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BIOPHILIC LANDSCAPE APPROACHES AND GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IN URBAN AREAS: THE CASE OF SINGAPORE

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 33 - 45, 30.06.2020

Öz

Ecosystem integrity in nature and continuity has left their place in urban spaces to structural solutions defined by point solutions. As a result of global climate change, the concept of "resilient city" will be more desirable for the whole world in the coming years. The scientific literature in recent years emphasizes that considering the size of the area in the open and green space system in cities will be insufficient in solving the problems in urban ecology. Therefore, to strengthen green infrastructure planning and ecosystem services in cities, it is necessary to increase and diversify functions in different land uses and forms. However, planning challenges in urban development require that the green infrastructure formation be supported by of biophilia.

The aim of this study is to reveal the green infrastructure and biophilic approaches in the formation of “biophilic city” characteristics in Singapore; to evaluate how architecture, urban planning and design and landscape architecture can be integrated in solving the problems of the city. In this research, understanding the experiences on examples that vary from building level to landscape and city level, from horizontal use to “vertical garden city” is valuable for our country and other cities of the world. The results of the research are important in terms of the importance and diversity of landscape architecture studies in urban spaces, evaluation of green infrastructure and biophilic landscape approaches in planning future cities, and identifying new visions for cities.

Kaynakça

  • Acar C (2018) Fotoğraf arşivi.
  • Acar H, Acar C (2019) Peyzaj tasarımında doğa temelli yaklaşımlar, Mimarlıkta Peyzaj Tasarımı, İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi Yayınları, Basım aşamasında.
  • Anonim (2018) Green urban spaces, green infrastructure, and urban resilience, 25 June 2018 Briefing Note, Urban Climate Change Resilience Trust Fund.
  • Browning WD, Ryan C, Clancy J (2014) 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design, Improving Health & Well-Being in the Built Environment. New York: Terrapin Bright Green.
  • Cole LB, McPhearson T, Herzog CP, Russ A (2017) Green infrastructure, Cornell Unversity Press.
  • Fairbrass A, Jones K, McIntosh A, Yao Z, Malki-Epshtein L, Bell S (2018) Green Friess DA (2017) Singapore as a long-term case study for tropical urban ecosystem services, Urban Ecosyst, 20: 277–291.
  • Grinde, B. ve Patil, G.G. (2009) Biophilia: Does visual contact with nature impact on health and well-being?, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 6, 2332-2343.
  • Hwang YH, Yue ZEJ (2019) Intended wildness: Utilizing spontaneous growth for biodiverse green spaces in a tropical city, Journal of Landscape Architecture, 14: 1, 54-63.
  • Fairbrass A, Jones K, McIntosh A, Yao Z, Malki-Epshtein L, Bell S (2018) Green infrastructure for London: A review of the evidence, A report by the Engineering Exchange for Just Space and the London Sustainability Exchange, The Engineering Exchange University College London.
  • Kellert S (2016) Biophilic urbanism: The potential to transform, Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 5, 4-8.
  • Newman P (2014) Biophilic urbanism: A case study on Singapore, Australian Planner, Vol. 51, No. 1, 47-65.
  • Oh RRY, Richards DRR, Yee ATK (2018) Community-driven skyrise greenery in a dense tropical city provides biodiversity and ecosystem service benefits, Landscape and Urban Planning, 169, 115–123.
  • Omar SR, Sohaili J, Rahman NHA (2018) Adapting biophilic design in urban riparian, IFLA World Congress 2018, 1180-1189.
  • Panagopoulos T (2019) Landscape urbanism and green infrastructure, Land, 8, 112, 1-4.
  • Pauleit S, Hansen R, Rall EL, Zölch T, Andersson E, Luz AC, Szaraz L, Tosics I, Vierikko K (2017) Urban Landscapes and Green Infrastructure, Environment and Human Health, Management and Planning, June 2017.
  • Prominski, M, 2019. Come together. Enchancing Biodiversity in High-Density Cities by giving Sapca to Humans an Non-Humans, Urban Landscapes in High-Density Cities Parks, Streetscapes, Ecosystems, Bianca Maria Rinaldi ve Puak Yok Tan (eds), s: 190-203. Birkhauser Verlag GmbH, Basel.
  • Russo A, Cirella GT (2017) Biophilic cities: Planning for sustainable and smart urban environments, Edited by Rumi Aijaz, Smart Cities Movement in Brics, Vinset Advertising, New Delhi, 153-159.
  • Russo A, Cirella GT (2018) Modern compact cities: How much greenery do we need?, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, 2180, 1-15.
  • Santangelo M (2019) Of Symbols and Materialty. Reflections on Singaporean Landscapes, Urban Landscapes in High-Density Cities Parks, Streetscapes, Ecosystems, Bianca Maria Rinaldi ve Puak Yok Tan (eds)s: 16-24, Birkhauser Verlag GmbH, Basel.
  • Sayuti NAA, Montana –Hoyos C, Bonollo E (2018) Biophilic design: Why do designers incorporate living organisms in furniture design?, The Fifth International Conference on Design Creativity (ICDC2018), Bath, UK, January 31stt – February 2nd, 2018.
  • SBEnrc (2012) Can biophilic urbanism deliver strong economic and social benefits in cities? An economic and policy investigation into the increased use of natural elements in urban design, Sustainable Built Environment National Research Centre (SBEnrc), Curtin University and Queensland University of Technology.
  • Sevinç Kayıhan K, Özçelik Güney S, Ünal FC (2018) Biophilia as the main design question in architectural design studio teaching, Megaron, 13 (1), 1-12. Tan KW (2006) A greenway network for Singapore, Landscape and Urban Planning, 76, 45–66.
  • Xue F, Gou Z, Lau SSY, Lau SK, Chung KH, Zhang J (2019) From biophilic design to biophilic urbanism: Stakeholders’ perspectives, Journal of Cleaner Production, 211, 1444-1452.
  • Zielinska-Dabkowsa KM (2019) Biophilic design: A trend watch, https://www.arc-magazine.com/

KENTSEL MEKANLARDA BİYOFİLİK PEYZAJ YAKLAŞIMLARI VE YEŞİL ALTYAPI: SİNGAPUR ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 33 - 45, 30.06.2020

Öz

Doğadaki ekosistem bütünlüğü ve işlevlerdeki süreklilik, kentsel mekanlarda yerini noktasal çözümlerle tanımlanan yapısal çözümlere bırakmıştır. Küresel iklim değişiminin plansız kentleşme üzerinde daha etkin sorunlar oluşturacağı ve bu yönde “dirençli kent” özleminin gelecek yıllarda dünya insanı ve özellikle ülkemizde daha arzulanabilir olacağı kaçınılmazdır. Son yıllardaki bilimsel literatür, kentlerdeki açık ve yeşil alan sisteminde sadece alan büyüklüğünün düşünülmesinin kentsel ekolojideki sorunların çözümünde yetersiz kalacağını vurgulamaktadır. Kentlerdeki yeşil altyapı uygulamaları, “yeşil mimari ve şehircilik” ilkeleri ile birlikte bütünleşik kentsel parçaların iki boyutludan (parklar ve bahçeler) üç boyutluya (yeşil çatılar ve yeşil duvarlar) yönelen somut örnekleri görülmektedir. Bu sayede kentlerdeki çok çeşitli alan kullanımlarını ve formlarını kucaklamak için doğrusal peyzajın (yeşil alan) yanında aynı arazi ve alanlardaki fonksiyonları çoğaltmak ve çeşitlendirmek ekosistem hizmetlerini güçlendirmede yeşil altyapı planlamaları için bir gereksinimdir. Ancak, kentsel gelişimdeki planlama zorlukları yeşil altyapı oluşumunun tasarım boyutunda “biyofilya (biophilia)” ile desteklenmesini koşullandırmaktadır.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, tropikal coğrafyada yer alan bir şehir devlet olan Singapur’da “biyofilik kent” karakteristiklerinin oluşmasındaki yeşil altyapı ve insanların doğal elemanlarla birlikte doğal ortamlarda olmalarını sağlayan biyofilik yaklaşımları ortaya koymak; mimari, kent planlama ve tasarım ile peyzaj mimarlığının kentin sorunlarını çözmede nasıl uyum sağlayabileceğini değerlendirmektir. Singapur örneğinde gerçekleştirilen bu araştırmada; yapı düzeyinden peyzaj ve kent düzeyine, yatay alan kullanımlarından “dikey bahçe kenti”ne yönelik değişim gösteren örnekler üzerindeki deneyimlerin anlaşılması ülkemiz ve dünyanın diğer kentleri için de değerlidir. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlar, kentsel mekanlardaki peyzaj mimarlığı çalışmalarının önemini ve çeşitliğini arttırmada, geleceğin kentlerinin planlanmasında yeşil altyapı ve biyofilik peyzaj yaklaşımlarının değerlendirilmesinde ve kentler için yeni vizyonlar belirlemede önemli olacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Acar C (2018) Fotoğraf arşivi.
  • Acar H, Acar C (2019) Peyzaj tasarımında doğa temelli yaklaşımlar, Mimarlıkta Peyzaj Tasarımı, İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi Yayınları, Basım aşamasında.
  • Anonim (2018) Green urban spaces, green infrastructure, and urban resilience, 25 June 2018 Briefing Note, Urban Climate Change Resilience Trust Fund.
  • Browning WD, Ryan C, Clancy J (2014) 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design, Improving Health & Well-Being in the Built Environment. New York: Terrapin Bright Green.
  • Cole LB, McPhearson T, Herzog CP, Russ A (2017) Green infrastructure, Cornell Unversity Press.
  • Fairbrass A, Jones K, McIntosh A, Yao Z, Malki-Epshtein L, Bell S (2018) Green Friess DA (2017) Singapore as a long-term case study for tropical urban ecosystem services, Urban Ecosyst, 20: 277–291.
  • Grinde, B. ve Patil, G.G. (2009) Biophilia: Does visual contact with nature impact on health and well-being?, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 6, 2332-2343.
  • Hwang YH, Yue ZEJ (2019) Intended wildness: Utilizing spontaneous growth for biodiverse green spaces in a tropical city, Journal of Landscape Architecture, 14: 1, 54-63.
  • Fairbrass A, Jones K, McIntosh A, Yao Z, Malki-Epshtein L, Bell S (2018) Green infrastructure for London: A review of the evidence, A report by the Engineering Exchange for Just Space and the London Sustainability Exchange, The Engineering Exchange University College London.
  • Kellert S (2016) Biophilic urbanism: The potential to transform, Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 5, 4-8.
  • Newman P (2014) Biophilic urbanism: A case study on Singapore, Australian Planner, Vol. 51, No. 1, 47-65.
  • Oh RRY, Richards DRR, Yee ATK (2018) Community-driven skyrise greenery in a dense tropical city provides biodiversity and ecosystem service benefits, Landscape and Urban Planning, 169, 115–123.
  • Omar SR, Sohaili J, Rahman NHA (2018) Adapting biophilic design in urban riparian, IFLA World Congress 2018, 1180-1189.
  • Panagopoulos T (2019) Landscape urbanism and green infrastructure, Land, 8, 112, 1-4.
  • Pauleit S, Hansen R, Rall EL, Zölch T, Andersson E, Luz AC, Szaraz L, Tosics I, Vierikko K (2017) Urban Landscapes and Green Infrastructure, Environment and Human Health, Management and Planning, June 2017.
  • Prominski, M, 2019. Come together. Enchancing Biodiversity in High-Density Cities by giving Sapca to Humans an Non-Humans, Urban Landscapes in High-Density Cities Parks, Streetscapes, Ecosystems, Bianca Maria Rinaldi ve Puak Yok Tan (eds), s: 190-203. Birkhauser Verlag GmbH, Basel.
  • Russo A, Cirella GT (2017) Biophilic cities: Planning for sustainable and smart urban environments, Edited by Rumi Aijaz, Smart Cities Movement in Brics, Vinset Advertising, New Delhi, 153-159.
  • Russo A, Cirella GT (2018) Modern compact cities: How much greenery do we need?, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, 2180, 1-15.
  • Santangelo M (2019) Of Symbols and Materialty. Reflections on Singaporean Landscapes, Urban Landscapes in High-Density Cities Parks, Streetscapes, Ecosystems, Bianca Maria Rinaldi ve Puak Yok Tan (eds)s: 16-24, Birkhauser Verlag GmbH, Basel.
  • Sayuti NAA, Montana –Hoyos C, Bonollo E (2018) Biophilic design: Why do designers incorporate living organisms in furniture design?, The Fifth International Conference on Design Creativity (ICDC2018), Bath, UK, January 31stt – February 2nd, 2018.
  • SBEnrc (2012) Can biophilic urbanism deliver strong economic and social benefits in cities? An economic and policy investigation into the increased use of natural elements in urban design, Sustainable Built Environment National Research Centre (SBEnrc), Curtin University and Queensland University of Technology.
  • Sevinç Kayıhan K, Özçelik Güney S, Ünal FC (2018) Biophilia as the main design question in architectural design studio teaching, Megaron, 13 (1), 1-12. Tan KW (2006) A greenway network for Singapore, Landscape and Urban Planning, 76, 45–66.
  • Xue F, Gou Z, Lau SSY, Lau SK, Chung KH, Zhang J (2019) From biophilic design to biophilic urbanism: Stakeholders’ perspectives, Journal of Cleaner Production, 211, 1444-1452.
  • Zielinska-Dabkowsa KM (2019) Biophilic design: A trend watch, https://www.arc-magazine.com/
Toplam 24 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Cengiz Acar

Habibe Acar 0000-0002-8682-0522

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Acar, C., & Acar, H. (2020). KENTSEL MEKANLARDA BİYOFİLİK PEYZAJ YAKLAŞIMLARI VE YEŞİL ALTYAPI: SİNGAPUR ÖRNEĞİ. PEYZAJ, 2(1), 33-45.