Türkiye’de Çalışanların Toplumsal Cinsiyet Baskıları ve Gelir Dağılımı

Öz

Bu araştırmanın iki yönlü amacı bulunmaktadır. İlk olarak Türkiye’de çalışanların kamu ve özel sektör açısından sorunları ve toplumsal cinsiyet baskısı hissetme durumları ele alınmıştır. İkinci olarak ise çalışanların elde ettiği gelirlerin dağılımının cinsiyete yönelik bir boyutu olup olmadığı analiz edilmiştir. 2023 yılı TÜİK Yaşam Memnuniyeti Araştırması (YMA) ve Hanehalkı Bütçe Anketleriyle (HBA) mikro veri analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Mikro veri analizle elde edilen verilerin frekans dağılımları ele alınmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında YMA’da 9.595, HBA’da ise 34.496 örneklem incelenmiştir. Analiz içerisinde kamu ve özel sektör çalışanlarının sorunları, kamu ve özel sektör çalışanlarının hissettikleri toplumsal baskı ve çalışanların cinsiyetlerine göre toplam gelirleri incelenmiştir. YMA bulgularına göre kadın kamu çalışanları, özel sektör çalışanlarına göre daha fazla sorunla yüzleşmektedir. Her iki sektörde de kadınlar en fazla toplumsal baskıyı cinsiyetlerinden dolayı yaşamaktadır. Kadınlar en düşük seviyede baskıyı ise arkadaşlarından görmektedir. Erkeklerde ise cinsiyet baskısı düşük olup en fazla baskının siyasi görüşlerinden kaynaklandığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca özel sektörde her 10 kişiden 1’inin SGK’ye kayıtlı olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada bireylerin elde ettikleri toplam gelirlerin dağılımı Gini katsayıları ve yüzde paylar analizi teknikleriyle analiz edilmiştir. Erkeklerde 0,394; kadınlarda 0,422 olarak hesaplanan çalışanların Gini katsayıları kadınlar arasında gelirin daha eşitsiz dağıldığını göstermektedir. Yüzde paylar analizinde de bu bulguyu destekler nitelikte bir sonuç elde edilmiştir. Politik karar alıcıların kadın istihdamında cinsiyet ayrımcılığına karşı hukuksal dayanak oluşturma, iş yaşamında kadınlara yönelik pozitif ayrımcılık yapma, çocuk bakımındaki hakların artırılması ile eğitim programlarıyla farkındalık yaratma gibi politikalar uygulayarak çalışanlara yönelik kararlar alması gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Toplumsal Cinsiyet Baskıları
• Gelir Dağılımı
• Türkiye

Gender–Based Pressures and Income Distribution Among Employees in Türkiye

Öz

This research has a twofold purpose. First, it addresses the issues faced by employees in Türkiye in terms of the public and private sectors, with a focus on their experiences of gender-based pressure. Secondly, the analysis examined whether there is a gender dimension in the distribution of the income earned by employees. A microdata analysis was conducted using the 2023 TURKSTAT Life Satisfaction Survey (LSS) and Household Budget Survey (HBS). The frequency distributions of the data obtained through microdata analysis were examined. Within the scope of the study, 9,595 observations in the LSS and 34,496 observations in the HBS were analyzed. The analysis investigated the problems of public and private sector employees, the social pressure experienced by public and private sector employees, and the total income of employees by gender. According to the LSS findings, female public-sector employees have faced more problems compared to those in the private sector. Women in both sectors experience significant social pressure due to their gender, with the lowest level of pressure coming from their friends. In contrast, men report lower levels of gender-based pressure, with the highest pressure stemming from their political views. Furthermore, the research reveals that 1 in 10 individuals working in the private sector lack registration with the Social Security Institution. The study analyzed the distribution of individuals' total income using Gini coefficients and percentage share analysis techniques. The Gini coefficient was calculated as 0.394 for men and 0.422 for women, indicating a more unequal income distribution among women. The percentage share analysis also supports this finding. Policy makers need to implement policies such as creating legal frameworks against gender discrimination in employment, promoting positive action for women in the workplace, enhancing childcare-related rights, and raising awareness through educational programs. These actions are essential for making decisions that benefit employees.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gender-Based Pressures
• Income Distribution
• Türkiye

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