure. Andrologia 1999; 31: 107-13.
33. de Jager C, Bornman MS, van der Horst G. The effect of p-nonylphenol, an environmental toxicant with oestrogenic properties, on fertility potential in adult male rats. Andrologia 1999; 31: 99-106.
34. Swan SH, Main KM, Liu F et al. Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure. Environ Health Perspect 2005; 113: 1056-61.
35. Zhou Y, Fukuoka M, Tanaka A. Mechanisms of testicular atrophy induced by di-n-butyl phthalate in rats. Part 3. Changes in the activity of some enzymes in the Sertoli and germ cells, and in the levels of metal ions. J Appl Toxicol 1990; 10: 447-53.
36. Golub M, Doherty J. Triphenyltin as a potential human endocrine disruptor. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2004; 7: 281-95.
37. Guo YL, Lambert GH, Hsu CC, Hsu MM. Yucheng: health effects of prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzofurans. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2004; 77: 153-8.
38. www.endopedonline.com.ar/img/n4/REPORT%206th%20 PUBERTY%20Ing.pdf.
39. Colon I, Caro D, Bourdony CJ, Rosario O. Identification of phthalate esters in the serum of young Puerto Rican girls with premature breast development. Environ Health Perspect 2000; 108: 895-900.
40. Henley DV, Lipson N, Korach KS, Bloch CA. Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils. Engl J Med 2007; 356: 479-85.
41. Saiyed H, Dewan A, Bhatnagar V et al. Effect of endosulfan on male reproductive development. Environ Health Perspect 2003; 111: 1958-62.
42. www.tuam.ege.edu.tr/dergi/dergi2/hormonlarfp.htm
43. Gokmen V, Acar J. Characterization of surface auxin residues of greenhouse tomatoes. Journal of Food Quality 2001; 24: 351-8.
44. Gokmen V, Acar J. Investigations on the synthetic auxin residues of greenhouse tomatoes. Journal of Food Quality 2000; 23: 503-12.
45. Sorensen MT, Danielsen V. Effect of the plant growth regulator, chlormequat, on mammalian fertility. ‹nternational j Andrology 2006; 29: 129-33.
46. www.zmo.org.tr/etkinlikler/6tk05/030nafizdelen.pdf
47. http://cevre.club.fatih.edu.tr/webyeni/konfreweb/konu25.pdf
48. www.agr.ege.edu.tr/~tuam/dergi/dergi2/hormonlarfp.htm
49. Mansuroglu GS, Sermenli T, Kara M. Hatay ili sera sebze yetifltiricili¤inde hormon kullan›m durumu. MKU Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 2005; 10: 15-30.
50. Yan›ko¤lu A, Kaya B, fieker D, Gebizli H. Örtüalt› tar›m›nda Pestisit Kullan›m›. TSE Standart Dergisi 2001; 20: 79-84.

Endocrine Disruptors

Yıl 2008, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 76 - 82, 01.12.2008

Ediz Yeşilkaya

Öz

Endocrine disruptors are of special interest because they mimic, block, or insome way alter the activity of endogenous chemicals that are synthesized bythe endocrine system. Besides many other organs, they especially affect theurinary system and the thyroid glands. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals aretypically identified as compounds that can interact with oestrogen or androgen receptors and thus act as agonists or antagonists of endogenoushormones. During the last decade, numerous studies have been published,reporting an increase in reproductive organ anomalies, as well as in testicular cancer, and a decline in the relative number of male births, and insemen quality. In this review, the effects of endocrine distruptors on the reproductive health are discussed in the light of the recent literature

Anahtar Kelimeler

Endocrine disruptors, reproductive system, child

Kaynakça

1. Bigsby R, Chapin RE, Daston GP et a. Evaluating the effects of endocrine disruptors on endocrine function during development. Environ Health Perspect 1999; 107: 613-8.
2. Lee MM. Endocrine Disrupters. A Current Review of Pediatric Endocrinology 2007; 109-18.
3. Kelce WR, Wilson EM. Antiandrogenic Effects of Environmental Endocrine Disruptors. In: Metzler M (ed). The Handbook of Enviromental Chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors Part 1. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 2001. p. 39-61.
4. Metzler M, Pfeiffer E. Chemistry of Natural and Anthropogenic Endocrine Active Compounds. In: Metzler M (ed). The Handbook of Enviromental Chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors Part 1. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 2001. p.63-80.
5. Giusti RM, Iwamoto K, Hatch EE. Diethylstilbestrol revisited: a review of the long-term health effects. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 778-88.
6. Solomon GM, Schettler T. Environment and health. 6.Endocrine disruption and potential human health implications. CMAJ Canadian Medicel Asoociation Journal 2000; 1116: 1467-74.
7. Gray LE Jr, Wilson VS, Stoker T et al. Adverse effects of environmental antiandrogens and androgens on reproductive development in mammals. Int J Androl 2006; 29: 96-104.
8. Weuve J, SÃ¡nchez BN, Calafat AM et al. Exposure to phthalates in neonatal intensive care unit infants: urinary concentrations of monoesters and oxidative metabolites. Environ Health Perspect 2006; 114: 1424-31.
9. Ishihara K, Warita K, Tanida T, Sugawara T, Kitagawa H, Hoshi N. Does paternal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzop-dioxin (TCDD) affect the sex ratio of offspring? J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69: 347-52.
10. Divi RL, Chang HC, Doerge DR. Anti-thyroid isoflavones from soybean: isolation, characterization, and mechanisms of action. Biochem Pharmacol 1997; 54: 1087-96.
11. Cunha GR, Alarid ET, Turner T, Donjacour AA, Boutin EL, Foster BA. Normal and abnormal development of the male urogenital tract. Role of androgens, mesenchymal-epithelial interactions, and growth factors. J Androl 1992; 13: 465-75.
12. Kuwada M, Kawashima R, Nakamura K, Kojima H, Hasumi H, Maki J. Study of neonatal exposure to androgenic endocrine disruptors, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone by normal-phase HPLC. Biomed Chromatogr 2006; 20: 1237-41.
13. Carlsen E, Giwercman A, Keiding N, Skakkebaek NE. Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years. BMJ 1992; 305: 609-13.
14. Bay K, Asklund C, Skakkebaek NE, Andersson AM. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: possible role of endocrine disrupters. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 20: 77-90.
15. Massart F, Parrino R, Seppia P, Federico G, Saggese G. How do environmental estrogen disruptors induce precocious puberty? Minerva Pediatr 2006; 58: 247-54.
16. McLachlan JA, Simpson E, Martin M. Endocrine disrupters and female reproductive health. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 20: 63-75.
17. Dötsch J, Dörr HG, Wildt L. Exposure to Endogenous Estrogens During Lifetime. In: Metzler M (ed). The Handbook of Enviromental Chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors Part 1. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 2001. p. 81-99.
18. Ward WE, Thompson LU. Dietary Estrogens of Plant and Fungal Origin: Occurrence and Exposure. In: Metzler M (ed). The Handbook of Enviromental Chemistry, Endocrine Disruptors Part 1. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 2001. p. 101-28.
19. Dhondup P, Kaliwal BB. Inhibition of ovarian compensatory hypertrophy by the administration of methyl parathion in hemicastrated albino rats. Reprod Toxicol 1997; 11: 77-84.
20. Maffini MV, Rubin BS, Sonnenschein C, Soto AM. Endocrine disruptors and reproductive health: the case of bisphenol-A. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 25: 254-5.
21. Kondo T, Shono T, Suita S. Age-specific effect of phthalate ester on testicular development in rats. J Pediatr Surg 2006; 41: 1290-3.
22. Potashnik G, Ben Aderet N, Israeli R, Yanai-Inbar I, Sober I. Suppressive effect of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane on human spermatogenesis. Fertil Steril 1978; 30: 444-7.
23. Nguyen T, Brunson D, Crespi CL, Penman BW, Wishnok JS, Tannenbaum SR. DNA damage and mutation in human cells exposed to nitric oxide in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 3030-4.
24. El-Gohary M, Awara WM, Nassar S, Hawas S. Deltamethrininduced testicular apoptosis in rats: the protective effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Toxicology 1999; 132: 1-8.
25. Kröncke KD, Fehsel K, Kolb-Bachofen V. Nitric oxide: cytotoxicity versus cytoprotection--how, why, when, and where? Nitric Oxide 1997; 1: 107-20.
26. Gupta RK, Miller KP, Babus JK, Flaws JA. Methoxychlor inhibits growth and induces atresia of antral follicles through an oxidative stress pathway. Toxicol Sci 2006; 93: 382-9.
27. Boockfor FR, Blake CA. Chronic administration of 4-tert-octylphenol to adult male rats causes shrinkage of the testes and male accessory sex organs, disrupts spermatogenesis, and increases the incidence of sperm deformities. Biol Reprod 1997; 57: 267-77.
28. Uzumcu M, Suzuki H, Skinner MK. Effect of the anti-androgenic endocrine disruptor vinclozolin on embryonic testis cord formation and postnatal testis development and function. Reprod Toxicol 2004; 18: 765-74.
29. vom Saal FS, Cooke PS, Buchanan DL et al. A physiologically based approach to the study of bisphenol A and other estrogenic chemicals on the size of reproductive organs, daily sperm production, and behavior. Toxicol Ind Health 1998; 14: 239-60.
30. Alonso-Magdalena P, Morimoto S, Ripoll C, Fuentes E, Nadal A. The estrogenic effect of bisphenol A disrupts pancreatic beta-cell function in vivo and induces insulin resistance. Environ Health Perspect 2006; 114: 106-12.
31. Gray LE Jr, Ostby J, Cooper RL, Kelce WR. The estrogenic and antiandrogenic pesticide methoxychlor alters the reproductive tract and behavior without affecting pituitary size or LH and prolactin secretion in male rats. Toxicol Ind Health 1999; 15: 37-47.
32. de Jager C, Bornman MS, Oosthuizen JM. The effect of p-nonylphenol on the fertility potential of male rats after gestational, lactational and direct exposure. Andrologia 1999; 31: 107-13.
33. de Jager C, Bornman MS, van der Horst G. The effect of p-nonylphenol, an environmental toxicant with oestrogenic properties, on fertility potential in adult male rats. Andrologia 1999; 31: 99-106.
34. Swan SH, Main KM, Liu F et al. Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure. Environ Health Perspect 2005; 113: 1056-61.
35. Zhou Y, Fukuoka M, Tanaka A. Mechanisms of testicular atrophy induced by di-n-butyl phthalate in rats. Part 3. Changes in the activity of some enzymes in the Sertoli and germ cells, and in the levels of metal ions. J Appl Toxicol 1990; 10: 447-53.
36. Golub M, Doherty J. Triphenyltin as a potential human endocrine disruptor. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2004; 7: 281-95.
37. Guo YL, Lambert GH, Hsu CC, Hsu MM. Yucheng: health effects of prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzofurans. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2004; 77: 153-8.
38. www.endopedonline.com.ar/img/n4/REPORT%206th%20 PUBERTY%20Ing.pdf.
39. Colon I, Caro D, Bourdony CJ, Rosario O. Identification of phthalate esters in the serum of young Puerto Rican girls with premature breast development. Environ Health Perspect 2000; 108: 895-900.
40. Henley DV, Lipson N, Korach KS, Bloch CA. Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils. Engl J Med 2007; 356: 479-85.
41. Saiyed H, Dewan A, Bhatnagar V et al. Effect of endosulfan on male reproductive development. Environ Health Perspect 2003; 111: 1958-62.
42. www.tuam.ege.edu.tr/dergi/dergi2/hormonlarfp.htm
43. Gokmen V, Acar J. Characterization of surface auxin residues of greenhouse tomatoes. Journal of Food Quality 2001; 24: 351-8.
44. Gokmen V, Acar J. Investigations on the synthetic auxin residues of greenhouse tomatoes. Journal of Food Quality 2000; 23: 503-12.
45. Sorensen MT, Danielsen V. Effect of the plant growth regulator, chlormequat, on mammalian fertility. ‹nternational j Andrology 2006; 29: 129-33.
46. www.zmo.org.tr/etkinlikler/6tk05/030nafizdelen.pdf
47. http://cevre.club.fatih.edu.tr/webyeni/konfreweb/konu25.pdf
48. www.agr.ege.edu.tr/~tuam/dergi/dergi2/hormonlarfp.htm
49. Mansuroglu GS, Sermenli T, Kara M. Hatay ili sera sebze yetifltiricili¤inde hormon kullan›m durumu. MKU Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 2005; 10: 15-30.
50. Yan›ko¤lu A, Kaya B, fieker D, Gebizli H. Örtüalt› tar›m›nda Pestisit Kullan›m›. TSE Standart Dergisi 2001; 20: 79-84.

Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Bölüm	Collection
Yazarlar	Ediz Yeşilkaya Bu kişi benim
Yayımlanma Tarihi	1 Aralık 2008
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2008 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA	Yeşilkaya, E. (2008). Endokrin Bozucular. Güncel Pediatri, 6(3), 76-82.
AMA	Yeşilkaya E. Endokrin Bozucular. Güncel Pediatri. Aralık 2008;6(3):76-82.
Chicago	Yeşilkaya, Ediz. “Endokrin Bozucular”. Güncel Pediatri 6, sy. 3 (Aralık 2008): 76-82.
EndNote	Yeşilkaya E (01 Aralık 2008) Endokrin Bozucular. Güncel Pediatri 6 3 76–82.
IEEE	E. Yeşilkaya, “Endokrin Bozucular”, Güncel Pediatri, c. 6, sy. 3, ss. 76–82, 2008.
ISNAD	Yeşilkaya, Ediz. “Endokrin Bozucular”. Güncel Pediatri 6/3 (Aralık 2008), 76-82.
JAMA	Yeşilkaya E. Endokrin Bozucular. Güncel Pediatri. 2008;6:76–82.
MLA	Yeşilkaya, Ediz. “Endokrin Bozucular”. Güncel Pediatri, c. 6, sy. 3, 2008, ss. 76-82.
Vancouver	Yeşilkaya E. Endokrin Bozucular. Güncel Pediatri. 2008;6(3):76-82.

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