Social Anxiety among College Students: Predictive Roles of Attachment Insecurity and Emotional Schemas

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 22 - 31, 31.01.2022

Hatice İrem Özteke Kozan , Coşkun Arslan

Öz

The associations between social anxiety, attachment insecurity, and emotional schemas were investigated among college students in the current study. A correlational design was used, and 502 college students (64.7% female, 35.3% male) participated in the study. In data collection, the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale (ECR), Social Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Leahy Emotional Schema Scale (LESS) were used. In data analysis, the Pearson correlation and hierarchical regression analysis were used. Before conducting hierarchical regression analysis, multivariate outliers, multicollinearity, and normality were assessed. Results revealed that female students had higher scores on the dimension of social avoidance. Moreover, attachment insecurity (avoidant and anxious) and emotional schemas were significant predictors of social anxiety of college students.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Attachment, emotional schema, social anxiety, college students

Kaynakça

• Adams, G. C., Wrath, A. J., Mondal, P., & Asmundson, G. J. (2018). Depression with or without comorbid social anxiety: Is attachment the culprit? Psychiatry Research, 269, 86-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.037
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).
• Antony, M. M., & Swinson, R. P. (2017). The shyness and social anxiety workbook: Proven, step-by-step techniques for overcoming your fear. New Harbinger Publications.
• Arpaci, I., Baloğlu, M., Kozan, H. İ. Ö., & Kesici, Ş. (2017). Individual differences in the relationship between attachment and nomophobia among college students: The mediating role of mindfulness. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(12), e404. 10.2196/jmir.8847
• Arslan, E., Arslan, C., & Ari, R. (2012). An investigation of interpersonal problem-solving approaches with respect to attachment styles. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 12(1), 15-23.
• Baloğlu, M., Özteke-Kozan, H.I., & Kesici, Ş. (2018). Gender differences in and the relationships between social anxiety and problematic internet use: Canonical analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(1), e33.10.2196/jmir.8947
• Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: a test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226-244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226
• Beesdo, K., Bittner, A., Pine, D. S., Stein, M. B., Höfler, M., Lieb, R., & Wittchen, H. U. (2007). Incidence of social anxiety disorder and the consistent risk for secondary depression in the first three decades of life. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(8), 903- 912. 10.1001/archpsyc.64.8.903
• Beidel, D. C., & Turner, S. M. (2007). Shy children, phobic adults: Nature and treatment of social anxiety disorders (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association.
• Blanco, I., & Joormann, J. (2017). Examining facets of depression and social anxiety: The relation among lack of positive affect, negative cognitions, and emotion dysregulation. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 20, e51. 10.1017/sjp.2017.43
• Blöte, A. W., Miers, A. C., Van den Bos, E., & Westenberg, P. M. (2019). Negative social self-cognitions: How shyness may lead to social anxiety. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 63, 9-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2019.05.003
• Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. Basic Books.
• Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and Anger. Basic Books.
• Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: an integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson, & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment Theory and Close Relationships (pp. 46-76). Guilford Press.
• Brumariu, L. E., & Kerns, K. A. (2008). Mother–child attachment and social anxiety symptoms in middle childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29(5), 393-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.06.002
• Chen, Y., Li, R., Zhang, P., & Liu, X. (2020). The moderating role of state attachment anxiety and avoidance between social anxiety and social networking sites addiction. Psychological Reports, 123(3), 633-647. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294118823178
• Desalegn, G. T., Getinet, W., & Tadie, G. (2019). The prevalence and correlates of social phobia among undergraduate health science students in Gondar, Gondar Ethiopia. BMC Research Notes, 12, 438. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4482-y
• Dilmaç, B., Hamarta, E., & Arslan, C. (2009). Analysing the trait anxiety and locus of control of undergraduates in terms of attachment styles [Üniversite öğrencilerinin sürekli kaygı ve denetim odaklarının bağlanma stilleri açısından incelenmesi]. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice [Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri], 9(1), 127-159.
• Farmer, A. S., & Kashdan, T. B. (2012). Social anxiety and emotion regulation in daily life: Spillover effects on positive and negative social events. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 41(2), 152-162. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2012.666561
• Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Franklin, M. E., & Foa, E. B. (2000). Anticipated reactions to social events: Differences among individuals with generalized social phobia, obsessive compulsive disorder, and nonanxious controls. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24(6), 731-746. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005595513315
• Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511-524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511
• Izard, C. E. (2007). Basic emotions, natural kinds, emotion schemas, and a new paradigm. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(3), 260-280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00044.x
• Jazaieri, H., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2015). The role of emotion and emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17(1), 531. 10.1007/s11920-014-0531-3
• Kozan, H. İ. Ö., & Hamarta, E. (2017). Body image in emerging adulthood: The role of attachment and social appearance anxiety. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 7(48), 63-81.
• Leahy, R. L. (2002). A model of emotional schemas. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 9(3), 177-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1077-7229(02)80048-7
• Leahy, R. L. (2007). Emotional schemas and resistance to change in anxiety disorders. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 14(1), 36-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2006.08.001
• Leahy, R. L., Tirch, D. D., & Melwani, P. S. (2012). Processes underlying depression: Risk aversion, emotional schemas, and psychological flexibility. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 5(4), 362-379. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2012.5.4.362
• Leahy, R. L., Tirch, D., & Napolitano, L. A. (2011). Emotion regulation in psychotherapy: A practitioner’s guide. Guilford Press.
• Leary, M. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (1997). Social anxiety. Guilford Press.
• Lovimi, S., Nazarzadeh, F., Moini, F., Aminyazdi, A., & Rostaee, M. (2018). The relation of attachment styles and problem-solving skills to resiliency in treatment-seeking substance dependents. Journal of Research and Health, 8(3), 210-217. 10.29252/jrh.8.3.210
• MacKenzie, M. B., & Fowler, K. F. (2013). Social anxiety disorder in the Canadian population: Exploring gender differences in socio demographic profile. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(4), 427-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.05.006
• Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1/2), 66- 104. 10.2307/3333827
• Manning, R. P., Dickson, J. M., Palmier-Claus, J., Cunliffe, A., & Taylor, P. J. (2017). A systematic review of adult attachment and social anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders, 211, 44-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.020
• Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behavior Research and Therapy, 36, 455–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10031-6
• Mennin, D. S., McLaughlin, K. A., & Flanagan, T. J. (2009). Emotion regulation deficits in generalised anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and their co-occurrence. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(7), 866-871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.04.006
• Nielsen, S. K. K., Lønfeldt, N., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Hageman, I., Vangkilde, S., & Daniel, S. I. F. (2017). Adult attachment style and anxiety–The mediating role of emotion regulation. Journal of Affective Disorders, 218, 253-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.047
• Nikolić, M. (2020). Social emotions and social cognition in the development of social anxiety disorder. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2020.1722633
• Ohayon, M. M., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2010). Social phobia and depression: prevalence and comorbidity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 68(3), 235-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.07.018
• Ollendick, T. H., & Hirshfeld-Becker, D. R. (2002). The developmental psychopathology of social anxiety disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 51(1), 44-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01305-1
• Özbay Y, Palancı M. The validity and reliability of the social anxiety scale for university students. (2001). Presented at: 6th National Congress of Psychological Counseling Guidance, Ankara, Turkey.
• Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 741–756.
• Rusch, S., Westermann, S., & Lincoln, T. M. (2012). Specificity of emotion regulation deficits in social anxiety: An internet study. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 85(3), 268-277. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.2011.02029.x
• Silberstein, L. R., Tirch, D., Leahy, R. L., & McGinn, L. (2012). Mindfulness, psychological flexibility, and emotional schemas. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 5(4), 406-419. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2012.5.4.406
• Sparrevohn, R. M., & Rapee, R. M. (2009). Self-disclosure, emotional expression, and intimacy within romantic relationships of people with social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(12), 1074-1078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2009.07.016
• Stein, M. B., & Stein, D. J. (2008). Social anxiety disorder. The Lancet, 371(9618), 1115-1125. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60488-2
• Su, S., Pettit, G. S., & Erath, S. A. (2016). Peer relations, parental social coaching, and young adolescent social anxiety. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 42, 89-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2015.11.007
• Sümer, N. (2006). Categorical and dimensional comparison of the adult attachment measures [Yetişkin bağlanma ölçeklerinin kategoriler ve boyutlar düzeyinde karşılaştırılması]. Turkish Journal of Psychology [Türk Psikoloji Dergisi], 21(57), 1-22.
• Turk, C. L., Heimberg, R. G., & Magee, L. (2008). Social anxiety disorder. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.), Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual (p. 123–163). The Guilford Press.
• Vertue, F. M. (2003). From adaptive emotion to dysfunction: An attachment perspective on social anxiety disorder. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7(2), 170-191. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0702_170-191
• Werner, K. H., Goldin, P. R., Ball, T. M., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Assessing emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder: The emotion regulation interview. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33(3), 346-354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-011-9225-x
• Yavuz, K. F., Türkçapar, M. H., Demirel, B., & Karadere, E. (2011). Üniversite öğrencileri ve çalışanları örnekleminde Leahy duygusal şema ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması, geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği [Adaptation of Leahy Emotional Schema Scale into Turkish among university students and workers, validity, and reliability study]. The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences [Düşünen Adam Psikiyatri Nöroloji Bilim Dergisi], 24, 273-82.
• Yu, Y., Liu, S., Song, M., Fan, H., & Zhang, L. (2019). Effect of parent–child attachment on college students’ social anxiety: A moderated mediation model. Psychological Reports. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294119862981