Post-Partition and Sudanese Nationalisms: Rethinking What It Means to be a Northerner and a Southerner

Öz

Sudan, a troubled geography from its very existence, continues to confront numerous conflicts. At the core of these conflicts lies the unresolved issue of identity and identity politics. As nationalism takes many forms, Sudan remains a laboratory for divergent identities and nationalisms, each motivated by different concerns and expectations. This study aims to understand the fabric of nationalisms in Sudan in the post-partition era. Since it lacks the cultural domain and rises on the basis of political concerns and interests. The region, home to both Arabs and Africans—the main reason for partition in the first place—was partitioned to reveal their distinct cultural identities. For both Southerners and Northerners, the struggle to remove what has been imposed on them for years has given birth to North Sudan and South Sudan. However, both regions have once again experienced outside interventions, further complicating the national identity crisis. The study finds the efforts of nationalization void, since both of the Sudans are deprived of even fulfilling the requirements of being a state, let alone being a nation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• ethnic conflict
• identity
• nationalism
• civil war

Bölünme Sonrası Sudan Milliyetçilikleri: Kuzeyli ve Güneyli Olmanın Anlamını Yeniden Düşünmek

Öz

Varlığından bu yana sorunlu bir coğrafya olan Sudan hâlâ birtakım çatışmalar ve sorunlar ile karşı karşıyadır. Çatışmanın temelinde çözülememiş olan kimlik ve kimlik siyaseti sorunu yatmaktadır. Milliyetçiliğin pek çok yüzü olduğundan Sudan, her biri farklı çıkar ve beklentilerle motive edilen kimliklerin ve milliyetçiliklerin laboratuvarı olmaya devam etmektedir. Bu çalışma, bölünme sonrası dönemde Sudan'daki milliyetçiliklerin yapısını anlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Zira kültürel öğeleri yok sayan ve sadece bir takım siyasi endişe ve çıkarlar etrafında inşa edildiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Coğrafyanın hem Araplara hem de Afrikalılara ev sahipliği yapması, ki bu durum bölünmenin esas nedenini oluşturmaktadır, kendi farklı kültürel benliklerini ortaya koyma mücadelelerini devam ettirmektedir. Yıllardır hem Güneyliler hem de Kuzeyliler için kendilerine dayatılanları ortadan kaldırma mücadeleleri neticesinde Kuzey Sudan ve Güney Sudan olarak ortaya çıkan iki ulus-devlet anlayışı beraberinde milliyetçiliğin içeriğini de yeniden okumayı kaçınılmaz kılmaktadır. Çalışma, uluslaşma çabalarının sonuç vermediği ve ulus olmak bir yana her iki Sudan’da görülen durumun, devlet olmanın gerekliliklerini bile yerine getirmekte zorlandıklarını ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• etnik çatışma
• kimlik
• milliyetçilik
• iç savaş

Kaynakça

1. Bhabha, Homi. K. (1994). The Location of Culture. London: Routledge.
2. Bhabha, Homi K. (1990). “Introduction: Narrating the Nation,” in Homi K. Bhabha (ed.) Nation and Narration. London: Routledge.
3. Brook, T. & A. Schmid. (2000). “Introduction: Nations and Identities in Asia,” in T.Brook and A. Schmid (eds.), Nation Work: Asian Elites and National Identities. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
4. Chatterjee, Partha. (1993). The Nation and Its Fragments, Colonial and Postcolonial Histories. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
5. Cockett, Richard. (2010). Sudan The Failure and Division of an African State. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
6. Constitutional Charter of Republic of Sudan, (2019). https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Sudan_2019
7. Cooper, Frederick. (1996). Decolonization And African Society, The Labour Question in French and British Africa. USA: Cambridge University Press.
8. Fanon, F. (1994). A Dying Colonialism. New York: Grove Press.

9. Gaffer, Nowar. (2012). The Graduate’s National Movement in Sudan, 1918-1944. Jurnal Jabatan Sejarah Universiti Malaya, 20(20), pp.125-141.
10. Gellner, Ernest. (2006). Nations and Nationalism, (Second Edition) USA: Blackwell Publishing.
11. Gurdon, Charles. (1984). Sudan at the Crossroads. Cambridgeshire: Middle East and North African Studies Press.
12. Hegel, G.F.W. (1956). The Philosophy of History (trans. J. Sibree). New York: Dover.
13. Holt, P.M. (1956). Sudanese Nationalism and Self-Determination. The Middle East Journal, 10(3), 239-247.
14. Ibrahim, Abdullah Ali. (2002). “The Invention of the Northern Sudanese,” in Gada Kadoda and Sondra Hale (eds.), Sudanese Intellectuals in the Global Milieu Capturing Cultural Capital. NY: Lexington Books.
15. Idris, Amir. (2013). Identity, Citizenship, And Violence in Two Sudans Reimagining a Common Future. USA: Palgrave MacMillan.
16. Idris, Amir. (2005). Conflict and Politics of Identity in Sudan. NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
17. Khalid, Mansour. (2010). War and Peace in Sudan A Tale of Two Countries. London: Routledge.
18. Lugard, Fredrick. (1922). The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa. London: Frank Cass.
19. McClintock, David Wm. (1970) The Southern Sudan Problem: Evolution of an Arab African Confrontation. Middle East Journal, 24(4), 1970, pp.466-478.
20. Nyaba, Peter Adwok. (2019). South Sudan Elites, Ethnicity, Endless Wars and the Stunted State. Tanzai: Mkuki na Nyota Pub.
21. Opello, W. and Rosow, S. (1999). The Nation-State and Global Order: A Historical Introduction to Contemporary Politics. Boulder, CO and London: Lynne Rienner.
22. Paalo, Sebastian Angzoorokuu, Samuel Adu-Gyamfi, Dominic Degraff Arthur. (2024). “Nationalist Secessionism and Global Order: A Comparison of the Dynamics and Impact of Secession Movements in Africa and Europe.” Nations and Nationalism, Vol.30, Issue 2, pp.219-234.
23. Poggo, Scopas S. (2002). General Ibrahim Abboud's Military Administration in the Sudan, 1958-1964: Implementation of the Programs of Islamization and Arabization in the Southern Sudan.” Northeast African Studies, Vol.9, No:1, pp.67-101.
24. Powell, E. (2003). A different shade of colonialism: Egypt, Great Britain, and the mastery of the Sudan, 1865–1925. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
25. Rolandsen, Oystein H. (2011). A False Start: Between War and Peace in the Southern Sudan, 1956-62. Journal of African History, 52, pp.105-123.
26. Said, Edward. (1993). Culture and Imperialism. London: Chatto and Windus.
27. Said, E. (1983). The World, The Text and The Critic. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
28. Said, E. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books.
29. Sharkey, Heather J. (2003). Living with Colonialism Nationalism and Culture in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Berkeley: University of California Press.
30. South Sudan Constitution, (2011) https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/South_Sudan_201
31. Spivak, G.C. (1988). “Can the Subaltern Speak?” in Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg (eds.) Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. London: Macmillan.
32. Teraifi, Al Agab A. Al-. (1977). “Sudanization of the Public Service: A Critical Analysis,” in Yusuf Fadl Hasan (ed.). Sudan Notes and Records, 58, 117-134.
33. Theron, Sonja. (2022). Leadership, Nation-building and War in South Sudan, The Problems of Statehood and Collective Will. London: Bloomsbury Pub.
34. Vezzadini, E. (2015). David E. Mills, Dividing the Nile. Egypt’s Economic Nationalists in the Sudan, 1918-56. Cairo, New York: American University of Cairo Press.