Ortadoğu’da Kadın Hareketlerinin Tarihsel Seyri: Mısır Örneği Üzerinden Bir Çözümleme

Öz

Ortadoğu’daki kadın hareketleri, modernleşme, sömürgecilik karşıtlığı, devlet politikaları, İslamcılık ve neoliberal dönüşüm gibi çok katmanlı dinamiklerin etkisiyle biçimlenmiştir. Bu bağlamda kadın mücadelesi yalnızca toplumsal cinsiyet temelli taleplerden ibaret olmayıp; ulusal kimlik, otorite, sınıf ve din ilişkilerinin belirleyici olduğu siyasal zeminlerde gelişmiştir. Bu çalışma, Ortadoğu kadın hareketlerinin genel çerçevesini sunduktan sonra Mısır örneği üzerinden tarihsel süreç içinde kadınların kamusal alandaki konumlanışını, özneleşme biçimlerini ve hareketin geçirdiği dönüşümleri analiz etmektedir. Kadın hareketleri yalnızca hak arayan oluşumlar değil, aynı zamanda ulus inşası ve devlet ideolojisiyle etkileşim içinde kurulan yapılardır. Çalışmada tarihsel-sosyolojik yöntem benimsenmiş; literatür taraması, kadın dergileri, yasa metinleri ve öncü figürlerin biyografileri değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada, Mısır’daki kadın hareketinin, dönemsel kırılmalarla biçimlenen ve tarihsel bağlamda ideolojik olarak şekillenmiş bir mücadele alanı olduğu ortaya konmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ortadoğu
• Mısır
• kadın hareketi
• feminizm
• toplumsal cinsiyet.

Öz

Women’s movements in the Middle East have followed a multilayered historical trajectory shaped by modernization policies, anti-colonial nationalist struggles, state feminism, Islamist transformations, neoliberal restructuring, and the rise of digital activism. Adopting a historical-sociological perspective, this study examines the evolution of these movements and, through the case of Egypt, analyzes women’s positioning in the public sphere, their processes of subject formation, and the ideological and political transformations that have reshaped the movement over time. The findings demonstrate that women’s activism in the region functions not only as a struggle for gender equality but also as a broader field of contestation shaped by nation-building projects, state ideology, social norms, and feminist discourses. Drawing on archival sources, women’s periodicals, legal texts, and biographical accounts of pioneering figures, the study reveals that the Egyptian women’s movement has been continually reconfigured through historical ruptures, political repression, and shifting social dynamics. Overall, the analysis shows that from the colonial period to the digital age, women have acted not only as respondents to structural constraints but also as transformative agents capable of reshaping political and cultural arenas, with their activism marked by continuities as well as tensions and disruptions.

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