Araştırma Makalesi
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The Economy Disembedded: Property and Development Today from a Polanyian Perspective

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4, 1816 - 1832, 23.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1791710
https://izlik.org/JA86BP57DH

Öz

This article analyzes the link between property and economic development through Karl Polanyi's theories. The question is whether his fundamental argument, positing that capitalism is not a natural system but rather a constructed social order that deeply transforms societal structures, has any counterpart or validity in today's economy. Central to this is Polanyi's concept of "disembedding"—the process of separating the economy from its social and political foundations to function by its own self-regulating logic. A key mechanism of disembedding is the treatment of land, labor, and money as "fictitious commodities." Forcing these entities into a market framework creates inherent instability, provoking protective "counter-movements." Thus, state intervention is not a market distortion but an inevitable response to a disembedded economy's destructive effects. The article applies this framework to contemporary globalization, linking increased inequality to neoliberal policies (deregulation, privatization) that accelerated disembedding. In contrast, Polanyi's ideal of an "embedded economy" calls for markets to be reintegrated within social and moral norms. Consequently, modern inequalities are seen not as temporary failures but as structural flaws of capitalism. True development requires understanding the economy as part of social life, not its master.

Etik Beyan

None

Destekleyen Kurum

None

Teşekkür

None

Kaynakça

  • Acemoğlu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2015). The rise and decline of general laws of capitalism. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29(1), 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.29.1.3
  • Barbalet, J. M. (1980). Principles of stratification in Max Weber: An interpretation and critique. The British Journal of Sociology, 31(3), 401–418. https://doi.org/10.2307/589373
  • Basu, R. S. (2012). Understanding the poverty amelioration programmes of the Congress: The narratives from the Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi years. Societal Studies, 4(2), 361–406. https://cris.mruni.eu/cris/bitstreams/4344f1f4-6400-48cd-9ac8-53f7228dbf51/download
  • Chang, H.-J., & Grabel, I. (2016). Reclaiming development: An alternative economic policy manual (2nd ed.). Zed Books. (Original work published 2005).
  • Dubay, C. S., & Furth, S. (2014). Understanding Thomas Piketty and his critics (Backgrounder No. 2954). The Heritage Foundation, 30. 08. 2025 https://www.heritage.org/sites/default/files/2014/09/BG2954.pdf
  • Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. (n.d.). Civilian labor force: Less than a high school diploma, 25 years and over (LES1252881600Q) [Data set], 15. 08. 2025 https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LES1252881600Q
  • Fukuyama, F. (2006). The end of history and the last man. Free Press. (Original work published 1992).
  • Güder, M., & Atalay, K. (2022). Devlet, Piyasa ve Toplum: Karl Polanyi ve Friedrich A. Hayek Üzerine Bir İnceleme. İzmir Journal of Economics, 37(1), 135-155. https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.872181
  • Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies. (2023). America's rental housing: The challenges ahead. 20.07.2025. Retrieved from https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/
  • Hayek, F. A. (2014). The road to serfdom (5th ed.). University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1944).
  • Heritage Foundation. (n.d.). Federal budget and spending.21.08.2025, https://www.heritage.org/budget/
  • Holton, R. J. (2013). Economy and society. Routledge.
  • Im, Z. J. (2024). Variations in Social Europe? National political parties' positions on EU-level social regulations. Social Policy & Administration, 58(4), 621–637. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.13012
  • Irzık, G. (2021). Neoliberal Dünyada Bilimin Ticarileşmesi. A. Buğra & K. Ağartan (Ed.), 21. Yüzyılda Karl Polanyi'yi Okumak (s. 187–210). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Jensen, M. J., & Bang, H. P. (2013). Occupy Wall Street: A New Political Form of Movement and Community? Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 10(4), 444–461 https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2013.803948
  • Jessop, B. (2021). Hayali Bir Meta Olarak Bilgi: Polanyici Bir Yaklaşımın Katkıları ve Sınırları. A. Buğra & K. Ağartan (Ed.), 21. Yüzyılda Karl Polanyi’yi Okumak (pp. 163–186). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Kazgan, G. (2005). Küreselleşme ve Ulus-Devlet Yeni Ekonomik Düzen. Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Keightley, M. P. (2018). The U.S. income distribution: Trends and policy issues (CRS Report No. R45090). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45090
  • Lacher, H. (2021). Hafif Dönüşüm: Karl Polanyi’nin Mirasına İtiraz. A. Buğra & K. Ağartan (Ed.), 21. Yüzyılda Karl Polanyi’yi Okumak (pp. 77–97). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Marangos, J. (2009). The evolution of the term 'Washington Consensus'. Journal of Economic Surveys, 23(2), 350–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.2008.00565.x
  • Marx, K. (1991). Capital: A critique of political economy (Vol. 3). Penguin Classics. (Original work published 1894).
  • Mıhçı, H. (1996). Kalkınma: Bir Terim Neyi Anlatır? Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 7(23), 65-86. https://ideas.repec.org/a/eyd/eyjrnl/v7y1996i23p65-86.html
  • Milanovic, B. (2016). Global inequality: A New Approach for The Age of Globalization. Harvard University Press.
  • Oxfam. (2025). Inequality Inc.: How corporate power divides our world and the need for a new era of public action. 24.07.2025. Oxfam International.
  • Özel, H. (2018). Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Marx, Weber, Schumpeter, and Polanyi. Yildiz Social Science Review, 4(2), 111-124.
  • Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the twenty-first century. İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Piketty, T. (2022). A brief history of equality. Harvard University Press.
  • Polanyi, K. (2001). The great transformation: The political and economic origins of our time (2nd ed.). Beacon Press. (Original work published 1944).
  • Ritzer, G., & Stepnisky, J. (2018). Sociological theory (10th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Rodrik, D. (2006). Goodbye Washington Consensus, hello Washington confusion? A review of the World Bank's Economic Growth in the 1990s: Learning from a Decade of Reform. Journal of Economic Literature, 44(4), 973–987.
  • Sarıöz Gökten, Y. (2013). Piyasa: Adam Smith Versus Karl Polanyi. Academic Review of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 6(2), 127-137.
  • Sen, A. (1988). The concept of development. In H. Chenery & T. N. Srinivasan (Eds.), Handbook of development economics (Vol. 1, pp. 10–26). Elsevier.
  • Smith, A. (2003). The wealth of nations. Bantam Classics. (Original work published 1776). https://www.rrojasdatabank.info/Wealth-Nations.pdf
  • Standing, G. (2021). Küresel Dönüşümde Emeğin Yeniden Metalaşması. A. Buğra & K. Ağartan (Ed.), 21. Yüzyılda Karl Polanyi’yi Okumak (pp. 101–138). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Sowula, J., Gehrig, F., Scruggs, L. A., Seeleib-Kaiser, M., & Ramalho Tafoya, G. (2024). The end of welfare states as we know them? A multidimensional perspective. Social Policy & Administration, 58(5), 785–799. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12990
  • Vahabi, M. (2009). A critical review of strategic conflict theory and socio-political instability models. Revue d'économie politique, 119(6), 817-858.
  • Varoufakis, Y. (2023). Technofeudalism: What killed capitalism. The Bodley Head
  • Varoufakis, Y., & Papadimitriou, D. B. (2014). The throes of an identity crisis. PRIME, The Progressive International. https://www.progressive-international.org/blueprint/the-throes-of-an-identity-crisis/en
  • Williamson, J. (1993). Democracy and the “Washington consensus”. World development, 21(8), 1329-1336.
  • Yılmaz, Ö. (2025). Technology and State Relations: China Case. Journal of Chinese Research, 1. https://journals.bilimalani.org/index.php/chineseresearches/article/view/34

Toplumdan Koparılan Ekonomi: Polanyi Perspektifinden Günümüzde Mülkiyet ve Kalkınma

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4, 1816 - 1832, 23.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1791710
https://izlik.org/JA86BP57DH

Öz

Bu makale, mülkiyet ve ekonomik kalkınma arasındaki ilişkiyi Karl Polanyi’nin teorik lensinden incelemektedir. Onun temel argümanı olan, kapitalizmin doğal bir sistem olmadığı, toplumsal yapıları derinden dönüştüren inşa edilmiş bir sosyal düzen olduğu argümanının günümüzdeki ekonomisindeki karşılığının olup olmadığıdır. Bu analizin merkezinde Polanyi’nin "ayrışma" kavramı yer alır; ekonominin sosyal ve siyasi bağlamından koparılarak kendi kendini düzenleyen bir mantıkla işlemesi sürecini tanımlar. Ayrışmanın temel bir unsuru, toprak, emek ve paranın "kurgusal meta"lar olarak ele alınmasıdır. Piyasa için üretilmemiş bu varlıkların piyasa çerçevesine zorlanması, toplumsal istikrarsızlık yaratır ve sosyal koruma arayışındaki "karşı hareketleri" zorunlu kılar. Dolayısıyla devlet müdahalesi, doğal bir piyasa düzeninin bozulması değil, ayrışmış ekonominin yıkıcı sonuçlarına kaçınılmaz bir toplumsal tepkidir. Makale, bu çerçeveyi günümüz küresel ekonomisine uygulayarak, artan eşitsizlikleri neoliberal politikaların hızlandırdığı ayrışma sürecine bağlar. Buna karşılık Polanyi’nin "gömülü ekonomi" ideali, piyasaların sosyal ve ahlaki normlarla bütünleşmesini savunur. Bu perspektiften, çağdaş eşitsizlikler geçici piyasa aksaklıkları değil, kapitalizmin yapısal kusurlarının doğrudan sonuçlarıdır. Anlamlı bir kalkınma anlayışı, ekonominin toplumsal yaşamın bir parçası olduğunu kabul etmekle başlamalıdır.

Etik Beyan

Yok

Destekleyen Kurum

Yok

Teşekkür

Yok

Kaynakça

  • Acemoğlu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2015). The rise and decline of general laws of capitalism. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29(1), 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.29.1.3
  • Barbalet, J. M. (1980). Principles of stratification in Max Weber: An interpretation and critique. The British Journal of Sociology, 31(3), 401–418. https://doi.org/10.2307/589373
  • Basu, R. S. (2012). Understanding the poverty amelioration programmes of the Congress: The narratives from the Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi years. Societal Studies, 4(2), 361–406. https://cris.mruni.eu/cris/bitstreams/4344f1f4-6400-48cd-9ac8-53f7228dbf51/download
  • Chang, H.-J., & Grabel, I. (2016). Reclaiming development: An alternative economic policy manual (2nd ed.). Zed Books. (Original work published 2005).
  • Dubay, C. S., & Furth, S. (2014). Understanding Thomas Piketty and his critics (Backgrounder No. 2954). The Heritage Foundation, 30. 08. 2025 https://www.heritage.org/sites/default/files/2014/09/BG2954.pdf
  • Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. (n.d.). Civilian labor force: Less than a high school diploma, 25 years and over (LES1252881600Q) [Data set], 15. 08. 2025 https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LES1252881600Q
  • Fukuyama, F. (2006). The end of history and the last man. Free Press. (Original work published 1992).
  • Güder, M., & Atalay, K. (2022). Devlet, Piyasa ve Toplum: Karl Polanyi ve Friedrich A. Hayek Üzerine Bir İnceleme. İzmir Journal of Economics, 37(1), 135-155. https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.872181
  • Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies. (2023). America's rental housing: The challenges ahead. 20.07.2025. Retrieved from https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/
  • Hayek, F. A. (2014). The road to serfdom (5th ed.). University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1944).
  • Heritage Foundation. (n.d.). Federal budget and spending.21.08.2025, https://www.heritage.org/budget/
  • Holton, R. J. (2013). Economy and society. Routledge.
  • Im, Z. J. (2024). Variations in Social Europe? National political parties' positions on EU-level social regulations. Social Policy & Administration, 58(4), 621–637. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.13012
  • Irzık, G. (2021). Neoliberal Dünyada Bilimin Ticarileşmesi. A. Buğra & K. Ağartan (Ed.), 21. Yüzyılda Karl Polanyi'yi Okumak (s. 187–210). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Jensen, M. J., & Bang, H. P. (2013). Occupy Wall Street: A New Political Form of Movement and Community? Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 10(4), 444–461 https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2013.803948
  • Jessop, B. (2021). Hayali Bir Meta Olarak Bilgi: Polanyici Bir Yaklaşımın Katkıları ve Sınırları. A. Buğra & K. Ağartan (Ed.), 21. Yüzyılda Karl Polanyi’yi Okumak (pp. 163–186). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Kazgan, G. (2005). Küreselleşme ve Ulus-Devlet Yeni Ekonomik Düzen. Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Keightley, M. P. (2018). The U.S. income distribution: Trends and policy issues (CRS Report No. R45090). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45090
  • Lacher, H. (2021). Hafif Dönüşüm: Karl Polanyi’nin Mirasına İtiraz. A. Buğra & K. Ağartan (Ed.), 21. Yüzyılda Karl Polanyi’yi Okumak (pp. 77–97). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Marangos, J. (2009). The evolution of the term 'Washington Consensus'. Journal of Economic Surveys, 23(2), 350–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.2008.00565.x
  • Marx, K. (1991). Capital: A critique of political economy (Vol. 3). Penguin Classics. (Original work published 1894).
  • Mıhçı, H. (1996). Kalkınma: Bir Terim Neyi Anlatır? Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 7(23), 65-86. https://ideas.repec.org/a/eyd/eyjrnl/v7y1996i23p65-86.html
  • Milanovic, B. (2016). Global inequality: A New Approach for The Age of Globalization. Harvard University Press.
  • Oxfam. (2025). Inequality Inc.: How corporate power divides our world and the need for a new era of public action. 24.07.2025. Oxfam International.
  • Özel, H. (2018). Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Marx, Weber, Schumpeter, and Polanyi. Yildiz Social Science Review, 4(2), 111-124.
  • Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the twenty-first century. İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Piketty, T. (2022). A brief history of equality. Harvard University Press.
  • Polanyi, K. (2001). The great transformation: The political and economic origins of our time (2nd ed.). Beacon Press. (Original work published 1944).
  • Ritzer, G., & Stepnisky, J. (2018). Sociological theory (10th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Rodrik, D. (2006). Goodbye Washington Consensus, hello Washington confusion? A review of the World Bank's Economic Growth in the 1990s: Learning from a Decade of Reform. Journal of Economic Literature, 44(4), 973–987.
  • Sarıöz Gökten, Y. (2013). Piyasa: Adam Smith Versus Karl Polanyi. Academic Review of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 6(2), 127-137.
  • Sen, A. (1988). The concept of development. In H. Chenery & T. N. Srinivasan (Eds.), Handbook of development economics (Vol. 1, pp. 10–26). Elsevier.
  • Smith, A. (2003). The wealth of nations. Bantam Classics. (Original work published 1776). https://www.rrojasdatabank.info/Wealth-Nations.pdf
  • Standing, G. (2021). Küresel Dönüşümde Emeğin Yeniden Metalaşması. A. Buğra & K. Ağartan (Ed.), 21. Yüzyılda Karl Polanyi’yi Okumak (pp. 101–138). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Sowula, J., Gehrig, F., Scruggs, L. A., Seeleib-Kaiser, M., & Ramalho Tafoya, G. (2024). The end of welfare states as we know them? A multidimensional perspective. Social Policy & Administration, 58(5), 785–799. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12990
  • Vahabi, M. (2009). A critical review of strategic conflict theory and socio-political instability models. Revue d'économie politique, 119(6), 817-858.
  • Varoufakis, Y. (2023). Technofeudalism: What killed capitalism. The Bodley Head
  • Varoufakis, Y., & Papadimitriou, D. B. (2014). The throes of an identity crisis. PRIME, The Progressive International. https://www.progressive-international.org/blueprint/the-throes-of-an-identity-crisis/en
  • Williamson, J. (1993). Democracy and the “Washington consensus”. World development, 21(8), 1329-1336.
  • Yılmaz, Ö. (2025). Technology and State Relations: China Case. Journal of Chinese Research, 1. https://journals.bilimalani.org/index.php/chineseresearches/article/view/34
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Karşılaştırmalı Ekonomik Sistemler, Kalkınma Ekonomisi - Makro, Politik Ekonomi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Zekeriya Eray Eser 0000-0002-7791-3655

Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Eylül 2025
Kabul Tarihi 1 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Aralık 2025
DOI https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1791710
IZ https://izlik.org/JA86BP57DH
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Eser, Z. E. (2025). The Economy Disembedded: Property and Development Today from a Polanyian Perspective. Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 9(4), 1816-1832. https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1791710

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