An Investigation into the Relationship between Nomophobia and Social and Emotional Loneliness of Turkish University Students

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 14 - 26, 21.04.2021

Deniz Mertkan Gezgin Durmuş Ümmet

Öz

This research was conducted to measure the relationship and effects of social and emotional loneliness levels of university students to nomophobia levels. The sample of this study consisted of 692 university students who attended Trakya University in Edirne province of Turkey. The findings obtained in this study showed that it was observed that there was a significant relationship between the level of nomophobia of the university students and the loneliness in the familial relations, one of the sub-dimensions of social and emotional loneliness Scale. In addition, no significant relationship with nomophobia was observed regarding loneliness in social and emotional relations. In conclusion, an increase in the sense of loneliness experienced by university students in familial relationships may suggest that it increases the risk of nomophobia.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nomophobia, loneliness, smartphone, mobile technologies, university students

Kaynakça

• Aboujaoude, E. (2019). Problematic Internet use two decades later: Apps to wean us off apps. CNS Spectr, 24, 371–373. DOİ: https://doi.org/10.1017/S109285291800127X.
• Adawi, M., Zerbetto, R., Re, T.S., Bisharat, B., Mahamid, M., Amital, H., Del Puente, G., & Bragazzi, N.L. (2019). Psychometric properties of the brief symptom inventory in nomophobic subjects: insights from preliminary confirmatory factor, exploratory factor, and clustering analyses in a sample of healthy Italian volunteers. Psychology Research Behaviour Management, 12, 145–154. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S173282.
• Adnan, M., & Gezgin, D. M. (2016). A modern phobia: prevalence of nomophobia among college students. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences, 49(1), 141–158. https://doi.org/10.1501/Egifak_0000001378.
• Aktas, H., & Yilmaz, N. (2017). Smartphone addiction in terms of the elements of loneliness and shyness of university youth. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 3(1), 85-100. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.283590.
• Anderson, K. J. (2001). Internet use among college students: An exploratory study. Journal of American College Health, 50, 21-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448480109595707
• Anli, G. (2018). Internet Addiction: Social and Emotional Loneliness. Journal of the International Scientific Researches, 3(2), 389-397. https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.414862
• Apak, E., & Yaman, Ö. M. (2019). The prevalence of nomophobia among university students and nomophobia’s relationship with social phobia: the case of Bingöl University. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 6(3), 609‒ 627. DOİ: 10.15805/addicta.2019.6.3.0078.
• Ay, S. (2008). A study on effect of the use of communication tools addiction on social isolation and mobile phone users. administrative expertise thesis. Information Technologies and Communication, May, İzmir, Turkey.
• Bian, M., & Leung, L. (2015). Linking loneliness, shyness, smartphone addiction symptoms, and patterns of smartphone use to social capital. Social Science Computer Review, 33(1), 61-79. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439314528779.
• Bivin, J. B., Mathew, P., Thulasi, P. C., & Philip, J. (2013). Nomophobia - do we really need to worry about? Reviews of Progress, 1(1), 1–5.
• Bragazzi, N.L. & Del Puente, G. (2014). A proposal for including nomophobia in the new DSM-V. Psychology Research Behaviour Management 7, 155–160. Doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S41386.
• Burucuoglu, M. (2017). A research on nomophobia levels of vocational college students. Karabuk University Journal of Institute of Social Sciences, 7(2), 482-489. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14230/joiss423.
• Buyukcolpan, H. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinde nomofobi, bağlanma biçimleri, depresyon ve algılanan sosyal destek. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2016). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (20. basım). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
• Casey, B. M. (2012). Linking psychological attributes to smart phone addiction, face-to-face communication, present absence and social capital. Graduation Project, Graduate School of the Chinese University of Hong Kong.
• Chen, L., Yan, Z., Tang, W., Yang, F., Xie, X., ve He, J. (2016). Mobile phone addiction levels and negative emotions among chinese young adults: the mediating role of interpersonal problems. Computers in Human Behaviour, 55, 856-866.
• Cecen, A. R. (2007). The Turkish version of the social and emotional loneliness scale for adults (selsa-s): initial development and validation. Social Behaviour and Personality, 35(6), 717-734. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2007.35.6.717
• DiTomasso, E., Brannen, C., & Best, L. A. (2004). Measurement and validity characteristics of the short version of the social and emotional loneliness scale for adults. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64(1), 99-119. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164403258450.
• DiTommaso, E., & Spinner, B. (1993). The development and initial validation of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA). Personality and Individual Differences, 14(1), 127-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(93)90182-3.
• Dixit, S., Shukla, H., Bhagwat, A. K., Bindal, A., Goyal, A., Zaidi, A. K., & Shrivastava, A. (2010). A study to evaluate mobile phone dependence among students of a medical college and associated hospital of Central India. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 35(2), 339–342. Doi: 10.4103/0970-0218.66878.
• Dogan, U., & Karakas, Y. (2016). Multi-dimensional loneliness as the predictor of high school students' social network sites (SNS) use. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 6(1), 57-71. DOİ: http://dx.doi.org/10.19126/suje.40198.
• Drouin, M., Kaiser, D., & Miller, D. A. (2015). Mobile phone dependency. In the Wiley Handbook of Psychology, Technology, and Society (pp. 192-206). Wiley-Blackwell.
• Enez Darcin, A., Kose, S., Noyan, C. O., Nurmedov, S., Yılmaz, O., & Dilbaz, N. (2016). Smartphone addiction and its relationship with social anxiety and loneliness. Behaviour & Information Technology, 35(7), 520-525. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2016.1158319
• Eren, B., Kilic, Z. N., Gunal, S. E., Kircali, M. F., Öznacar, B. B., & Topuzoglu, A. (2020). Evaluation of nomophobia and related factors in high school students. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 21(2), 133-140. doi: 10.5455/apd.56124.
• Farooqui, I. A., Pore, P., & Gothankar, J. (2018). Nomophobia: an emerging issue in medical institutions? Journal of Mental Health, 27(5), 438-441. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2017.1417564
• Frankel, J. R. & Wallen, N. E. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Gezgin, D. M. & Cakir, Ö. (2016). Analysis of nomofobic behaviours of adolescents regarding various factors. Journal of Human Sciences, 13(2), 2504-2519. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7306-5820.
• Gezgin, D.M., Cakir O. & Yildirim, S. (2018). The relationship between levels of nomophobia prevalence and internet addiction among high school students: The factors influencing Nomophobia. International Journal of Research in Education and Science (IJRES), 4(1), 215-225. DOİ:10.21890/ijres.383153.
• Gezgin, D. M., Hamutoglu, N. B., Sezen-Gultekin, G., & Ayas, T. (2018). The relationship between nomophobia and loneliness among Turkish adolescents. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 4(2), 358-374. https://doi.org/10.21890/ijres.409265.
• Gezgin, D. M., Hamutoglu, N. B., Sezen-Gultekin, G., & Yildirim, S. (2019). Preservice teachers' metaphorical perceptions on smartphone, No Mobile Phone Phobia (Nomophobia) and Fear of Missing Out (FoMO). Bartın University Journal of Education Faculty, 8(2), 733-783. DOİ: 10.14686/buefad.516540.
• Gezgin, D.M. & Ozdamli, F. (2019). KKTC'de öğrenim gören üniversite öğrencilerinin akıllı telefon bağımlılık düzeyleri ile çok boyutlu yalnızlık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. I. Uluslararası Bilim, Eğitim, Sanat ve Teknoloji Sempozyumu, 02-04 May, İzmir/Turkey.
• Gezgin, D. M., Sumuer, E., Arslan, O., & Yildirim, S. (2017a). Nomophobia prevalence among pre-service teachers: a case of Trakya University. Trakya University Journal of Education Faculty, 7(1), 86–95. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/trkefd/issue/27304/287423.
• Gezgin, D. M., Sahin, Y. L. & Yildirim, S. (2017b). The investigation of social network users’ nomophobia levels regarding to various factors. Eğitim Teknolojisi Kuram ve Uygulama, 7(1), 1–15.
• Gezgin D. M., Ummet, D., & Hamutoglu N.B. (2020). Smartphone addiction in university students: the predictive role of multidimensional loneliness. Trakya University Journal of Education Faculty, 10(2), 317-329.
• Guler, E. Ö., & Veysikarani, D. (2019). A research on nomophobia: example of university student. Journal of Beykoz Academia, 7(1), 75-88. https://doi.org/10.14514/BYK.m.26515393.2019.7/1.75-88.
• Gutiérrez-Puertas, L., Márquez-Hernández, V.V., & Aguilera-Manrique, G.(2016). Adaptation and validation of the Spanish version of the nomophobia questionnaire in nursing studies. CIN: Computers, Informatics. Nursing. 34, 470–475. doi: 10.1097/CIN.0000000000000268.
• Gurbuz, I. B., & Ozkan, G. (2020). What is your level of nomophobia? an investigation of prevalence and level of nomophobia among young people in Turkey. Community Mental Health Journal, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-019-00541-2.
• Gulluce, A. Ç., Kaygin, E., & Borekci, N. E. (2019). Determination of the relationship between the level of nomophobia and subjective well-being of university students: Ardahan case. Hacettepe University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 37(4), 651-673. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.482061.
• Hill, L. H. (2006). Sense of belonging as connectedness, American Indian worldview, and mental health. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 20(5), 210–216.
• Hong, F.-Y., Chiu, S.-I. & Huang, D., H. (2012). A model of the relationship between psychological characteristics, mobile phone addiction and use of mobile phones by Taiwanese university female students. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), 2152-2159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.06.020.
• Hortaçsu, N. (2003). İnsan ilişkileri. Ankara: İmge Kitapevi, 3. Baskı.
• Hosgor, H., Tandogan, O. & Gunduz Hosgor, D. (2017). Effect of nomophobia on duration of daily smartphone usage and school success: the example of health personnel candidates. The Journal of Academic Social Science, 5(46), 573–595. http://dx.doi.org/10.16992/ASOS.12266.
• Jeong, S. H., Kim, H., Yum, J. Y., & Hwang, Y. (2016). What type of content are smartphone users addicted to?: SNS vs. Games. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 10-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.035.
• Jiang, Q., Li, Y., & Shypenka, V. (2018). Loneliness, individualism, and smartphone addiction among international students in China. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 21(11), 711-718. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2018.0115.
• Jung, C. G. (2012). Anılar, düşler, düşünceler [Memories, dreams, reflections] (I. Kantemir, Trans.). Istanbul, Turkey: Can Sanat Yayınları.
• Kalaskar, P. B. (2015). A study of awareness of development of NoMoPhobia condition in smartphone user management students in Pune city. ASM’s International E-Journal on Ongoing Research in Management and IT, 320-326.
• Kanmani, A., Bhavani, U. & Maragatham, R. S. (2017). Nomophobia--an insight into its psychological aspects in India. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 4(2), 5-15. DIP: 18.01.041/20170402
• Kara, M., Baytemir, K., & Inceman-Kara, F. (2019). Duration of daily smartphone usage as an antecedent of nomophobia: exploring multiple mediation of loneliness and anxiety. Behaviour & Information Technology, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2019.1673485
• Karaarslan, I. A., & Budak, L. (2012). Research on the use of mobile phone features by university students and its impact on their communication practices in everyday life. Journal of Yasar University, 26(7), 4548-4571. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jyasar/issue/19138/203097.
• Kaur, A., & Sharma, P. (2015). A descriptive study to assess the risk of developing nomophobia among students of selected nursing colleges Ludhiana, Punjab. International Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 1(2), 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2395-180X.2015.00051.1.
• Kim, E., Cho, I., & Kim, E. J. (2017). Structural equation model of smartphone addiction based on adult attachment theory: mediating effects of loneliness and depression. Asian nursing research, 11(2), 92-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2017.05.002.
• Kim, I. K., Park, S. W., & Choi, H. M. (2017). The relationship among smartphone addiction, communication ability, loneliness and interpersonal relationship for university students. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, 18(1), 637-648. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2017.18.1.637
• Kim, K., Park, S. Y., & Kang, H. C. (2020). Smartphone proficiency and use, loneliness, and ego integrity: an examination of older adult smartphone users in South Korea. Behaviour & Information Technology, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2020.1713213.
• King, A. L., Valença, A. M., & Nardi, A. E. (2010). Nomophobia: the mobile phone in panic disorder with agoraphobia reducing phobias or worsening of dependence. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 23(1), 52–54. doi: 10.1097/WNN.0b013e3181b7eabc.
• Kirac, R. (2019). Effect of nomophobia on attention deficit. International Journal of Society Researches, 14(20), 1-1. DOİ: 10.26466/opus.605294.
• Khosravi, Z., & Farah, B. A. (2019). Relationship between loneliness and nomophobia its the intermediating role of spiritual well-being among students of Alzahra university. Quarterly Journal of Psychological Studies, 14(4), 73-90. doi: 10.22051/PSY.2019.19809.1623.
• Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Social networking sites and addiction: Ten lessons learned. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14(3), 311.
• Kwon, M., Kin, D.J., Cho, H., & Yang, S. (2013). The Smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS One 8(12), 835-858. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083558.
• Lee, Y.-K., Chang, C.-T., Lin, Y. & Cheng, Z.-H. (2014). The dark side of smartphone usage: Psychological traits, compulsive behavior and technostress. Computers in Human Behaviour, 31, 373-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.047.
• Lepp, A., Li, J., Barkley, J. E., & Salehi-Esfahani, S. (2015). Exploring the relationships between college students’ cell phone use, personality and leisure. Computers in Human Behaviour, 43, 210-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.006.
• Lin, C.Y., Griffiths, M.D., & Pakpour, A.H. (2018). Psychometric evaluation of Persian Nomophobia Questionnaire: Differential item functioning and measurement invariance across gender. Journal of Behaviour Addiction, 7, 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.11.
• Mert, A., & Ozdemir, G. (2018). The effects of sense of lonesomeness to the smart phone addiction. International Journal of Society Researches, 8(8), 88-107. DOİ: 10.26466/opus.382285
• Mahapatra, S. (2019). Smartphone addiction and associated consequences: role of loneliness and self-regulation. Behaviour & Information Technology, 38(8), 833-844. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2018.1560499
• McWhiter, B. (1990). loneliness: a review of current literature with implications for counseling and research, Journal of Counseling And Development, 68, 417-422.
• Morahan-Martin, J. & P. Schumacher, (2003). Loneliness and social uses of the internet. Computers in Human Behaviour, 19, 659– 671. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(03)00040-2.
• Moody, E. J. (2001). Internet use and its relationship to loneliness. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 4(3), 393-401. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493101300210303.
• Oksman, V. & Turtiainen, J. (2004). Mobile communication as a social stage meaning of mobile communication in everyday life among teenagers in Finland. New Media and Society, 6(3), 319-339. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444804042518.
• Orzeck, Tr. & Rokach, A. (2004), Men who abuse drugs and their experience of loneliness. European Psychologist, 9 (3) 163-169.
• Ozdemir, B., Cakir, O., & Hussain, I. (2018). Prevalence of Nomophobia among university students: A comparative study of Pakistani and Turkish undergraduate students. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(4), 1519-1532. DOİ: 10.29333/ejmste/84839.
• Park, C.S & Kaye, B. K. (2019). Smartphone and self-extension: Functionally, anthropomorphically, and ontologically extending self via the smartphone. Mobil Media Communication, 7, 215–231. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157918808327.
• Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1984). Loneliness research: A survey of empirical findings. Preventing the harmful consequences of severe and persistent loneliness, 13, 46.
• Rodríguez-García, A. M., Moreno-Guerrero, A. J., & López Belmonte, J. (2020). Nomophobia: An individual’s growing fear of being without a smartphone—a systematic literature review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020580.
• Roscoe, B. & Skomski, G., G. (1989), Loneliness among late adolesents. Journal of Adolesences, 24, 947-955.
• Salimi, A. (2011). Social-emotional loneliness and life satisfaction. Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences, 29, 292-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.241.
• Sharma, N., Sharma, P., Sharma, N., & Wavare, R. R. (2015). Rising concern of nomophobia amongst Indian medical students. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 3(3), 705-707. DOİ: 10.5455/2320-6012.ijrms20150333.
• Shen, X., & Wang, J. L. (2019). Loneliness and excessive smartphone use among Chinese college students: Moderated mediation effect of perceived stressed and motivation. Computers in Human Behaviour, 95, 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.012
• Sirakaya, M. (2018). Examination of associate students' nomophobia levels according to smart phone use. Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 14(2), s. 714–727, https://doi.org/10.17860/mersinefd.359458
• Statista (2019). Number of smartphone users worldwide from 2016 to 2021. Retrivied from https://www.statista.com/statistics/330695/number-of-smartphone-users-worldwide/.
• Shen, X., & Wang, J. L. (2019). Loneliness and excessive smartphone use among Chinese college students: Moderated mediation effect of perceived stressed and motivation. Computers in Human Behaviour, 95, 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.012.
• Shotten, M. (1991). The costs and benefits of computer addiction. Behavior and Information Technology, 10, 219–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/01449299108924284
• Szpakow, A., Stryzhak, A. & Prokopowicz, W. (2011). Evaluation of threat of mobile phone – addition among Belarusian University students. Progress in Health Sciences, 1(2), 96- 101.
• Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston MA: Allyn & Bacon.
• Taghizadeh, F., Reyhani, P., Molavi, N., Babakhanian, M., Ghazanfarpour, M., Mirzaee, F., & Khorasani, F. (2019). Investigating the relationship between smartphone addiction and loneliness and its impact on motivation to progress in high school students. International Journal of Pediatrics, 7(10), 10187-10193.Doi: 10.22038/ijp.2019.41716.3514.
• Tams, S., Legoux, R., & Léger, P.M. (2018). Smartphone withdrawal creates stress: A moderated mediation model of nomophobia, social threat, and phone withdrawal context. Computers in Human Behaviour, 81, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.11.026.
• Tavolacci, M. P., Meyrignac, G., Richard, L., Dechelotte, P., & Ladner, J. (2015). Problematic use of mobile phone and nomophobia among French College Students. European Journal of Public Health, 25. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckv172.088.
• Turkle, S. (1995). Life on the screen: identity in the age of the Internet. New York: Simon & Schuster.
• Ummet, D. & Eksi, F. (2016). Internet addiction in young adults in Turkey: Loneliness and virtual-environment loneliness. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 3,(1), 40-53.
• Uysal, Ş., Ozen, H., & Madenoglu, C. (2016). Social phobia in higher education: the influence of nomophobia on social phobia. The Global eLearning Journal, 5(2), 1–8.
• Walsh, S.P., White, K.M., & Young, R. M. (2010). Needing to connect: the effect of self and others on young people’s involvement with their mobile phones. Australian Journal of Psychology, 62(4), 194–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530903567229
• We are Social (2019). Digital in 2019. Retrieved from https://wearesocial.com/global-digital-report-2019. Weiss, R. S. (1973). Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
• Wiseman, H., Mayseless, O., & Sharabany, R. (2006). Why are they lonely? Perceived quality of early relationships with parents, attachment, personality predispositions and loneliness in first-year university students. Personality and individual differences, 40(2), 237-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.05.015.
• Yaman, Z., & Kavuncu, B. (2019). The effect of university students’ fear of abduction of social developments and social networking purpose on nomophobia level. Social Sciences Researches Journal, 14(2), 555-570. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/gopsbad/issue/51614/641584.
• Yildirim, C., & Correia A-P. (2015). Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 130–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.059
• Yildirim, C., Şumuer, E., Adnan, M., & Yildirim, S. (2016). A growing fear prevalence of nomophobia among Turkish college students. Information Development, 32(5), 1322- 1331. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666915599025
• Yildiz Durak, H. (2018). What would you do without your Smartphone? Adolescents’ social media usage, locus of control and loneliness as a predictor of nomophobia. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 5, 543−557. http://dx.doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2018.5.2.0025.
• Yildiz Durak, H. (2019). Investigation of nomophobia and smartphone addiction predictors among adolescents in Turkey: Demographic variables and academic performance. The Social Science Journal, 56(4), 492-517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2018.09.003