Dijitalleşmeyle Genişletilmiş Enerji Yoksulluğu (DEEP): Yoksulluk Ölçümünün Sınırlarını Genişletmek

Öz

Bu makale, dijital hizmetlere yönelik hane halkı harcamalarını da dahil ederek enerji yoksulluğunun geleneksel tanımlarını genişleten, Dijitalleşme ile Genişletilmiş Enerji Yoksulluğu (DEEP) adlı yeni bir ölçüt sunmaktadır. Türkiye için 2023 Hanehalkı Bütçe Anketi verileri kullanılarak geleneksel yoksulluk oranları yeniden hesaplanmıştır. Sonuçlar, dijital harcamaların yoksulluk oranını önemli ölçüde artırdığını göstermektedir. Mutlak dijital yoksulluk çok düşükken, göreceli ölçütler %13,7'lik bir yaygınlık ortaya koymakta ve DEEP, eşik değerine bağlı olarak %12 ile %23,6 arasında değişmektedir. DEEP gelir dilimleri arasında önemli ölçüde farklılık gösterirken, eğitim ise kırılganlığı büyük ölçüde azaltmaktadır. Öte yandan bulgular, 2019 yılına kadar enerji yoksulluğunun DEEP'in ana itici gücü olduğunu, COVID-19 pandemisinden bu yana ise artan dijital maliyetlerin giderek daha fazla katkı sağladığını göstermektedir. Sonuçlara göre, dijital hizmetler artık yeni nesil temel malları oluşturmakta ve enerji ile dijital yoksunluğun birlikte ele alınması gerekmektedir. Çalışmada önerilen dijitalleşme ile genişletilmiş enerji yoksulluğu ölçütünün, çok boyutlu yoksulluğu daha doğru bir şekilde açıkladığı görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dijital Yoksulluk
• Enerji Yoksulluğu
• Dijital Bölünme

Digital Extended Energy Poverty (DEEP): Expanding the Boundaries of Poverty Measurement

Öz

This paper introduces a novel measure of Digitally Enhanced Energy Poverty (DEEP), which extends conventional definitions of energy poverty by incorporating household expenditures on digital services. The study recalculates conventional poverty ratios by using 2023 Household Budget Survey data for Türkiye. The results show that digital expenditures significantly raise poverty rates. While absolute digital poverty remains almost invisible, relative measures reveal a prevalence of 13.7 percent, and DEEP ranges from 12 to 23.6 percent depending on the threshold. Distributional analysis indicates a steep income gradient, while education strongly mitigates vulnerability. Time trends further reveal that energy poverty was the main driver of DEEP until 2019, whereas rising digital costs have increasingly contributed since the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings highlight that digital services now constitute a new generation of essential goods and that energy and digital deprivation must be addressed jointly. The paper concludes that DEEP provides a more accurate account of multidimensional poverty.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Digital Poverty
• Energy Poverty
• Digital Divide

Kaynakça

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