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Tip 1 Diyabetin Uzun Dönem İzlemi

Yıl 2008, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 111 - 118, 01.06.2008

Ayhan Abacı Ece Böber Atilla Büyükgebiz

Öz

Retinopati, nefropati ve nöropati tip 1 diyabetin sık görülen mikrovasküler komplikasyonlarıdır. Makrovasküler komplikasyonlar, periferik ve iskemik vasküler hastalıklardan oluşmakta olup, 30 yaş altında nadir görülmektedir. Tip 1 diyabetile ilişkili diğer komplikasyonlar, büyüme yetersizliği, puberte gecikmesi, psikiatrik bozukluklar, dermatolojik komplikasyonlar Lipoatrofi, lipohipertrofi, necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum , otoimmun hipotiroidizm ve celiac hastalığıdır.Çocukluk ve adolesan dönemde erken komplikasyonların ilerlemesinde ve gelişiminin önlenmesinde glisemik kontrol ve izlem en önemli tedavi yaklaşımıdır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tip 1 diabetes mellitus mikrovasküler komplikasyonlar tarama

Kaynakça

  • 1. Cooke D.W, Plotnick L.P. Manangment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. In: Pescovitz O.H, Eugster E.A (eds). Pediatric Endocrinology. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2004.p.427-49.
  • 2. Norris A, Wolfsdorf J. Diabetes Mellitus. In: Brook CGD (eds). Clinical Pediatric Endocrinology. 4th ed. USA: Blackwell Publishing; 2005.p.436-73.
  • 3. Rosenbloom A, Silverstein J. Diabetes in the Child and Adolescent. In: Lifshitz F, (eds). Pediatric Endocrinology. 4th ed. USA: Marcel Dekker; 2003.p.611-52.
  • 4. Glastras SJ, Mohsin F, Donaghue KC. Complications of diabetes mellitus in childhood. Pediatr Clin North Am 2005; 52: 1735-53.
  • 5. Donaghue KC, Fairchild JM, Craig ME, et al. Do all prepubertal years of diabetes duration contribute equally to diabetes complications? Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 1224-9.
  • 6. Holl RW, Lang GE, Grabert M, Heinze E, Lang GK, Debatin KM. Diabetic retinopathy in pediatric patients with type-1 diabetes: effect of diabetes duration, prepubertal and pubertal onset of diabetes, and metabolic control. J Pediatr 1998; 132: 790-4.
  • 7. Olsen BS, Sjolie AK, Hougaard P, et al. The significance of the prepubertal diabetes duration for the development of retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2004; 18: 160-4.
  • 8. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulindependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977-86.
  • 9. Hauner H, Schubert J, Pfeiffer EF. Prevalence of secondary complications in patients with type I diabetes mellitus. Results of a retrospective analysis of 549 type I diabetic patients of the Ulm University clinic. Med Klin (Munich) 1990; 85: 690-5.
  • 10. Kozek E, Gorska A, Fross K, Marcinowska A, Citkowska A, Sieradzki J. Chronic complications and risk factors in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus--retrospective analysis. Przegl Lek 2003; 60: 773-7.
  • 11. Malik R, Aristidis V. Diabetic Neuropathy. In: Johnstone M, Aristidis V (eds). Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Totawa, New Jersey, USA: Humana Press Inc; 2005.p. 381-401.
  • 12. Nardin R, Freeman R. Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. In: Mantzsoros C (eds). Obesity and Diabetes. Totowa, New Jersey, USA: Humana Press Inc; 2006.p.333-50.
  • 13. Solomon T, Giurini J, Logerfo F. The Diabetic Food. In: Aristidis V (eds). Diabetic Neuropathy. Totowa, New Jersey, USA: Humana Press Inc.;2006.p.105.
  • 14. Urban AD, Grey M. Type 1 diabetes. Nurs Clin North Am 2006; 41: 513-30.
  • 15. Massin P, Erginay A, Mercat-Caudal I, et al. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in children and adolescents with type-1 diabetes attending summer camps in France. Diabetes Metab 2007; 33: 284-9.
  • 16. Kernell A, Dedorsson I, Johansson B, Wickstrom CP, Ludvigsson J, Tuvemo T, Neiderud J, Sjostrom K, Malmgren K, Kanulf P, Mellvig L, Gjotterberg M, Sule J, Persson LA, Larsson LI, Aman J, Dahlquist G. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in children and adolescents with IDDM. A populationbased multicentre study. Diabetologia 1997; 40: 307-10.
  • 17. Poulaki V, Miller JW. Diabetic Retinopathy. In: Mantzsoros C (eds). Obesity and Diabetes. Totowa, New Jersey, USA: Humana Press Inc; 2006.p. 291-318.
  • 18. Rogers DG, White NH, Shalwitz RA, Palmberg P, Smith ME, Santiago JV. The effect of puberty on the development of early diabetic microvascular disease in insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1987; 3: 39-44.
  • 19. Lueder GT, Silverstein J. Screening for retinopathy in the pediatric patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics 2005; 116: 270-3.
  • 20. Chiarelli F, Mohn A, Tumini S, Trotta D, Verrotti A. Screening for vascular complications in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Horm Res 2002; 57: 113-6.
  • 21. Poulaki V, Miller JW. Diabetic Retinopathy. In: Mantzsoros C (eds). Obesity and Diabetes. Totowa, New Jersey, USA: Humana Press Inc; 2006.p.291-318.
  • 22. Maser RE, Mitchell BD, Vinik AI, Freeman R. The association between cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and mortality in individuals with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 1895-901.
  • 23. Yuen KC, Day JL, Flannagan DW, Rayman G. Diabetic neuropathic cachexia and acute bilateral cataract formation following rapid glycaemic control in a newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic patient. Diabet Med 2001; 18: 854-7.
  • 24. Twyman S, Rowe D, Mansell P, Schapira D, Betts P, Leatherdale B. Longitudinal study of urinary albumin excretion in young diabetic patients--Wessex Diabetic Nephropathy Project. Diabet Med 2001; 18: 402-8.
  • 25. Perkins BA, Ficociello LH, Silva KH, Finkelstein DM, Warram JH, Krolewski AS. Regression of microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2285-93.
  • 26. Scott LJ, Warram JH, Hanna LS, Laffel LM, Ryan L, Krolewski AS. A nonlinear effect of hyperglycemia and current cigarette smoking are major determinants of the onset of microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2001; 50: 2842-9.
  • 27. Al-Mutairi N, Zaki A, Sharma AK, Al-Sheltawi M. Cutaneous manifestations of diabetes mellitus. Study from Farwaniya hospital, Kuwait. Med Princ Pract 2006; 15: 427-30.
  • 28. Del Olmo MI, Campos V, Abellan P, Merino-Torres JF, Pinon F. A case of lipoatrophy with insulin detemir. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 28: e20-1.
  • 29. mpudia-Blasco FJ, Girbes J, Carmena R. A case of lipoatrophy with insulin glargine: long-acting insulin analogs are not exempt from this complication. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2983.
  • 30. Al-Khenaizan S, Al TM, Al A, I. Lispro insulin-induced lipoatrophy: a new case. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 393-6.
  • 31. Datta V, Swift PG, Woodruff GH, Harris RF. Metabolic cataracts in newly diagnosed diabetes. Arch Dis Child 1997; 76: 118-20.
  • 32. Phillip M, Ludwick DJ, Armour KM, Preslan MW. Transient subcapsular cataract formation in a child with diabetes. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1993; 32: 684-5.
  • 33. Wilson ME, Jr., Levin AV, Trivedi RH, et al. Cataract associated with type-1 diabetes mellitus in the pediatric population. J AAPOS 2007; 11: 162-5.
  • 34. Butler PA. Reversible cataracts in diabetes mellitus. J Am Optom Assoc 1994;65(8):559-63.
  • 35. Cornwell M, Lepre F. Acute irreversible cataracts in diabetes mellitus. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 1995; 23: 221-2.
  • 36. White FA, Richert HM. Accelerated bilateral cataract formation in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1984; 7: 186-7.
  • 37. Montgomery EL, Batch JA. Cataracts in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: sixteen years' experience in children and adolescents. J Paediatr Child Health 1998; 34: 179-82.
  • 38. Falck A, Laatikainen L. Diabetic cataract in children. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1998; 76: 238-40.
  • 39. Duffin AC, Donaghue KC, Potter M, et al. Limited joint mobility in the hands and feet of adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 1999; 16: 125-30.
  • 40. Munoz MT, Barrios V, Pozo J, Argente J. Insulin-like growth factor I, its binding proteins 1 and 3, and growth hormonebinding protein in children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: clinical implications. Pediatr Res 1996; 39: 992-8.
  • 41. American Diabetes Association. Clinical practice recommendations. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: S4-42.
  • 42. Jones JM, Lawson ML, Daneman D, Olmsted MP, Rodin G. Eating disorders in adolescent females with and without type 1 diabetes: cross sectional study. BMJ 2000; 320: 1563-6.
  • 43. Kelly SD, Howe CJ, Hendler JP, Lipman TH. Disordered eating behaviors in youth with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Educ 2005; 31: 572-83.
  • 44. Verrotti A, Catino M, De Luca FA, Morgese G, Chiarelli F. Eating disorders in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol 1999; 36: 21-5.
  • 45. Rydall AC, Rodin GM, Olmsted MP, Devenyi RG, Daneman D. Disordered eating behavior and microvascular complications in young women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1849-54.
  • 46. Lorini R, d'Annunzio G, Vitali L, Scaramuzza A. IDDM and autoimmune thyroid disease in the pediatric age group. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 1996; 9: 89-94.
  • 47. Roldan MB, Alonso M, Barrio R. Thyroid autoimmunity in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Nutr Metab 1999; 12: 27-31.
  • 48. Kordonouri O, Hartmann R, Deiss D, Wilms M, Gruters-Kieslich A. Natural course of autoimmune thyroiditis in type 1 diabetes: association with gender, age, diabetes duration, and puberty. Arch Dis Child 2005; 90: 411-4.
  • 49. Mantovani RM, Mantovani LM, Dias VM. Thyroid autoimmunity in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: prevalence and risk factors. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2007; 20: 669-75.
  • 50. Glastras SJ, Craig ME, Verge CF, Chan AK, Cusumano JM, Donaghue KC. The role of autoimmunity at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in the development of thyroid and celiac disease and microvascular complications. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2170-5.
  • 51. De V, I, Ghirlanda G, Gasbarrini G. Prevalence of coeliac disease in type I diabetes: a multicentre study. Acta Paediatr 1996; 412: 56-7.
  • 52. Crone J, Rami B, Huber WD, Granditsch G, Schober E. Prevalence of celiac disease and follow-up of EMA in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003; 37:67-71.
  • 53. Lorini R, Scaramuzza A, Vitali L, et al. Clinical aspects of coeliac disease in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 1996; 9: 101-11.
  • 54. Chan AW, Butzner JD, McKenna R, Fritzler MJ. Tissue transglutaminase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as a screening test for celiac disease in pediatric patients. Pediatrics 2001; 107: E8.
  • 55. American Academy of Pediatrics. National Cholesterol Education Program: Report of the Expert Panel on Blood Cholesterol Levels in Children and Adolescents Pediatrics 1992; 89: 525-84.

Long Term Monitoring of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Yıl 2008, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 111 - 118, 01.06.2008

Ayhan Abacı Ece Böber Atilla Büyükgebiz

Öz

The most common microvascular complications of type 1 diabetes include retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Macrovascular complications that predispose to ischemic and peripheral vascular disease are rare under the age of 30 years. In addition, growth retardation, delay of puberty, psychiatric disorders, dermatologic complications lipoatrophy, lipohypertrophy, necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum , autoimmune hypothyroidism, and celiac disease are the other complications associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus. In childhood and adolescence, monitoring and optimizing glycemic control is most important in management for preventing the development and progression of early complications

Anahtar Kelimeler

Type 1 diabetes mellitus microvascular complications screening

Kaynakça

  • 1. Cooke D.W, Plotnick L.P. Manangment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. In: Pescovitz O.H, Eugster E.A (eds). Pediatric Endocrinology. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2004.p.427-49.
  • 2. Norris A, Wolfsdorf J. Diabetes Mellitus. In: Brook CGD (eds). Clinical Pediatric Endocrinology. 4th ed. USA: Blackwell Publishing; 2005.p.436-73.
  • 3. Rosenbloom A, Silverstein J. Diabetes in the Child and Adolescent. In: Lifshitz F, (eds). Pediatric Endocrinology. 4th ed. USA: Marcel Dekker; 2003.p.611-52.
  • 4. Glastras SJ, Mohsin F, Donaghue KC. Complications of diabetes mellitus in childhood. Pediatr Clin North Am 2005; 52: 1735-53.
  • 5. Donaghue KC, Fairchild JM, Craig ME, et al. Do all prepubertal years of diabetes duration contribute equally to diabetes complications? Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 1224-9.
  • 6. Holl RW, Lang GE, Grabert M, Heinze E, Lang GK, Debatin KM. Diabetic retinopathy in pediatric patients with type-1 diabetes: effect of diabetes duration, prepubertal and pubertal onset of diabetes, and metabolic control. J Pediatr 1998; 132: 790-4.
  • 7. Olsen BS, Sjolie AK, Hougaard P, et al. The significance of the prepubertal diabetes duration for the development of retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2004; 18: 160-4.
  • 8. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulindependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977-86.
  • 9. Hauner H, Schubert J, Pfeiffer EF. Prevalence of secondary complications in patients with type I diabetes mellitus. Results of a retrospective analysis of 549 type I diabetic patients of the Ulm University clinic. Med Klin (Munich) 1990; 85: 690-5.
  • 10. Kozek E, Gorska A, Fross K, Marcinowska A, Citkowska A, Sieradzki J. Chronic complications and risk factors in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus--retrospective analysis. Przegl Lek 2003; 60: 773-7.
  • 11. Malik R, Aristidis V. Diabetic Neuropathy. In: Johnstone M, Aristidis V (eds). Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Totawa, New Jersey, USA: Humana Press Inc; 2005.p. 381-401.
  • 12. Nardin R, Freeman R. Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. In: Mantzsoros C (eds). Obesity and Diabetes. Totowa, New Jersey, USA: Humana Press Inc; 2006.p.333-50.
  • 13. Solomon T, Giurini J, Logerfo F. The Diabetic Food. In: Aristidis V (eds). Diabetic Neuropathy. Totowa, New Jersey, USA: Humana Press Inc.;2006.p.105.
  • 14. Urban AD, Grey M. Type 1 diabetes. Nurs Clin North Am 2006; 41: 513-30.
  • 15. Massin P, Erginay A, Mercat-Caudal I, et al. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in children and adolescents with type-1 diabetes attending summer camps in France. Diabetes Metab 2007; 33: 284-9.
  • 16. Kernell A, Dedorsson I, Johansson B, Wickstrom CP, Ludvigsson J, Tuvemo T, Neiderud J, Sjostrom K, Malmgren K, Kanulf P, Mellvig L, Gjotterberg M, Sule J, Persson LA, Larsson LI, Aman J, Dahlquist G. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in children and adolescents with IDDM. A populationbased multicentre study. Diabetologia 1997; 40: 307-10.
  • 17. Poulaki V, Miller JW. Diabetic Retinopathy. In: Mantzsoros C (eds). Obesity and Diabetes. Totowa, New Jersey, USA: Humana Press Inc; 2006.p. 291-318.
  • 18. Rogers DG, White NH, Shalwitz RA, Palmberg P, Smith ME, Santiago JV. The effect of puberty on the development of early diabetic microvascular disease in insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1987; 3: 39-44.
  • 19. Lueder GT, Silverstein J. Screening for retinopathy in the pediatric patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics 2005; 116: 270-3.
  • 20. Chiarelli F, Mohn A, Tumini S, Trotta D, Verrotti A. Screening for vascular complications in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Horm Res 2002; 57: 113-6.
  • 21. Poulaki V, Miller JW. Diabetic Retinopathy. In: Mantzsoros C (eds). Obesity and Diabetes. Totowa, New Jersey, USA: Humana Press Inc; 2006.p.291-318.
  • 22. Maser RE, Mitchell BD, Vinik AI, Freeman R. The association between cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and mortality in individuals with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 1895-901.
  • 23. Yuen KC, Day JL, Flannagan DW, Rayman G. Diabetic neuropathic cachexia and acute bilateral cataract formation following rapid glycaemic control in a newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic patient. Diabet Med 2001; 18: 854-7.
  • 24. Twyman S, Rowe D, Mansell P, Schapira D, Betts P, Leatherdale B. Longitudinal study of urinary albumin excretion in young diabetic patients--Wessex Diabetic Nephropathy Project. Diabet Med 2001; 18: 402-8.
  • 25. Perkins BA, Ficociello LH, Silva KH, Finkelstein DM, Warram JH, Krolewski AS. Regression of microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2285-93.
  • 26. Scott LJ, Warram JH, Hanna LS, Laffel LM, Ryan L, Krolewski AS. A nonlinear effect of hyperglycemia and current cigarette smoking are major determinants of the onset of microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2001; 50: 2842-9.
  • 27. Al-Mutairi N, Zaki A, Sharma AK, Al-Sheltawi M. Cutaneous manifestations of diabetes mellitus. Study from Farwaniya hospital, Kuwait. Med Princ Pract 2006; 15: 427-30.
  • 28. Del Olmo MI, Campos V, Abellan P, Merino-Torres JF, Pinon F. A case of lipoatrophy with insulin detemir. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 28: e20-1.
  • 29. mpudia-Blasco FJ, Girbes J, Carmena R. A case of lipoatrophy with insulin glargine: long-acting insulin analogs are not exempt from this complication. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2983.
  • 30. Al-Khenaizan S, Al TM, Al A, I. Lispro insulin-induced lipoatrophy: a new case. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 393-6.
  • 31. Datta V, Swift PG, Woodruff GH, Harris RF. Metabolic cataracts in newly diagnosed diabetes. Arch Dis Child 1997; 76: 118-20.
  • 32. Phillip M, Ludwick DJ, Armour KM, Preslan MW. Transient subcapsular cataract formation in a child with diabetes. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1993; 32: 684-5.
  • 33. Wilson ME, Jr., Levin AV, Trivedi RH, et al. Cataract associated with type-1 diabetes mellitus in the pediatric population. J AAPOS 2007; 11: 162-5.
  • 34. Butler PA. Reversible cataracts in diabetes mellitus. J Am Optom Assoc 1994;65(8):559-63.
  • 35. Cornwell M, Lepre F. Acute irreversible cataracts in diabetes mellitus. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 1995; 23: 221-2.
  • 36. White FA, Richert HM. Accelerated bilateral cataract formation in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1984; 7: 186-7.
  • 37. Montgomery EL, Batch JA. Cataracts in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: sixteen years' experience in children and adolescents. J Paediatr Child Health 1998; 34: 179-82.
  • 38. Falck A, Laatikainen L. Diabetic cataract in children. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1998; 76: 238-40.
  • 39. Duffin AC, Donaghue KC, Potter M, et al. Limited joint mobility in the hands and feet of adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 1999; 16: 125-30.
  • 40. Munoz MT, Barrios V, Pozo J, Argente J. Insulin-like growth factor I, its binding proteins 1 and 3, and growth hormonebinding protein in children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: clinical implications. Pediatr Res 1996; 39: 992-8.
  • 41. American Diabetes Association. Clinical practice recommendations. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: S4-42.
  • 42. Jones JM, Lawson ML, Daneman D, Olmsted MP, Rodin G. Eating disorders in adolescent females with and without type 1 diabetes: cross sectional study. BMJ 2000; 320: 1563-6.
  • 43. Kelly SD, Howe CJ, Hendler JP, Lipman TH. Disordered eating behaviors in youth with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Educ 2005; 31: 572-83.
  • 44. Verrotti A, Catino M, De Luca FA, Morgese G, Chiarelli F. Eating disorders in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol 1999; 36: 21-5.
  • 45. Rydall AC, Rodin GM, Olmsted MP, Devenyi RG, Daneman D. Disordered eating behavior and microvascular complications in young women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1849-54.
  • 46. Lorini R, d'Annunzio G, Vitali L, Scaramuzza A. IDDM and autoimmune thyroid disease in the pediatric age group. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 1996; 9: 89-94.
  • 47. Roldan MB, Alonso M, Barrio R. Thyroid autoimmunity in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Nutr Metab 1999; 12: 27-31.
  • 48. Kordonouri O, Hartmann R, Deiss D, Wilms M, Gruters-Kieslich A. Natural course of autoimmune thyroiditis in type 1 diabetes: association with gender, age, diabetes duration, and puberty. Arch Dis Child 2005; 90: 411-4.
  • 49. Mantovani RM, Mantovani LM, Dias VM. Thyroid autoimmunity in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: prevalence and risk factors. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2007; 20: 669-75.
  • 50. Glastras SJ, Craig ME, Verge CF, Chan AK, Cusumano JM, Donaghue KC. The role of autoimmunity at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in the development of thyroid and celiac disease and microvascular complications. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2170-5.
  • 51. De V, I, Ghirlanda G, Gasbarrini G. Prevalence of coeliac disease in type I diabetes: a multicentre study. Acta Paediatr 1996; 412: 56-7.
  • 52. Crone J, Rami B, Huber WD, Granditsch G, Schober E. Prevalence of celiac disease and follow-up of EMA in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003; 37:67-71.
  • 53. Lorini R, Scaramuzza A, Vitali L, et al. Clinical aspects of coeliac disease in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 1996; 9: 101-11.
  • 54. Chan AW, Butzner JD, McKenna R, Fritzler MJ. Tissue transglutaminase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as a screening test for celiac disease in pediatric patients. Pediatrics 2001; 107: E8.
  • 55. American Academy of Pediatrics. National Cholesterol Education Program: Report of the Expert Panel on Blood Cholesterol Levels in Children and Adolescents Pediatrics 1992; 89: 525-84.
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Collection
Yazarlar

Ayhan Abacı Bu kişi benim

Ece Böber Bu kişi benim

Atilla Büyükgebiz Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2008
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2008 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Abacı, A., Böber, E., & Büyükgebiz, A. (2008). Tip 1 Diyabetin Uzun Dönem İzlemi. Güncel Pediatri, 6(1), 111-118.
AMA Abacı A, Böber E, Büyükgebiz A. Tip 1 Diyabetin Uzun Dönem İzlemi. Güncel Pediatri. Haziran 2008;6(1):111-118.
Chicago Abacı, Ayhan, Ece Böber, ve Atilla Büyükgebiz. “Tip 1 Diyabetin Uzun Dönem İzlemi”. Güncel Pediatri 6, sy. 1 (Haziran 2008): 111-18.
EndNote Abacı A, Böber E, Büyükgebiz A (01 Haziran 2008) Tip 1 Diyabetin Uzun Dönem İzlemi. Güncel Pediatri 6 1 111–118.
IEEE A. Abacı, E. Böber, ve A. Büyükgebiz, “Tip 1 Diyabetin Uzun Dönem İzlemi”, Güncel Pediatri, c. 6, sy. 1, ss. 111–118, 2008.
ISNAD Abacı, Ayhan vd. “Tip 1 Diyabetin Uzun Dönem İzlemi”. Güncel Pediatri 6/1 (Haziran 2008), 111-118.
JAMA Abacı A, Böber E, Büyükgebiz A. Tip 1 Diyabetin Uzun Dönem İzlemi. Güncel Pediatri. 2008;6:111–118.
MLA Abacı, Ayhan vd. “Tip 1 Diyabetin Uzun Dönem İzlemi”. Güncel Pediatri, c. 6, sy. 1, 2008, ss. 111-8.
Vancouver Abacı A, Böber E, Büyükgebiz A. Tip 1 Diyabetin Uzun Dönem İzlemi. Güncel Pediatri. 2008;6(1):111-8.