Kamu Mülkiyeti İle Kamu Büyüklüğünün Toplam Faktör Verimliliği Üzerindeki Etkisi: Az Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerden Kanıtlar

Öz

Bu çalışma, az gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan 69 ülkede toplam faktör verimliliği üzerinde kamu mülkiyeti ve kamu büyüklüğündeki artışın etkisini araştırmaktadır. Bu amaçla çalışma, bu ülkelere ait 1980-2019 dönemindeki yıllık verileri kullanmakta; Gengenbach, Urbain ve Westerlund (2016) Eşbütünleşme Testi ve Genişletilmiş Ortalama Grup Tahmincisi (AMG) Tahmincisi yöntemlerinden yararlanmaktadır. Bu yöntemlerden elde edilen sonuçlar, panelin geneli için hem kamu mülkiyetindeki hem kamu büyüklüğündeki artışın toplam faktör verimliliği üzerindeki etkisinin negatif yönde olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bununla birlikte ülke özelindeki sonuçlar; kamu mülkiyetindeki artışın 14 ülkede ve kamu büyüklüğündeki artışın ise 15 ülkede toplam faktör verimliliğini olumlu etkilediğini ortaya koymaktadır. Buna karşılık sonuçlar, kamu mülkiyetindeki artışın 25 ülkede ve kamu büyüklüğündeki artışın ise 22 ülkede toplam faktör verimliliğini olumsuz etkilediğini göstermektedir. Diğer yandan bazı ülkelerde ise her iki değişken de toplam faktör verimliliğini aynı yönde etkilemektedir. Buna göre 3 ülkede iki değişken de toplam faktör verimliliği üzerinde pozitif yönde etkiye sahiptir. Buna karşılık 8 ülkede ise bu iki değişkenin de toplam faktör verimliliğini üzerindeki etkisi olumsuzdur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Toplam Faktör Verimliliği
• Kamu Büyüklüğü
• Kamu Mülkiyeti

The Effect of Public Ownership and the Size of Public on Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from Least and Developing Countries

Öz

This paper investigates the effect of the increase in the public ownership of the economy and the size of government on the total factor productivity in 69 least developed and developing countries by applying the Gengenbach, Urbain, and Westerlund’s (2016) Cointegration Test and Augmented Mean Group Estimator (AMG) methods to time series data for the period 1980-2019. The results reveal that the effect of both the increase in public ownership and the size of government on total factor productivity is negative for the whole panel. However, the country-specific results reveal that the increase in public ownership positively affects total factor productivity in 14 countries, and the increase in the size of public ownership positively affects total factor productivity in 15 countries. On the contrary, the results indicate that the increase in the public ownership of the economy negatively affects total factor productivity in 25 countries and the increase in the size of government in 22 countries. On the other hand, in some countries, both variables affect total factor productivity in the same direction. Accordingly, both variables have a positive effect on total factor productivity in 3 countries. On the contrary, in 8 countries, the effect of these two variables on total factor productivity is negative.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Total Factor Productivity
• The Size of Public
• Public Ownership

Kaynakça

1. Adnan, Z.; Chowdhury, M.; Mallik, G. (2017). Foreign Direct Investment and Its Impact on Total Factor Productivity in Pakistan. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Business Research and Ethics (Icbre), 20-22 November, 2017, Sydney, Australia, 29-38.
2. Adnan, Z., Chowdhury, M.; Mallik, G. (2019). Foreign Direct Investment and Total Factor Productivity in South Asia. Theoretical and Applied Economics, 2(619), 105-120.
3. Aiyar, S.; Duval, R.; Puy, D.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, L. (2013). Growth Slowdowns and the Middle-Income Trap, Working Paper / 13 / 71, Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
4. Arocena P.; Oliveros D. (2012). The efficiency of state-owned and privatized firms: Does ownership make a difference?. International Journal of Production Economics, 140(1), 457-465.
5. Bartel, A. B.; Harrison, A. E. (1999). Ownership Versus Environment: Why Are Public Sector Firms Inefficient?. NBER Working Paper/7043.
6. Bulman, D.; Eden, M.; Nguyen, H. (2014). Transitioning from Low-Income Growth to High-Income Growth: Is There a Middle Income Trap? World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 7104.
7. Byrnes, P.; Grosskopf, S.; Hayes, K. (1986). Efficiency and Ownership: Further Evidence. The Review of EconomicsandStatistics,68(2), 337.
8. Costa, Á.; Cruz, C.O.; Sarmento J.M.; Sousa, V.F. (2021). Empirical Analysis of the Effects of Ownership Model (Public vs. Private) on the Efficiency of Urban Rail Firms. Sustainability, 13(23), 13346.

9. Dar, A.; Amirkhalkhali, S. (2017). Fiscal policy, total factor productivity and economic growth in advanced economies. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 17(2), 5-18.
10. Eberhardt, M.; Bond, S. (2009). Cross-section Dependence in Nonstationary Panel Models: A Novel Estimator. MPRA Paper 17692, University Library of Munich.
11. Eichengreen, B.; Park D.; Shin, K. (2011). When Fast-Growing Economies SlowDown: International Evidence and Implications for China. Asian Development Bank.
12. Feenstra, R. C.; Inklaar, R.; Timmer, M. P. (2015). The Next Generation of the Penn World Table. American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182.
13. Gengenbach, C.; Urbain, J.P.; Westerlund, J. (2016). Error Correction Testing in Panels with Common Stochastic Trends. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 31(6), 982–1004.
14. Gökçe, N.; Çakmak, E.; Emsen, Ö. S. (2022). Toplam Faktör Verimliliği ve Kurumsal Göstergeler: Panel Veri Analizi. Journal of Yasar University, 17(66), 634-657.
15. Hansson, P.; Henrekson, M. (1994). A new framework for testing the effect of government spending on growth and productivity. Public Choice, 81, 381–401.
16. Jiang, Y. F. (2014). The Effect of VAT on Total Factor Productivity in China – Based on the SFA Model Test. Wseas Transactions on Business and Economics, 11, 339-349.
17. Keita, K.; Hannu L. (2021). Corruption and Tax Burden: What Is the Joint Effect on Total Factor Productivity? Economies, 9, 26.
18. Martin, S.; Parker, D. (1997). The Impact of Privatization: Ownership and Corporate Performance in the U.K., London and New York: Routledge.
19. Mousa, W. (2017). Macroeconomic determinants of Saudi total factor productivity. Applied Economics and Finance, 5(1), 37-44.
20. Mueller, D. (2003). Public Choice III. New York: Cambridge University Press.
21. Nachega, J.; Fontaine, T. (2006). Economic Growth and Total Factor Productivity in Niger. IMF Working Paper No: 06/208.
22. Nguyen-Van, P.; Pham, T.K.C.; Le, D.A. (2019). Productivity and Public Expenditure: A Structural Estimation for Vietnam’s Provinces. Asia Pacific Journal of Regional Science, 3, 95-120.
23. Ozanne, A. L. G. (2001). The determinants of total factor productivity: The high-performing Asian economies revisited (Thesis, Doctor of Philosophy). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10523/1475
24. Pesaran, M. H.; Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010.
25. Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels’. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 0435, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge.
26. Pesaran, M.H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22, 265-312.
27. Pesheva, M.; Vasilev, A. (2016). Endogenizing Total Factor Productivity: The Foreign Direct Investment channel in the case of Bulgaria (2004-2013). South-Eastern Europe Journal of Economics, 15(2), 127-145.
28. Shahbazi, K.; Alizadeh, S. (2018). Impact of Government Expenditures on Total Factor Productivity of Agriculture Sector in Iran. Journal of AgriculturalEconomicsResearch,10(2), 33-48.
29. Stiglitz, J. (2000). Economics of the Public Sector (Third Edition). New York: W.W. Norton&Company
30. Tho, T. V. (2013). The Middle-Income Trap: Issues for Members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nation. ADBI Working Paper No. 421.
31. UNCTAD (2022). Data center. https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx?sCS_ChosenLang=en, (11.12.2022 tarihinde erişildi.)
32. V-Dem (2022). Varieties of Democracy. https://v-dem.net/data_analysis/VariableGraph/ (11.12.2022 tarihinde erişildi.).
33. Zeng, S.; Shu, X.; Ye, W. (2022). Total Factor Productivity and High-Quality Economic Development: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19, 2783