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Türkiye’de Politik İstikrar, Ekonomik Politika Belirsizliği ve Ekonomik Büyümenin Askeri Harcamalar Üzerindeki Etkisi

Yıl 2024, , 370 - 384, 23.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1422314

Öz

Politik istikrar ortamı, toplumu yönetmek adına karar alma gücünde değişimin olmadığı bir ortamdır. Ekonomik politika belirsizliği, hükümetin ve ekonomi yönetiminin gelecekteki politika adımlarının belirsiz olduğu durumu ifade eder, bu da iş dünyası ve tüketiciler için planlama ve karar alma süreçlerini zorlaştırabilir. Politik istikrar ve ekonomik politika belirsizliği altında kamu kesiminin ekonomi büyüklüğü içindeki payı değişebildiği gibi kamu harcamalarının da içeriği farklılaşabilir. Kamu kaynaklarının hangi harcama kalemlerine tahsis edileceğine karar verilmesi belirsizlik ortamında zor olabilir. Bu çalışmada 2000-2021 dönemi için Türkiye’de politik istikrar, ekonomi politika belirsizliği ve ekonomik büyümenin askeri harcamalar üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmaktadır. Çalışmada, değişkenler arasındaki eşbütünleşme ilişkisini belirlemek amacıyla öncelikle Johansen testi uygulanmıştır. Ardından, uzun dönem katsayı tahminlerini elde etmek için DOLS, FMOLS ve CCR yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlara göre, ekonomik büyüme askeri harcamaları artırırken, ekonomik politika belirsizliği askeri harcamaları azaltmaktadır. Ancak politik istikrar ile askeri harcamalar arasında anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilememiştir. Bu durum, politik istikrarın askeri harcamalar üzerinde doğrudan etkisinin olmadığını göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, Türkiye'deki politik istikrar, ekonomik politika belirsizliği ve ekonomik büyüme faktörleri, askeri harcamaları etkileme sürecinde karmaşık bir dinamik oluşturmaktadır. Bu bulgular, ekonomi politikası oluşturucularının ve karar vericilerinin, askeri harcamaları belirleme sürecinde bu faktörleri dikkate almalarının önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abu-Bader, S., & Abu-Qarn, A. S. (2003). Government expenditures, military spending and economic growth: causality evidence from Egypt, Israel, and Syria. Journal of policy modeling, 25(6-7), 567-583.
  • Aisen, A., & Veiga, F. J. (2013). How does political instability affect economic growth? European Journal of Political Economy, 29, 151-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2012.11.001
  • Aizenman, J., & Glick, R. (2006). Military expenditure, threats, and growth. Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 15(2), 129-155.
  • Ake, C. (1975). A Definition of Political Stability. Comparative Politics, 7(2), 271-283. https://doi.org/10.2307/421552
  • Akkuş, Ö. (2017). Ekonomik politika belirsizliği ve politik istikrarsızlığın büyüme üzerindeki etkisi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17(3), 27-42.
  • Aktaş, C. (2007). Çoklu bağinti ve Liu kestiricisiyle enflasyon modeli için bir uygulama. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 3(6), 67-80.
  • Alesina, A., Özler, S., Roubini, N., & Swagel, P. (1996). Political Instability and Economic Growth. Journal of Economic Growth, 1(2), 189-211.
  • Alper, A. E. (2018). BRICS-T ülkelerinde politik istikrar ve ekonomik performans ilişkisi üzerine bir analiz. Business and Economics Research Journal, 9(1), 49-56.
  • Asongu, S. A., Le Roux, S., & Singh, P. (2021). Fighting terrorism in Africa: complementarity between inclusive development, military expenditure and political stability. Journal of Policy Modeling, 43(5), 897-922.
  • Asteriou, D., & Hall, S. G. (2011). Applied econometrics. Second Edition. Published By Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
  • Aye, G. C., Balcilar, M., Dunne, J. P., Gupta, R., & Van Eyden, R. (2014). Military expenditure, economic growth and structural instability: a case study of South Africa. Defence and Peace Economics, 25(6), 619-633.
  • Bahmani-Oskooee, M., & Goswami, G. G. (2006). Military spending and the black-market premium in developing countries. Review of Social Economy, 64(1), 77-91.
  • Balan, F. (2016). Politik istikrar ve devlet harcamaları ilişkisi: 1986-2013 VAR analizi. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(27), 519-537.
  • Benoit, E. (1978). Growth and Defense in Developing Countries. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 26(2), 271-280. https://doi.org/10.1086/451015
  • Buzdağlı, Ö., & Özdemir, D. (2021). Jeopolitik risk endeksinin askeri harcamalar üzerindeki etkisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 12(29), 188-203.
  • Carmignani, F. (2003). Political Instability, Uncertainty and Economics. Journal of Economic Surveys, 17(1), 1-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6419.00187
  • Çınar, İ. T., & Ünsal, Y. (2021). Askeri Harcamalar ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Orta Doğu Ülkeleri Açısından Benoit Hipotezinin Sınanması. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 22(2), 276-289.
  • d’Agostino, G., Dunne, J. P., & Pieroni, L. (2012). Corruption, military spending and growth. Defence and Peace Economics, 23(6), 591-604.
  • d’Agostino, G., Dunne, J. P., & Pieroni, L. (2019). Military expenditure, endogeneity and economic growth. Defence and Peace Economics, 30(5), 509-524.
  • Demirgil, H. (2011). Politik İstikrarsızlık, Belirsizlik ve Makroekonomi: Türkiye Örneği (1970-2006). Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 31(2), 123-144.
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49(4), 1057-1072.
  • Dimitraki, O., & Win, S. (2021). Military expenditure economic growth nexus in Jordan: An application of ARDL Bound test analysis in the presence of breaks. Defence and Peace Economics, 32(7), 864-881.
  • Dünya Bankası (2023). Kişi Başına GSYİH, https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators, Erişim Tarihi: 20.12.2023.
  • Dünya Bankası (2023). Politik İstikrar ve Şiddet, https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators, Erişim Tarihi: 20.12.2023.
  • Enders, W. (2015). Applied econometric time series. New York (US): University of Alabama.
  • Habibullah, M. S., Law, S. H., & Dayang-Afizzah, A. M. (2008). Defense spending and economic growth in Asian economies: A panel error-correction approach. Munich Personal RePEc Archive (MPRA), 12105.
  • Heo, U. (2010). The relationship between defense spending and economic growth in the United States. Political Research Quarterly, 63(4), 760-770.
  • Hu, H., Li, R., & Zhang, L. (2023). Financial development and resources curse hypothesis: China's COVID-19 perspective of natural resources extraction. Resources Policy, 85, 103965.
  • Inal, V., Gurdal, T., Degirmenci, T., & Aydin, M. (2022). The effects of military expenditures on labor productivity, innovation and economic growth for the most militarized countries: panel data analysis. Kybernetes, (ahead-of-print).
  • Kuimova, A. (2020). Understanding Egyptian Military Expenditure. SIPRI Background Papers, 25(3), 1–24.
  • Maher, M., & Zhao, Y. (2022). Do political instability and military expenditure undermine economic growth in Egypt? Evidence from the ARDL approach. Defence and Peace Economics, 33(8), 956-979.
  • Nugroho, D. A., & Purwanti, E. Y. (2021). Impact of Military Expenditure on Economic Growth Encouraging or Constraining? JEJAK: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Kebijakan, 14(1), 9-20.
  • Pan, C. I., Chang, T., & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2015). Military spending and economic growth in the Middle East countries: Bootstrap panel causality test. Defence and Peace Economics, 26(4), 443-456.
  • Park, J. Y. (1992). Canonical cointegrating regressions. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 119-143.
  • Phillips, P. C., & Hansen, B. E. (1990). Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with I (1) processes. The review of economic studies, 57(1), 99-125.
  • Rahman, M. H., Voumik, L. C., Akter, S., & Radulescu, M. (2023). New insights from selected South Asian countries on the determinants of GHG emissions. Energy & Environment, 0958305X231189180.
  • St. Louis Rezerv Bankası (2023). Ekonomik Politika Belirsizliği Endeksi, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/searchresults?st=Economic+Policy+Uncertainty, Erişim Tarihi: 20.12.2023.
  • Stock, J. H., & Watson, M. W. (1993). A simple estimator of cointegrating vectors in higher order integrated systems. Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, 783-820.
  • Stockholm Uluslararası Barış Araştırma Enstitüsü (2023). Askeri Harcamalar, https://www.sipri.org/research/armament-and-disarmament/arms-and-military-expenditure/military-expenditure, Erişim Tarihi: 20.12.2023.
  • Susilo, A. K., Sari, D. W., Putra, I. N., & Pratiwi, N. A. (2022). Economic growth and military expenditure in developing countries during COVID-19 pandemic. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 22(1), 19-38.
  • Tuna, F., & Çalışkan, H. (2022). Jeopolitik Risklerin Makroekonomik Göstergeler Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 21(4), 1989-2003.
  • Voumik, L. C., Rahman, M. H., Rahman, M. M., Ridwan, M., Akter, S., & Raihan, A. (2023). Toward a sustainable future: Examining the interconnectedness among Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), urbanization, trade openness, economic growth, and energy usage in Australia. Regional Sustainability, 4(4), 405-415.
  • Yıldız, B., & Akbulut Yıldız, G. (2019). Ortadoğu ülkelerinde askeri harcamalar ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Bootstrap Panel Granger Nedensellik Analizi. Sayıştay Dergisi, (112), 53-74.
  • Yildirim, J., Sezgin, S., & Öcal, N. (2005). Military expenditure and economic growth in Middle Eastern countries: A dynamic panel data analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 16(4), 283-295.
  • Zivot, E., Andrews, D.W.K., (1992), Further evidence on the great crash, the oil price shock and the unit root hypothesis. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 10, 251-270.

The Effect of Political Stability, Economic Policy Uncertainty and Economic Growth on Military Expenditures in Turkey

Yıl 2024, , 370 - 384, 23.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1422314

Öz

An environment of political stability is one in which there is no change in the decision-making power to govern society. Economic policy uncertainty refers to the situation where the future policy steps of the government and economic management are uncertain, which can make planning and decision-making processes difficult for businesses and consumers. Under political stability and economic policy uncertainty, the public sector's share in the economy's size may change, and the content of public expenditures may also differ. They are deciding which expenditure items to allocate public resources to can be difficult in an environment of uncertainty. In this study, the effect of political stability, economic policy uncertainty, and economic growth on military expenditures in Türkiye for the period 2000-2021 is investigated. The Johansen test was initially applied in the study to determine the cointegration relationship between the variables. Subsequently, the DOLS, FMOLS, and CCR methods were used to obtain long-term coefficient estimates. According to the results, economic growth increases military expenditures, while economic policy uncertainty reduces military expenditures. However, no significant relationship between political stability and military expenditures could be detected. This shows that political stability does not directly affect military expenditures. As a result, political stability, economic policy uncertainty, and economic growth factors in Türkiye create a complex dynamic that influences military spending. These findings underscore the importance of economic policymakers and decision-makers considering these factors when determining military spending.

Kaynakça

  • Abu-Bader, S., & Abu-Qarn, A. S. (2003). Government expenditures, military spending and economic growth: causality evidence from Egypt, Israel, and Syria. Journal of policy modeling, 25(6-7), 567-583.
  • Aisen, A., & Veiga, F. J. (2013). How does political instability affect economic growth? European Journal of Political Economy, 29, 151-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2012.11.001
  • Aizenman, J., & Glick, R. (2006). Military expenditure, threats, and growth. Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 15(2), 129-155.
  • Ake, C. (1975). A Definition of Political Stability. Comparative Politics, 7(2), 271-283. https://doi.org/10.2307/421552
  • Akkuş, Ö. (2017). Ekonomik politika belirsizliği ve politik istikrarsızlığın büyüme üzerindeki etkisi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17(3), 27-42.
  • Aktaş, C. (2007). Çoklu bağinti ve Liu kestiricisiyle enflasyon modeli için bir uygulama. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 3(6), 67-80.
  • Alesina, A., Özler, S., Roubini, N., & Swagel, P. (1996). Political Instability and Economic Growth. Journal of Economic Growth, 1(2), 189-211.
  • Alper, A. E. (2018). BRICS-T ülkelerinde politik istikrar ve ekonomik performans ilişkisi üzerine bir analiz. Business and Economics Research Journal, 9(1), 49-56.
  • Asongu, S. A., Le Roux, S., & Singh, P. (2021). Fighting terrorism in Africa: complementarity between inclusive development, military expenditure and political stability. Journal of Policy Modeling, 43(5), 897-922.
  • Asteriou, D., & Hall, S. G. (2011). Applied econometrics. Second Edition. Published By Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
  • Aye, G. C., Balcilar, M., Dunne, J. P., Gupta, R., & Van Eyden, R. (2014). Military expenditure, economic growth and structural instability: a case study of South Africa. Defence and Peace Economics, 25(6), 619-633.
  • Bahmani-Oskooee, M., & Goswami, G. G. (2006). Military spending and the black-market premium in developing countries. Review of Social Economy, 64(1), 77-91.
  • Balan, F. (2016). Politik istikrar ve devlet harcamaları ilişkisi: 1986-2013 VAR analizi. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(27), 519-537.
  • Benoit, E. (1978). Growth and Defense in Developing Countries. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 26(2), 271-280. https://doi.org/10.1086/451015
  • Buzdağlı, Ö., & Özdemir, D. (2021). Jeopolitik risk endeksinin askeri harcamalar üzerindeki etkisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 12(29), 188-203.
  • Carmignani, F. (2003). Political Instability, Uncertainty and Economics. Journal of Economic Surveys, 17(1), 1-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6419.00187
  • Çınar, İ. T., & Ünsal, Y. (2021). Askeri Harcamalar ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Orta Doğu Ülkeleri Açısından Benoit Hipotezinin Sınanması. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 22(2), 276-289.
  • d’Agostino, G., Dunne, J. P., & Pieroni, L. (2012). Corruption, military spending and growth. Defence and Peace Economics, 23(6), 591-604.
  • d’Agostino, G., Dunne, J. P., & Pieroni, L. (2019). Military expenditure, endogeneity and economic growth. Defence and Peace Economics, 30(5), 509-524.
  • Demirgil, H. (2011). Politik İstikrarsızlık, Belirsizlik ve Makroekonomi: Türkiye Örneği (1970-2006). Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 31(2), 123-144.
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49(4), 1057-1072.
  • Dimitraki, O., & Win, S. (2021). Military expenditure economic growth nexus in Jordan: An application of ARDL Bound test analysis in the presence of breaks. Defence and Peace Economics, 32(7), 864-881.
  • Dünya Bankası (2023). Kişi Başına GSYİH, https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators, Erişim Tarihi: 20.12.2023.
  • Dünya Bankası (2023). Politik İstikrar ve Şiddet, https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators, Erişim Tarihi: 20.12.2023.
  • Enders, W. (2015). Applied econometric time series. New York (US): University of Alabama.
  • Habibullah, M. S., Law, S. H., & Dayang-Afizzah, A. M. (2008). Defense spending and economic growth in Asian economies: A panel error-correction approach. Munich Personal RePEc Archive (MPRA), 12105.
  • Heo, U. (2010). The relationship between defense spending and economic growth in the United States. Political Research Quarterly, 63(4), 760-770.
  • Hu, H., Li, R., & Zhang, L. (2023). Financial development and resources curse hypothesis: China's COVID-19 perspective of natural resources extraction. Resources Policy, 85, 103965.
  • Inal, V., Gurdal, T., Degirmenci, T., & Aydin, M. (2022). The effects of military expenditures on labor productivity, innovation and economic growth for the most militarized countries: panel data analysis. Kybernetes, (ahead-of-print).
  • Kuimova, A. (2020). Understanding Egyptian Military Expenditure. SIPRI Background Papers, 25(3), 1–24.
  • Maher, M., & Zhao, Y. (2022). Do political instability and military expenditure undermine economic growth in Egypt? Evidence from the ARDL approach. Defence and Peace Economics, 33(8), 956-979.
  • Nugroho, D. A., & Purwanti, E. Y. (2021). Impact of Military Expenditure on Economic Growth Encouraging or Constraining? JEJAK: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Kebijakan, 14(1), 9-20.
  • Pan, C. I., Chang, T., & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2015). Military spending and economic growth in the Middle East countries: Bootstrap panel causality test. Defence and Peace Economics, 26(4), 443-456.
  • Park, J. Y. (1992). Canonical cointegrating regressions. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 119-143.
  • Phillips, P. C., & Hansen, B. E. (1990). Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with I (1) processes. The review of economic studies, 57(1), 99-125.
  • Rahman, M. H., Voumik, L. C., Akter, S., & Radulescu, M. (2023). New insights from selected South Asian countries on the determinants of GHG emissions. Energy & Environment, 0958305X231189180.
  • St. Louis Rezerv Bankası (2023). Ekonomik Politika Belirsizliği Endeksi, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/searchresults?st=Economic+Policy+Uncertainty, Erişim Tarihi: 20.12.2023.
  • Stock, J. H., & Watson, M. W. (1993). A simple estimator of cointegrating vectors in higher order integrated systems. Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, 783-820.
  • Stockholm Uluslararası Barış Araştırma Enstitüsü (2023). Askeri Harcamalar, https://www.sipri.org/research/armament-and-disarmament/arms-and-military-expenditure/military-expenditure, Erişim Tarihi: 20.12.2023.
  • Susilo, A. K., Sari, D. W., Putra, I. N., & Pratiwi, N. A. (2022). Economic growth and military expenditure in developing countries during COVID-19 pandemic. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 22(1), 19-38.
  • Tuna, F., & Çalışkan, H. (2022). Jeopolitik Risklerin Makroekonomik Göstergeler Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 21(4), 1989-2003.
  • Voumik, L. C., Rahman, M. H., Rahman, M. M., Ridwan, M., Akter, S., & Raihan, A. (2023). Toward a sustainable future: Examining the interconnectedness among Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), urbanization, trade openness, economic growth, and energy usage in Australia. Regional Sustainability, 4(4), 405-415.
  • Yıldız, B., & Akbulut Yıldız, G. (2019). Ortadoğu ülkelerinde askeri harcamalar ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Bootstrap Panel Granger Nedensellik Analizi. Sayıştay Dergisi, (112), 53-74.
  • Yildirim, J., Sezgin, S., & Öcal, N. (2005). Military expenditure and economic growth in Middle Eastern countries: A dynamic panel data analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 16(4), 283-295.
  • Zivot, E., Andrews, D.W.K., (1992), Further evidence on the great crash, the oil price shock and the unit root hypothesis. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 10, 251-270.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Makroekonomik Teori, Büyüme
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Tunahan Değirmenci 0000-0002-8903-7883

Yusuf Ünsal 0000-0002-7856-5402

Yusuf Cengiz 0000-0002-0287-9587

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Ocak 2024
Kabul Tarihi 26 Mayıs 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Değirmenci, T., Ünsal, Y., & Cengiz, Y. (2024). Türkiye’de Politik İstikrar, Ekonomik Politika Belirsizliği ve Ekonomik Büyümenin Askeri Harcamalar Üzerindeki Etkisi. Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 8(2), 370-384. https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1422314

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