Jeoekonomi’nin Seyri: Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Ortaya Çıkıştan Güncel Yeniden Yükselişe

Öz

Son yıllarda jeoekonomi kavramı, uluslararası ilişkiler ve küresel politik ekonomi tartışmalarında yeniden ön plana çıkmıştır. Kavram, ekonomik devletçilik, teknolojik rekabet, yaptırım rejimleri ve tedarik zinciri yeniden yapılanmaları gibi gelişmeleri açıklamak için giderek daha sık kullanılmaktadır. Politika belgeleri ve medya söylemlerinde artan görünürlüğüne paralel olarak, jeoekonomi üzerine akademik çalışmalar da son on yılda belirgin biçimde artmıştır. Bununla birlikte, kavram hâlen analitik açıdan belirsizliğini korumakta ve farklı bağlamlarda farklı şekillerde kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, söz konusu kavramsal tartışmaları çözümlemek yerine jeoekonominin tarihsel seyrini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Literatüre dayalı yapılandırılmış bir inceleme doğrultusunda çalışma, jeoekonominin Soğuk Savaş sonrası ortaya çıkışından günümüzdeki yeniden yükselişine uzanan tarihsel evrimini incelemektedir. Çalışma, jeoekonominin günümüzde artan öneminin, ekonomik karşılıklı bağımlılığın algılanışındaki değişimle yakından ilişkili olduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Bu çerçevede karşılıklı bağımlılık, artık yalnızca karşılıklı fayda üreten bir yapı değil, aynı zamanda kırılganlık yaratan ve stratejik rekabeti mümkün kılan bir zemin olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu dönüşüm özellikle büyük güç rekabetinin yoğunlaşmasıyla daha da belirgin hale gelmiştir. Bu tarihsel çerçeve aracılığıyla çalışma, jeoekonominin zaman içerisindeki dönüşümünü anlamaya yönelik sistematik bir perspektif sunmakta ve kavramın günümüz uluslararası ilişkilerinde neden merkezi bir analitik araç haline geldiğini açıklamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Jeoekonomi
• Ekonomik Karşılıklı Bağımlılık
• Büyük Güç Rekabeti
• Uluslararası Politik İktisat

The Trajectory of Geoeconomics: From Post–Cold War Emergence to Contemporary Resurgence

Öz

In recent years, geoeconomics has re-emerged as a prominent concept in debates on international relations and global political economy. It is increasingly invoked to interpret a wide range of developments such as economic statecraft, technological rivalry, sanctions regimes, and supply chain restructuring. Alongside its growing visibility in policy and media discourse, academic scholarship on geoeconomics has also expanded significantly over the past decade. Despite this renewed attention, however, the concept remains analytically ambiguous and is used in divergent ways across different contexts. Rather than seeking to resolve these conceptual debates, this article adopts a more modest objective by examining the historical trajectory of geoeconomics. Based on a structured review of the literature, it traces the historical evolution of geoeconomics from the post–Cold War period to its renewed prominence in the 2020s. The study argues that the contemporary salience of geoeconomics is best understood as the result of a shift in how economic interdependence is perceived, from a source of mutual benefit to a condition associated with vulnerability and strategic competition, particularly in the context of intensifying great power rivalry. By providing a periodized account of these developments, the article offers a systematic framework for understanding how geoeconomics has evolved and why it has become a central analytical lens in contemporary international relations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Geoeconomics
• Economic Interdependence
• Great Power Competition
• International Political Economy

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