Novel Coronavirus 2019 Infections Current Status

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 134 - 139, 15.04.2020

Edanur Yeşil Mustafa Hacımustafaoğlu

Öz

Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses that take their name from the thorny protrusions (Corona; Crown) on their surface in electron microscopy.They can cause respiratory,enteric,hepatic, and neurological diseases in humans and animals.Human infections are usually caused by Alpha and Beta types. Human Coronaviruses (HCoV) were first described in the 1960s,and these are mainly 229E,NL63,OC43 and HKU1 Coronaviruses, causing typical mild/moderate respiratory diseases in humans.In addition,occasional outbreaks of different severe Coronavirus infections (MERS-CoV,SARS-CoV) have been reported.Apart from these,new(novel) Coronavirus infections (2019-nCoV,SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19) have been reported which started in Wuhan,Hubei,China in December 2019 and tend to spread all over the world.In this review,it is aimed to present the epidemiological course,genetic factors,transmission,prevention of this novel Coronavirus infections with the clinical findings in adults and children,diagnosis,treatment,prevention methods and current information in our country.As of February 12,2020, 45.171 proven cases have been reported in the world and 25 different countries have been affected by this epidemic.The average incubation period of COVID-19 infection was 5.2days (1-14 days).The fatality rate was 2.5% on average in all cases,but 4.3-15% in severe or hospitalized patients.In adult cases,it begins clinically with non-specific upper respiratory tract infections such as fever,cough and weakness.In severe cases,symptoms such as pneumonia and severe respiratory failure develop within days.In laboratory findings;lymphopenia was observed in hospitalized patients,lung involvement was in almost all cases with bilateral and multilobuler and/or subsegmental consolidation. Pediatric cases were usually asymptomatic or with mild upper respiratory tract infection findings. Pneumonia has been rarely seen.Mortality has not been reported in pediatric cases.Treatment of COVID-19 mainly consists of supportive therapy. Droplet isolation measures and hand hygiene play an important role in protection.Rigorous application of infection control measures is expected to be helpful in breaking the epidemics and pandemics.

Anahtar Kelimeler

China, Coronavirus, COVID-19, pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, 2019-nCoV

Yenı Coronavirüs 2019 Enfeksıyonları Güncel Durum

Öz

Coronavirüsler zarflı, adlarını yüzeylerindeki dikensi çıkıntılardan (Corona; Taç) alan RNA virüsleridir. İnsan ve hayvanlarda, respiratuar, enterik, hepatik ve nörolojik hastalıklara neden olabilirler. İnsanlarda genellikle Alfa ve Beta tipleri görülür. İnsan Coronavirüsleri (HCoV) ilk defa 1960’lı yıllarda tanımlanmıştır, ve bunlar genellikle 229E, NL63, OC43 ve HKU1 Coronavirüsleri olup insanlarda tipik hafif/orta solunum yolu hastalıklarına sebep olmaktadır. Ayrıca zaman zaman salgınlar yapan ve ağır seyirli Coronavirüs enfeksiyonları da (MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV) bildirilmiştir. Bunlardan farklı olarak Aralık 2019 da Çin’in Hubei eyaletinin Wuhan şehrinden başlayıp tüm dünyaya yayılma eğilimi gösteren yeni (novel) Coronavirüs enfeksiyonları (2019-nCoV, daha yeni tanımlarıyla SARS-CoV-2 veya COVID-19) bildirilmiştir. Bu derlemede bu yeni Coronavirüs enfeksiyonlarının epidemiyolojik seyri, genetik faktörleri, bulaş mekanizmaları, erişkin ve çocuk olgularda kliniği, tanı, tedavi, korunma yöntemleri ve ülkemizdeki durum ile ilgili güncel bilgilerin sunulması amaçlanmıştır.
Dünya’da 12 Şubat itibariyle 45,171 kanıtlı vaka bildirilmiş olup 25 farklı ülke bu salgından etkilenmiştir. COVID-19 enfeksiyonunun ortalama inkübasyon süresi 5,2 gün (1-14 gün), fatalite hızı tüm olgularda ortalama %2,5, ancak yatan hastalarda ise %4,3-15 bildirilmiştir. Erişkin olgularda klinik olarak ateş, öksürük, halsizlik gibi non-spesifik üst solunum yolu enfeksiyonu benzeri bulgularla başlar. Ağır olgularda günler içerisinde pnömoni, ağır solunum yetersizliği gibi bulgular gelişir. Laboratuvar bulgularında; lenfopeninin dikkat çektiği, yatan/ağır olgularda, akciğer tutulumunun hemen tüm olgularda bilateral ve multilobuler ve/veya subsegmental konsolidasyon şeklinde olduğu gözlenmiştir. Çocuk olgularda genellikle asemptomatik ya da çok hafif üst solunum yolu enfeksiyonu şeklinde seyredip pnömoni nadir görülmüştür. Çocuk olgularda fatalite bildirilmemiştir. Korunmada damlacık izolasyon önlemleri ve el hijyeni önemli yere sahiptir. Enfeksiyon kontrol önlemlerinin titizlikle uygulanmasının epidemi ve pandemilerin gücünün kırılmasında yararı olması beklenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Coronavirüs, COVID-19, Çin, pandemi, SARS-CoV-2, 2019-nCoV

Kaynakça

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