Causality Relationships Between Urbanization, Renewable Energy, and Innovation with Economic Growth and Ecological Footprint: The Case of Very High Human Development Countries

Öz

The main objective of the study is to investigate the causal relationships between selected 15 countries from the top 25 countries in the 2021 Human Development Index ranking, which provide very high human development, in two essentially two groups between 1990 and 2019. Dumitrescu and Hurlin panel causality test is used as the method in the study. Two different models were constructed in the study. Firstly, the causal relationship between economic growth (GDP) and urbanization (URBAN), renewable energy consumption (REN), and technological innovation (PATENT) was examined. Secondly, the causal relationship between ecological footprint (ECO) and economic growth, urbanization, renewable energy consumption, and technological innovation was investigated. According to the findings obtained from the analysis results, there is a bidirectional causal relationship between urbanization and economic growth, technological innovation and economic growth, urbanization and ecological footprint, and technological innovation and ecological footprint; while there is a unidirectional causal relationship from renewable energy consumption to economic growth, from economic growth to ecological footprint, and from ecological footprint to renewable energy consumption. Based on these results, policy recommendations are proposed to policymakers.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Urbanization
• Renewable Energy Consumption
• Technological Innovation
• Economic Growth
• Ecological Footprint

Kentleşme, Yenilenebilir Enerji ve İnovasyon ile Ekonomik Büyüme ve Ekolojik Ayak İzi Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkileri: Çok Yüksek İnsani Gelişme Düzeyindeki Ülkeler Örneği

Öz

Çalışmanın temel amacı İnsani Gelişme Endeksine göre 2021 yılı sıralamasında çok yüksek insani gelişim sağlayan ülke grubunda yer alan ilk 25 ülkeden seçilen 15 ülkenin 1990-2019 yılları arasında temelde iki grupta nedensellik ilişkilerini araştırmaktır. Çalışmada yöntem olarak Dumitrescu ve Hurlin panel nedensellik testi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada iki farklı model kurgulanmıştır. İlk olarak ekonomik büyüme (GDP) ile kentleşme (URBAN), yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi (REN) ve teknolojik inovasyon (PATENT) arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi incelenmiştir. İkincil olarak ekolojik ayak izi (ECO) ile ekonomik büyüme, kentleşme, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ve teknolojik inovasyon arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi araştırılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarından elde edilen bulgulara göre kentleşme ile ekonomik büyüme, teknolojik inovasyon ile ekonomik büyüme, kentleşme ile ekolojik ayak izi, teknolojik inovasyon ile ekolojik ayak izi arasında çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi mevcut iken; yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminden ekonomik büyümeye, ekonomik büyümeden ekolojik ayak izine ve ekolojik ayak izinden yenilenebilir enerji tüketimine doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu sonuçlara dayanarak politika yapıcılara yönelik politika önerileri ortaya konulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kentleşme
• Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi
• Teknolojik İnovasyon
• Ekonomik Büyüme
• Ekolojik Ayak İzi

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