Tarımda Göçmen İşçiler ve Özgür Olmayan Emeğin Üretimi

Öz

Kapitalist üretim ilişkilerinde özgür olmayan emek, uluslararası metinlerde sıkça geçen “zorla çalıştırma”, “insan ticareti”, “modern kölelik” gibi istisnai ya da marjinal biçimler üzerinden ele alınmaktadır. Bu durum bağımlılık ilişkilerini içeren daha yaygın gündelik emek biçimlerini görünmez kılmaktadır. Bu makale, söz konusu yaklaşımı eleştirerek özgür olmayan emeğin yalnızca açık zor araçlarıyla değil, yasal statü, borçluluk ve mülksüzleşme, toplumsal yeniden üretim yükleri ile devlet ve piyasa düzenlemeleri aracılığıyla yapısal olarak üretildiğini ileri sürmektedir. Bu mekanizmaları bütünlüklü biçimde kavramak amacıyla makale, eleştirel politik ekonomi literatüründen hareketle "bağımlılık eksenleri" olarak adlandırılan analitik bir çerçeve önermektedir. Bu eksenlerin kesişimi, işçilerin emek ilişkilerinden çıkış kapasitesini sınırlayan ve onları belirli işverenlere, aracılara ya da hane içi yükümlülüklere bağımlı kılan çok katmanlı bir yapı üretmektedir. Bu bağlamda, tarım sektörü, mevsimsellik, geçici istihdam biçimleri ve göçmen emeğine duyulan yapısal ihtiyaç nedeniyle bu bağımlılık ilişkilerinin en görünür biçimde ortaya çıktığı alanlardan biridir. Tarımda göçmen işçiler üzerine yapılan tartışma, özgür ve özgür olmayan emek arasındaki ayrımın keskin ve sabit kategorilerle kavranamayacağını aksine bu ayrımın, farklı yapısal mekanizmaların kesişiminde şekillenen ilişkisel ve tarihsel bir olgu olarak ele alınması gerektiğini göstermektedir. Bu yaklaşım, özgür olmayan emeği kapitalist birikim süreçlerinin yapısal bir bileşeni olarak kavramsallaştırmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Özgür olmayan emek
• göçmen işçiler
• toplumsal yeniden üretim
• göç rejimleri

Migrant Agricultural Workers and Production of Unfree Labour

Öz

Unfree labour in capitalist relations of production is predominantly addressed through exceptional or marginal forms frequently encountered in international documents, such as "forced labour," "human trafficking," and "modern slavery." This framing renders invisible the more pervasive everyday forms of labour that involve relations of dependency. This article critically engages with this approach, arguing that unfree labour is produced not only through overt forms of coercion but structurally, through legal status, indebtedness and dispossession, social reproduction burdens, and state and market regulations. In order to grasp these mechanisms in their totality, the article proposes an analytical framework, drawing on critical political economy literature, termed "axes of dependency." The intersection of these axes produces a multi-layered structure that constrains workers' capacity to exit labour relations and binds them to particular employers, intermediaries, or domestic obligations. In this context, the agricultural sector, due to its seasonality, temporary forms of employment, and the structural demand for migrant labour, constitutes one of the most visible sites where these relations of dependency manifest. The discussion of migrant workers in agriculture demonstrates that the distinction between free and unfree labour cannot be grasped through fixed and rigid categories; rather, this distinction must be approached as a relational and historical phenomenon shaped at the intersection of different structural mechanisms. This approach aims to conceptualise unfree labour as a structural component of capitalist accumulation processes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Unfree labour
• migrant workers
• social reproduction
• migration regimes

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