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Kanserli Çocuklarda Anemi

Yıl 2003, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 35 - 41, 01.09.2003

Betül Sevinir Oğuzhan Durmaz

Öz

Günümüzde gelişmiş ülkelerde çocukluk çağı kanserlerinde 5 yıllık ortalama yaşam hızları %75- 80’e ulaşmıştır 1 . Sağkalım oranlarının iyileşmesinde birçok faktör etkilidir. Tanı ve evreye göre farklı sonuçlar söz konusu olduğundan hastadaki bireysel riske uygun tedavi yaklaşımı esastır. Yüksek riskli hastalarda daha yoğun kemoterapi protokolleri verilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Smith MA, Gloeckler Ries LA. Childhood cancer: incidence, survival, and mortality. In:Pizzo PA, Poplack DG (eds) Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology. 4th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002. p.1-12.
  • 2. Mercadante S, Gebbia V, Marrazzo A, Filosto S. Anaemia in cancer: pathophysiology and treatment. Cancer Treat Rev 2000;26:303-11.
  • 3. Kelly KM, Lange B. Oncologic emergencies. Ped Clin North Am 1997;44:809-30.
  • 4. Rogers ZR, Aquino VM, Buchanan GR. Hematologic supportive care and hematopoietic cytokines. In:Pizzo PA, Poplack DG (eds) Principles and Practice of Pediatric OnGüncel Pediatri 2003 ; 1 : 35-41 Sevinir ve ark. Kanserli Çocuklarda Anemi 39 GüncelPediatri cology. 4th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002. p.1205-38.
  • 5. Ludwig H, Strasser K. Symptomatology of anemia. Semin Oncol 2001;28:7-14.
  • 6. Groopman JE, Itri LM. Chemotherapy-induced anemia in adults: incidence and treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:1616-34.
  • 7. Bron D, Meuleman N, Mascaux C. Biological basis of anemia. Semin Oncol 2001;28:1-6.
  • 8. Karayalç›n G.Hodgkin’s disease.In: Lanzkowsky P(ed) Manuel of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 3rd edition. California: Academic Pres;2000.p.413-43.
  • 9. Koury MJ. Progress in understanding erythropoiesis. In: Smyth JF, Boogaerts MA, Ehmer BRM (eds) rhErythropoietin in Cancer Supportive Treatment.New York:Marcel Dekker ,Inc; 1996.p1-12.
  • 10. Kettelhack C, Schöter D, Matthias D, Schlag PM. Serum erythropoietin levels in patients with solid tumours. Eur J Cancer 1994;30:1289-91.
  • 11. Hermiston ML, Mentzer WC. A practical approach to the evaluation of the anemic child. Pediatr Clin N Am 2002;49:877-91.
  • 12. Hagar W, Theil EC, Vichinsky EP. Disease of iron metabolism. Pediatr Clin N Am 2002; 49: 893-909.
  • 13. Ludwig H, Fritze E. Anemia in cancer patients. Semin Oncol 1998;25:2-6.
  • 14. Skilling JR, Sridhar FG, Wong C, Paddock L The frequency of red cell transfusion for anemia in patients receiving chemotherapy: a retrospective cohort study. Am J Clin Oncol 1993;16:22-5.
  • 15. Leitgeb C, Pecherstorfer M, Fritz E,Ludwig H. Quality of life in chronic anemia of cancer during treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin. Cancer 1994;73:2535-42.
  • 16. Höckel M,Vaupel P. Tumor hypoxia: definitions and current clinical and biologic, and molecular aspects. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001;93:266-76.
  • 17. Kumar P. Tumor hypoxia and anemia: impact on the efficacy of radiation therapy. Semin Hematol 2000;37:4-8.
  • 18. Grau C, Overgaard J. Significance of hemoglobin concentration for treatment outcome. In:Molls M, Vaupel P(eds). Blood Perfusion and Microenvironment of Human Tumors. Berlin Springe; 1998.p.101-12.
  • 19. Dachs GU, Tozer GM. Hypoxia modulated gene expression: angiogenesis,metastasis and therapeutic exploitation. Eur J Cancer 2000;36:1649-60.
  • 20. Thews O, Koenig R, Keller DK, et al. Enhanced radiosensitivity in experimental tumours following erythropoietin treatment of chemotherapy-induced anemia. Br J Cancer 1998;78:752-6.
  • 21. Kelleher DK, Matthiensen U, Thews O, Vaupel P. Blood flow, and bioenergetic status of tumors after erythropoietin treatment in normal and anemic rats. Cancer Res 1996;56:4728-34.
  • 22. Dempke W, Poblozki AV, Grothey A, Schmoll HJ. Human hematopoietic growth factors:old lessons and new perspectives. Anticancer Res 2000;20:5155-64.
  • 23. Consensus Conference. Perioperative red blood cell transfusion. JAMA 1988;260:2700-3.
  • 24. Weiskopf RB. Do we know when to transfuse red cells to treat acute anemia? Transfusion 1998;38:517-21.
  • 25. Sarıalioğlu F, Akyol H, Büyükpamukçu M, et al. Therapeutic problems in pediatric oncology: the risk of HbsAg positivity at the time of diagnosis. Turk J Cancer 1993;23:27-33.
  • 26. Kebudi R, Ayan ‹, Y›lmaz G, Ak›c› F, Görgün Ö, Badur S. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus infections in children with cancer at diagnosis and following therapy in Turkey. Med Pediatr Oncol 2000;34:102-5.
  • 27. Sevinir B, Meral A, Günay Ü, Özkan T, Özuysal S, S›n›rtafl M. Increased risk of chronic hepatitis in children with cancer. Med Pediatr Oncol 2003;40:104-10.
  • 28. Quirolo KC.Transfusion medicine for the pediatrician. Pediatr Clin N Am 2002;49:1211-38.
  • 29. Asai T, Inaba S, Ohto H, et al. Guidelines for irradiation ob blood and blood components to prevent post transfusion graft-versus-host disease in Japan.Transfus Med 2000;10:315-20.
  • 30. Heiss MM,Mempel W, Delanoff Ch, et al. Beneficial effect of autologous blood transfusion on infectious complications after colorectal cancer surgery. Lancet 1993;342: 1328-33.
  • 31. Littlewood T. The impact of hemoglobin levels on treatment outcomes in patients with cancer. Semin Oncol 2001;28:49-53.
  • 32. Jakobs K, Isolation and characterization of genomic and cDNA clones of human erythropoietin. Nature 1985;313: 806-10.
  • 33. Evans RW, Rader B, Manninen DL. Cooperative Multicenter EPO Clinical Trial Group: The quality of life of hemodialysis recipients treated with recombinant human erythropoietin. JAMA 1990;263:825-31.
  • 34. Brandt JR, Avner ED, Hickman RO, Watkins SL.Safety and efficacy of erythropoietin in children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 1999;13:143-7.
  • 35. Means RT Jr. Clinical application of recombinant erythropoietin in the anemia of chronic disease. Haematol/Oncol Clin North Am 1994;8:933-44.
  • 36. Shannon KM, Keith JF III, Mentzer WC. Recombinant human erythropoietin stimulates erythropoiesis and reduces erythrocyte transfusions in very low birth weight preterm infants. Pediatrics 1995;95:1-8.
  • 37. Menendez A, Svarch, Martinez G, Hernandez P. Successful treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia using alltrans retinoic acid and erythrpoietin in a Jehoovah’s Witness boy. Ann Hematol 1998;76:43-4.
  • 38. Corwin HL. Anemia in the critically ill:the role of erythropoietin. Semin Hematol 2001;38:24-32.
  • 39. Oster W, et al. Erythropoietin for the treatment of anemia of malignancy associated with neoplastic bone marrow infiltration. J Clin Oncol 1990;8:956-62.
  • 40. Abels RI. Recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of the anaemia of cancer. Acta Haematol 1992;87:4-11.
  • 41. Henry DH, Abels RI. Recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of cancer : results of double-blind and open-label follow-up studies. Semin Oncol 1994;2:21-8.
  • 42. Littlewood TJ. Erythropoietin for the treatment of anemia associated with hematological malignancy . Hematol Oncol 2001;19:19-30.
  • 43. Kasper C. Recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of anemic patients with hematological malignancies. Ann Hematol 2001;80:319-29.
  • 44. Erslev AJ. Erythropoietin and anemia of cancer. Eur J Haematol 2000;64:353-8.
  • 45. Dunphy FR, Harrison BR, Dunleavy TL, Rodriguez JJ, Hilton JG, Boyd JH. Erythropoietin reduces anemia and transfusions. A randomized trial with or without erythro poietin during chemotherapy. Cancer 1999;86:1362-7.
  • 46. Nowrousian MR. Recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of cancer-related or chemotherapy-induced anaemia in patients with solid tumours.Med Oncol 1998;15: S19-28.
  • 47. Barrett-Lee PJ, Bailey NP, O’Brien METR, Wager E. Large-scale UK audit of blood transfusion requirements and anemia in patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy.Br J Cancer 2000;82(1):93-7.
  • 48. Corazza F, Beguin Y, Bergmann P, et al. Anemia in children with cancer is associated with decreased erythropoietic activity and not with inadequate erythropoietin production. Blood 1998;92:1793-8.
  • 49. Özgüro¤lu M, Arun B, Demir G, et al. Serum erythropoietin level in anemic cancer patients. Med Oncol 2000;17:29-34.
  • 50. Griggs JJ, Blumberg N. Recombinant erythropoietin and blood transfusions in cancer chemotherapy-induced anemia. Anticancer Drugs 1998;9:925-32.
  • 51. Beck MN, Beck D. Recombinant erythropoietin in acute chemotherapy induced anemia of children with cancer. Med Pediatr Oncol 1995;25:17-21.
  • 52. Zoubek A, Neophytou A, Böck A, et al. Prevention of anemia in children with Ewing’s or osteogenic sarcoma. Proceedings of ASCO 14 1995;702:258.
  • 53. Varan A, Büyükpamukçu M, Kutluk T, Akyüz C. Recombinant human erythropoietin treatment for chemotherapyrelated anemia in children. Pediatrics 1999;103:E16.
  • 54. Leon P, Jimenez M, Barona P, Sierrasesumaga L. Recombinant human erythropoietin for the treatment of anemia in children with solid malignant tumors. Med Pediatr Oncol 1998; 30:110-6.
  • 55. Csaki C, Ferencz T, Schuler D, Borsi JD. Recombinant human erythropoietin in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced anaemia in children with malignant solid tumors. Eur J Cancer 1998;34:364-7.
  • 56. Spaeth D, Marchal C, Bataillard A, Blaanc-Vincent MP. Elements del a mise a jour 1999 des standarts, options, recommandations pour l’utilisation de l’erthropoietine en cancerologie. Bull Cancer 1999;86:631-9.
  • 57. Gabrilove JL, Cleeland CS, Livingston RB, Sarokhan B, Winer E, Einhorn LH. Clinical evaluation of once-weekly dosing of epoetin alfa in chemotherapy patients: improvements in hemoglobin and quality of life are similar to three-times-weekly dosing. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:2875-82.
  • 58. Shasha D, George MJ, Harrison LB. Once-weekly dosing of epoetin-alpha increases hemoglobin and improves quality of life in anemic cancer patients receiving radiation therapy either concomitantly or sequentially with chemotherapy. Cancer 2003;98:1072-9.
  • 59. Glaspy JA, Jadeja JS, Justice G, Fleishman, Rossi G, Colowick AB. A randomized , active-control, pilot trial of front-loaded dosing regimens of darbepoetin-alfa for the treatment of patients with anemia during chemotherapy for malignant disease. Cancer 2003;97:1312-20.
  • 60. Mohandas K, Aledort L. Transfusion requirements, risks, and costs for patients with malignancy. Transfusion 1995;35:427-30.
  • 61. Giovanni B, Liberato NL. The cost-effectiveness of rh-EPO use in anemia of cancer. In: Smyth JF, Boogaerts MA, Ehmer BRM (Eds). Rh-Erythropoietin in Cancer Supportive Treatment. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1996. p:45-57
  • 62. Ferencz T, Csaki CS, Koos R, Schuler D, Borsi JD: Transfusion requirements following chemotherapy in pediatric solid tumors. Erthropoiesis 1994;5:115-8.
  • 63. Österborg A. Relationship between changes in hemoglobin level and quality of life during chemotherapy in anemic cancer patients receiving epoetin alfa therapy. Cancer 2003;97:3125-6.

Yıl 2003, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 35 - 41, 01.09.2003

Betül Sevinir Oğuzhan Durmaz

Öz

Kaynakça

  • 1. Smith MA, Gloeckler Ries LA. Childhood cancer: incidence, survival, and mortality. In:Pizzo PA, Poplack DG (eds) Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology. 4th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002. p.1-12.
  • 2. Mercadante S, Gebbia V, Marrazzo A, Filosto S. Anaemia in cancer: pathophysiology and treatment. Cancer Treat Rev 2000;26:303-11.
  • 3. Kelly KM, Lange B. Oncologic emergencies. Ped Clin North Am 1997;44:809-30.
  • 4. Rogers ZR, Aquino VM, Buchanan GR. Hematologic supportive care and hematopoietic cytokines. In:Pizzo PA, Poplack DG (eds) Principles and Practice of Pediatric OnGüncel Pediatri 2003 ; 1 : 35-41 Sevinir ve ark. Kanserli Çocuklarda Anemi 39 GüncelPediatri cology. 4th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002. p.1205-38.
  • 5. Ludwig H, Strasser K. Symptomatology of anemia. Semin Oncol 2001;28:7-14.
  • 6. Groopman JE, Itri LM. Chemotherapy-induced anemia in adults: incidence and treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:1616-34.
  • 7. Bron D, Meuleman N, Mascaux C. Biological basis of anemia. Semin Oncol 2001;28:1-6.
  • 8. Karayalç›n G.Hodgkin’s disease.In: Lanzkowsky P(ed) Manuel of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 3rd edition. California: Academic Pres;2000.p.413-43.
  • 9. Koury MJ. Progress in understanding erythropoiesis. In: Smyth JF, Boogaerts MA, Ehmer BRM (eds) rhErythropoietin in Cancer Supportive Treatment.New York:Marcel Dekker ,Inc; 1996.p1-12.
  • 10. Kettelhack C, Schöter D, Matthias D, Schlag PM. Serum erythropoietin levels in patients with solid tumours. Eur J Cancer 1994;30:1289-91.
  • 11. Hermiston ML, Mentzer WC. A practical approach to the evaluation of the anemic child. Pediatr Clin N Am 2002;49:877-91.
  • 12. Hagar W, Theil EC, Vichinsky EP. Disease of iron metabolism. Pediatr Clin N Am 2002; 49: 893-909.
  • 13. Ludwig H, Fritze E. Anemia in cancer patients. Semin Oncol 1998;25:2-6.
  • 14. Skilling JR, Sridhar FG, Wong C, Paddock L The frequency of red cell transfusion for anemia in patients receiving chemotherapy: a retrospective cohort study. Am J Clin Oncol 1993;16:22-5.
  • 15. Leitgeb C, Pecherstorfer M, Fritz E,Ludwig H. Quality of life in chronic anemia of cancer during treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin. Cancer 1994;73:2535-42.
  • 16. Höckel M,Vaupel P. Tumor hypoxia: definitions and current clinical and biologic, and molecular aspects. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001;93:266-76.
  • 17. Kumar P. Tumor hypoxia and anemia: impact on the efficacy of radiation therapy. Semin Hematol 2000;37:4-8.
  • 18. Grau C, Overgaard J. Significance of hemoglobin concentration for treatment outcome. In:Molls M, Vaupel P(eds). Blood Perfusion and Microenvironment of Human Tumors. Berlin Springe; 1998.p.101-12.
  • 19. Dachs GU, Tozer GM. Hypoxia modulated gene expression: angiogenesis,metastasis and therapeutic exploitation. Eur J Cancer 2000;36:1649-60.
  • 20. Thews O, Koenig R, Keller DK, et al. Enhanced radiosensitivity in experimental tumours following erythropoietin treatment of chemotherapy-induced anemia. Br J Cancer 1998;78:752-6.
  • 21. Kelleher DK, Matthiensen U, Thews O, Vaupel P. Blood flow, and bioenergetic status of tumors after erythropoietin treatment in normal and anemic rats. Cancer Res 1996;56:4728-34.
  • 22. Dempke W, Poblozki AV, Grothey A, Schmoll HJ. Human hematopoietic growth factors:old lessons and new perspectives. Anticancer Res 2000;20:5155-64.
  • 23. Consensus Conference. Perioperative red blood cell transfusion. JAMA 1988;260:2700-3.
  • 24. Weiskopf RB. Do we know when to transfuse red cells to treat acute anemia? Transfusion 1998;38:517-21.
  • 25. Sarıalioğlu F, Akyol H, Büyükpamukçu M, et al. Therapeutic problems in pediatric oncology: the risk of HbsAg positivity at the time of diagnosis. Turk J Cancer 1993;23:27-33.
  • 26. Kebudi R, Ayan ‹, Y›lmaz G, Ak›c› F, Görgün Ö, Badur S. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus infections in children with cancer at diagnosis and following therapy in Turkey. Med Pediatr Oncol 2000;34:102-5.
  • 27. Sevinir B, Meral A, Günay Ü, Özkan T, Özuysal S, S›n›rtafl M. Increased risk of chronic hepatitis in children with cancer. Med Pediatr Oncol 2003;40:104-10.
  • 28. Quirolo KC.Transfusion medicine for the pediatrician. Pediatr Clin N Am 2002;49:1211-38.
  • 29. Asai T, Inaba S, Ohto H, et al. Guidelines for irradiation ob blood and blood components to prevent post transfusion graft-versus-host disease in Japan.Transfus Med 2000;10:315-20.
  • 30. Heiss MM,Mempel W, Delanoff Ch, et al. Beneficial effect of autologous blood transfusion on infectious complications after colorectal cancer surgery. Lancet 1993;342: 1328-33.
  • 31. Littlewood T. The impact of hemoglobin levels on treatment outcomes in patients with cancer. Semin Oncol 2001;28:49-53.
  • 32. Jakobs K, Isolation and characterization of genomic and cDNA clones of human erythropoietin. Nature 1985;313: 806-10.
  • 33. Evans RW, Rader B, Manninen DL. Cooperative Multicenter EPO Clinical Trial Group: The quality of life of hemodialysis recipients treated with recombinant human erythropoietin. JAMA 1990;263:825-31.
  • 34. Brandt JR, Avner ED, Hickman RO, Watkins SL.Safety and efficacy of erythropoietin in children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 1999;13:143-7.
  • 35. Means RT Jr. Clinical application of recombinant erythropoietin in the anemia of chronic disease. Haematol/Oncol Clin North Am 1994;8:933-44.
  • 36. Shannon KM, Keith JF III, Mentzer WC. Recombinant human erythropoietin stimulates erythropoiesis and reduces erythrocyte transfusions in very low birth weight preterm infants. Pediatrics 1995;95:1-8.
  • 37. Menendez A, Svarch, Martinez G, Hernandez P. Successful treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia using alltrans retinoic acid and erythrpoietin in a Jehoovah’s Witness boy. Ann Hematol 1998;76:43-4.
  • 38. Corwin HL. Anemia in the critically ill:the role of erythropoietin. Semin Hematol 2001;38:24-32.
  • 39. Oster W, et al. Erythropoietin for the treatment of anemia of malignancy associated with neoplastic bone marrow infiltration. J Clin Oncol 1990;8:956-62.
  • 40. Abels RI. Recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of the anaemia of cancer. Acta Haematol 1992;87:4-11.
  • 41. Henry DH, Abels RI. Recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of cancer : results of double-blind and open-label follow-up studies. Semin Oncol 1994;2:21-8.
  • 42. Littlewood TJ. Erythropoietin for the treatment of anemia associated with hematological malignancy . Hematol Oncol 2001;19:19-30.
  • 43. Kasper C. Recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of anemic patients with hematological malignancies. Ann Hematol 2001;80:319-29.
  • 44. Erslev AJ. Erythropoietin and anemia of cancer. Eur J Haematol 2000;64:353-8.
  • 45. Dunphy FR, Harrison BR, Dunleavy TL, Rodriguez JJ, Hilton JG, Boyd JH. Erythropoietin reduces anemia and transfusions. A randomized trial with or without erythro poietin during chemotherapy. Cancer 1999;86:1362-7.
  • 46. Nowrousian MR. Recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of cancer-related or chemotherapy-induced anaemia in patients with solid tumours.Med Oncol 1998;15: S19-28.
  • 47. Barrett-Lee PJ, Bailey NP, O’Brien METR, Wager E. Large-scale UK audit of blood transfusion requirements and anemia in patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy.Br J Cancer 2000;82(1):93-7.
  • 48. Corazza F, Beguin Y, Bergmann P, et al. Anemia in children with cancer is associated with decreased erythropoietic activity and not with inadequate erythropoietin production. Blood 1998;92:1793-8.
  • 49. Özgüro¤lu M, Arun B, Demir G, et al. Serum erythropoietin level in anemic cancer patients. Med Oncol 2000;17:29-34.
  • 50. Griggs JJ, Blumberg N. Recombinant erythropoietin and blood transfusions in cancer chemotherapy-induced anemia. Anticancer Drugs 1998;9:925-32.
  • 51. Beck MN, Beck D. Recombinant erythropoietin in acute chemotherapy induced anemia of children with cancer. Med Pediatr Oncol 1995;25:17-21.
  • 52. Zoubek A, Neophytou A, Böck A, et al. Prevention of anemia in children with Ewing’s or osteogenic sarcoma. Proceedings of ASCO 14 1995;702:258.
  • 53. Varan A, Büyükpamukçu M, Kutluk T, Akyüz C. Recombinant human erythropoietin treatment for chemotherapyrelated anemia in children. Pediatrics 1999;103:E16.
  • 54. Leon P, Jimenez M, Barona P, Sierrasesumaga L. Recombinant human erythropoietin for the treatment of anemia in children with solid malignant tumors. Med Pediatr Oncol 1998; 30:110-6.
  • 55. Csaki C, Ferencz T, Schuler D, Borsi JD. Recombinant human erythropoietin in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced anaemia in children with malignant solid tumors. Eur J Cancer 1998;34:364-7.
  • 56. Spaeth D, Marchal C, Bataillard A, Blaanc-Vincent MP. Elements del a mise a jour 1999 des standarts, options, recommandations pour l’utilisation de l’erthropoietine en cancerologie. Bull Cancer 1999;86:631-9.
  • 57. Gabrilove JL, Cleeland CS, Livingston RB, Sarokhan B, Winer E, Einhorn LH. Clinical evaluation of once-weekly dosing of epoetin alfa in chemotherapy patients: improvements in hemoglobin and quality of life are similar to three-times-weekly dosing. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:2875-82.
  • 58. Shasha D, George MJ, Harrison LB. Once-weekly dosing of epoetin-alpha increases hemoglobin and improves quality of life in anemic cancer patients receiving radiation therapy either concomitantly or sequentially with chemotherapy. Cancer 2003;98:1072-9.
  • 59. Glaspy JA, Jadeja JS, Justice G, Fleishman, Rossi G, Colowick AB. A randomized , active-control, pilot trial of front-loaded dosing regimens of darbepoetin-alfa for the treatment of patients with anemia during chemotherapy for malignant disease. Cancer 2003;97:1312-20.
  • 60. Mohandas K, Aledort L. Transfusion requirements, risks, and costs for patients with malignancy. Transfusion 1995;35:427-30.
  • 61. Giovanni B, Liberato NL. The cost-effectiveness of rh-EPO use in anemia of cancer. In: Smyth JF, Boogaerts MA, Ehmer BRM (Eds). Rh-Erythropoietin in Cancer Supportive Treatment. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1996. p:45-57
  • 62. Ferencz T, Csaki CS, Koos R, Schuler D, Borsi JD: Transfusion requirements following chemotherapy in pediatric solid tumors. Erthropoiesis 1994;5:115-8.
  • 63. Österborg A. Relationship between changes in hemoglobin level and quality of life during chemotherapy in anemic cancer patients receiving epoetin alfa therapy. Cancer 2003;97:3125-6.
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Collection
Yazarlar

Betül Sevinir Bu kişi benim

Oğuzhan Durmaz Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Eylül 2003
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2003 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Sevinir, B., & Durmaz, O. (2003). Kanserli Çocuklarda Anemi. Güncel Pediatri, 1(1), 35-41.
AMA Sevinir B, Durmaz O. Kanserli Çocuklarda Anemi. Güncel Pediatri. Eylül 2003;1(1):35-41.
Chicago Sevinir, Betül, ve Oğuzhan Durmaz. “Kanserli Çocuklarda Anemi”. Güncel Pediatri 1, sy. 1 (Eylül 2003): 35-41.
EndNote Sevinir B, Durmaz O (01 Eylül 2003) Kanserli Çocuklarda Anemi. Güncel Pediatri 1 1 35–41.
IEEE B. Sevinir ve O. Durmaz, “Kanserli Çocuklarda Anemi”, Güncel Pediatri, c. 1, sy. 1, ss. 35–41, 2003.
ISNAD Sevinir, Betül - Durmaz, Oğuzhan. “Kanserli Çocuklarda Anemi”. Güncel Pediatri 1/1 (Eylül 2003), 35-41.
JAMA Sevinir B, Durmaz O. Kanserli Çocuklarda Anemi. Güncel Pediatri. 2003;1:35–41.
MLA Sevinir, Betül ve Oğuzhan Durmaz. “Kanserli Çocuklarda Anemi”. Güncel Pediatri, c. 1, sy. 1, 2003, ss. 35-41.
Vancouver Sevinir B, Durmaz O. Kanserli Çocuklarda Anemi. Güncel Pediatri. 2003;1(1):35-41.