Özfarkındalık ve Özbilinç: Sosyal Psikoloji Bakış Açısıyla Bir Derleme

Öz

Pek çok alanda yüzyıllardır farklı isimler altında söz edilmiş olan özfarkındalık ve özbilinç kavramları hakkında söylenenlerin temelleri asırlar öncesine dayanmasına rağmen sosyal psikolojide de deneysel çalışmalar yapıldığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada bu kavramlar hakkında sosyal psikoloji bakış açısıyla yapılmış tanımlar, geliştirilmiş kuramlar, öne sürülen kavramlar, yapılan önemli çalışmalar ile geliştirilen ve uyarlanan ölçekler hakkında bilgiler derlenmiştir. Bu kavramlar farklı disiplinlerde farklı tanımlanmakta ve bu konudaki literatürün kapsamı geniş olsa da, bu çalışmada konu sadece sosyal psikoloji bakış açısından ele alınmış ve sosyal psikoloji literatürü genelindeki yayınlarda en etkili olmuş çalışmalarla sınırlı tutulmuştur. Derleme, sosyal psikoloji ve benlik konularında çalışan araştırmacılara ışık tutacak olup, gelecekteki araştırma alanları hakkında öneriler ile tamamlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Benlik
• Özfarkındalık
• Özbilinç

Self-Awareness and Self-Consciousness: A Review from the Perspective of Social Psychology

Abstract

The terms of self-awareness and self-consciousness, which have been mentioned under various different names for centuries, they are also studied experimentally in social psychology. Within the concept of this study, the information about descriptions, raised theories, suggested concepts, significant studies and adjusted scales on these terms are reviewed from the perspective of social psychology. Although there are various different descriptions of these terms under various disciplines and a wide range of relevant literature, this study is approached only from the perspective of social psychology and limited with the most efficient studies included in the published social psychology literature. The review shall be an enlightening source for the researchers studying on social psychology and the self-concept and is concluded with suggestions on further research interests.

Keywords

• Self
• Self-Awareness
• Self-Consciousness

Kaynakça

1. Abbate CS, Boca S, Gendolla, GHE (2016) Self-awareness, perspective-taking, and egocentrism. Self Identity, 15:371–380.
2. Abrahams D, Brown R (1989) Self-consciousness and social identity: self-regulation as a group member. Soc Psychol Q, 52:311-318.
3. Akın A, Abacı R, Öveç Ü (2007) Öz-bilinç Ölçeği’nin Türkçe formunun yapı geçerliği ve güvenirliği. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences, 40:257-276.
4. Alkal A, Akça MŞ, Korkmaz O (2019) Öz bilinç psiko-eğitim programının üniversite öğrencilerinin öz bilinç düzeylerine etkisi. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 18:569-582.
5. APA (2020) American Psychological Association (APA) Dictionary of Psychology. Available from https://dictionary.apa.org/objective-self-awareness (Accessed 20.10.2020)
6. Anderson EM, Bohon LM, Berrigan LP (1996) Factor structure of the Private Self-Consciousness Scale. J Pers Assess, 66:144-152.
7. Aslan-Yılmaz H (2019) Romantik ilişkilerde izlenim ayarlamacılığı ve özbilinç : Yatırım Modeli üzerine bir inceleme. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20:391-423.
8. Avsec A, Bajec B (2006) Validation of Slovene version of the Self-Consciousness Scale. Horizons of Psychology, 15:7-22.

9. Bargh JA, Chartrand TL (1999) The unbearable automaticity of being. Am Psychol, 54:462-479.
10. Baumeister RF, Bratslavsky E, Muraven M, Tice DM (1998) Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? J Pers Soc Psychol, 74:1252–1265.
11. Baumeister RF, Sommer, KL (1997) Consciousness, free choice, and automaticity. In Advances in Social Cognition (Ed. RS Wyer, Jr.):75-81. Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum.
12. Bringsjord S, Licato J, Govindarajulu NS, Ghosh R, Sen A (2015) Real robots that pass human tests of self-consciousness. Proceedings of the 24th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN): 498-504. Kobe, Japan.
13. Bunkrant RE, Page TJ (1984) A modification of the Fenigstein, Scheier, and Buss Self-Consciousness Scale. J Pers Assess, 48:629-637.
14. Buss AH (1980) Self-Consciousness and Social Anxiety. Oxford, W.H. Freeman.
15. Buss DM, Scheier MF (1976) Self-consciousness, self-awareness, and self-attribution. J Res Pers, 10, 463-468.
16. Carver CS (1974) Facilitation of physical aggression through objective self-awareness. J Exp Soc Psychol, 10:365-70.
17. Carver CS (1975) Physical aggression as a function of objective self-awareness and attitudes toward punishment. J Exp Soc Psychol, 11:510-519.
18. Carver CS, Scheier MF (1981) Attention and Self-Regulation: A Control-Theory Approach to Human Behavior. New York, Springer-Verlag.
19. Chao C-M, Yu T-K (2021) Internet use and adolescents’ physical and mental health: the mediating role of self-consciousness and peer relationships. Int J Ment Health Addict, 2021:1-18.
20. Chella A, Manzotti R (2007) Artificial Consciousness. Exeter, Imprint Academic.
21. Chella A, Pipitone A, Morin A, Racy F (2020) Developing self-awareness in robots via inner speech. Front Robot AI, 7:16.
22. Chiou W, Lee C (2013) Enactment of one-to-many communication may induce self-focused attention that leads to diminished perspective taking: the case of Facebook. Judgm Decis Mak, 8:372-380.
23. Cramer KM (2000) Comparing the relative fit of various factor models of the Self-Consciousness Scale in two independent samples. J Pers Assess, 75:295-307.
24. Çelik DA, Çetin F (2014) The role of mindfulness and self-consciousness on interpersonal conflict resolution approaches. Research Journal of Business and Management, 1:29-38.
25. Dana ER, Lalwani N, Duval TS (1997) Objective self-awareness and focus of attention following awareness of self-standard discrepancies: changing self or changing standards of correctness. J Soc Clin Psychol, 16:359–380.
26. David KH (1971) Culture shock and the development of self-awareness. J Contemp Psychother, 4:44–48.
27. Diener E (1977) Deindividuation: causes and consequences. Soc Behav Pers, 5:143–155.
28. Diener E (1979) Deindividuation, self-awareness, and disinhibition. J Pers Soc Psychol, 3:1160- 1171.
29. Diener E, Wallbom M (1976) Effects of self-awareness on antinormative behavior. J Res Pers, 10:107-111.
30. Dijksterhuis A, Van Knippenberg A (2000) Behavioral indecision: effects of self-focus on automatic behavior. Soc Cogn, 18:55–74.
31. Doherty K, Schlenker KD (1991) Self-consciousness and strategic self-presentation. J Pers, 59:1-18.
32. Duval TS, Wicklund RA (1972) A Theory of Objective Self-Awareness. New York, Academic Press.
33. Edelmann, RJ (1981) Self-consciousness and social anxiety (Book Review). Br J Psychol, 72:515-516.
34. Ellis RJ, Holmes JG (1982) Focus of attention and self-evaluation in social interaction. J Pers Soc Psychol, 43:67–77.
35. Esteky S, Wooten DB, Bos MW (2020) Illuminating illumination: understanding the influence of ambient lighting on prosocial behaviors. J Environ Psychol, 68:1-12.
36. Eurich T (2018) What self-awareness really is (and how to cultivate it). Harvard Business Review Digital Articles, April 23:1–9.
37. Fenigstein A, Scheier MF, Buss AH (1975) Public and private self-consciousness: assessment and theory. J Consult Clin Psychol, 43:522-527.
38. Festinger L, Pepitone A, Newcomb T (1952) Some consequences of deindividuation in a group. J Abnorm Soc Psychol, 47:382-389.
39. Franzoi SL (1983) Self-concept differences as a function of private self-consciousness and social anxiety. J Res Pers, 17:275-287.
40. Froming WJ, Carver CS (1981) Divergent influences of private and public self-consciousness in a compliance paradigm. J Res Pers, 15:159–171.
41. Gallup GG (1977) Self recognition in primates: a comparative approach to the bidirectional properties of consciousness. Am Psychol, 32:329–338.
42. Gallup GG (1982) Self-awareness and the emergence of mind in primates. Am J Primatol, 2:2237-2248.
43. Gallup GG (1998) Self-awareness and the evolution of social intelligence. Behav Processes, 42:239–247.
44. Gibbons FX (1990) Self-attention and behavior: a review and theoretical update. Adv Exp Soc Psychol, 23:249–303.
45. Gibbons FX, Wicklund RA (1976) Selective exposure to self. J Res Pers, 10:98-106.
46. Gillen G (2009) Self-awareness and insight: foundations for intervention. In Cognitive and Perceptual Rehabilitation (Ed. G Gillen): 67-108. Missouri, Mosby.
47. Greenberg J, Musham C (1981) Avoiding and seeking self-focused attention. J Res Pers, 15:191-200.
48. Gudykunst WB, Yang S, Nishida T (1987) Cultural differences in self-consciousness and self-monitoring. Communic Res, 14:7-34.
49. Gonzales AL, Hancock JT (2011) Mirror, mirror on my Facebook wall: effects of exposure to Facebook on self-esteem. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw, 14:79-83.
50. Heatherton TF, Baumeister RF (1991) Binge eating as escape from self-awareness. Psychol Bull, 110:86–108.
51. Heine SJ, Takemoto T, Moskalenko S, Lasaleta J, Henrich J (2008) Mirrors in the head: cultural variation in objective self-awareness. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 34:879–887.
52. Heinemann W (1979) The assessment of private and public self-consciousness: a German replication. Eur J Soc Psychol, 9:331-337.
53. Hull JG, Levy AS (1979) The organizational functions of the self: an alternative to the Duval and Wicklund model of self-awareness. J Pers Soc Psychol, 37:756-768.
54. Hoffman-Miller PM (2019) Johari Window. Salem Press Encyclopedia. Hackencack,NJ, Salem Press.
55. Holland O (ed.) (2003) Machine consciousness. New York, Imprint Academic.
56. Ickes WJ, Wicklund RA, Ferris CB (1973) Objective self-awareness and self-esteem. J Exp Soc Psychol, 9:202–219.
57. Inzlicht M, Friese M (2019) The past, present, and future of ego depletion. Soc Psychol, 50:370–378.
58. Khan S, Fazili AI, Bashir I (2022) Constructing generational identity through counterfeit luxury consumption. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 31:415-437.
59. Kuhn KM (2022) The constant mirror: self-view and attitudes to virtual meetings. Comput Human Behav, 128:1-7.
60. Kuipers B (2008) Drinking from the firehose of experience. Artific Intell Med, 44:55–70.
61. Le Bon G (1960) The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. New York, Viking Press.
62. Luft J, Ingham H (1955) The Johari Window, a graphic model of interpersonal awareness. Proceedings of the Western Training Laboratory in Group Development. Los Angeles, University of California.
63. Mead GH (1934) Mind, Self and society from the Stand-Point of a Social Behaviorist. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
64. Meddin J (1979) Chimpanzees, symbols, and the reflective self. Soc Psychol Q, 42:99-109.
65. Mittal B, Balasubramanian, SK (1987) Testing the dimensionality of the self-consciousness scales. J Pers Assess, 51:53–68.
66. Monat JP (2017) The emergence of humanity’s self-awareness. Futures, 86:27-35.
67. Morin A (2011) Self-awareness part 1: definition, measures, effects, functions, and antecedents. Soc Personal Psychol Compass, 5:807–823.
68. Moskalenko S, Heine SJ (2003) Watching your troubles away: television viewing as a stimulus for subjective self-awareness. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 29:76-85.
69. Narita A, Ishii K (2020) My voice capturing my attention to myself: the effects of objective self-awareness on Japanese people. Front Psychol, 11:1596. .
70. Newen A, Vogeley K (2003) Self-representation: searching for a neural signature of self-consciousness. Conscious Cogn, 12:529–543.
71. Nystedt L, Ljungberg A (2002) Facets of private and public self-consciousness: construct and discriminant validity. Eur J Pers, 16:143-159.
72. Piliavin JA, Charng HW (1988) What is the factorial structure of the private and public self-consciousness scales? Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 14:587-595.
73. Prentice-Dunn S, Rogers RW (1982). Effects of public and private self-awareness on deindividuation and aggression. J Pers Soc Psychol, 43:503–513.
74. Rugancı RN (1995) Private and public self-consciousness subscales of the Fenigstein, Scheier and Buss Self-consciousness Scale: A Turkish translation. Pers Individ Dif, 18:279-282.
75. Sarı SV, Kabadayı F, Şahin M (2017) Mesleki sonuç beklentisinin açıklanması: Öz-aşkınlık, öz-bilinç ve öz-kontrol /öz-yönetim. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 7:145-159
76. Scheier MF, Carver CS (1985) The self-consciousness scale: a revised version for use with general populations. J Appl Soc Psychol, 15:687-699.
77. Scheier MF, Fenigstein A, Buss AH (1974) Self-awareness and physical aggression. J Exp Soc Psychol, 10:264-73.
78. Silvia PJ, Duval, TS (2001) Objective Self-Awareness Theory: recent progress and enduring problems. Pers Soc Psychol Rev, 5:230–241.
79. Silvia PJ, Phillips AN (2013) Self-awareness without awareness? Implicit self-focused attention and behavioral self-regulation. Self Identity, 12:114-127.
80. Smith JD, Shaffer DR (1986) Self-consciousness, self-reported altruism, and helping behavior. Soc Behav Pers, 14:215-220.
81. Sohn S, Chung HC, Park N (2019) Private self-awareness and aggression in computer-mediated communication: abusive user comments on online news articles. Int J Hum Comput Interact, 35:1160-1169.
82. Şimşek Ö, Ceylandağ A, Akcan G (2013) The need for absolute truth and self-rumination as basic suppressors in the relationship between private self-consciousness and mental health. J Gen Psychol, 140:294-310.
83. Smith J (2020) Self-Consciousness. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2020 Edition) (Ed EN Zalta) Available from https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2020/entries/self-consciousness/ (Accessed 20.10.2020)
84. Takishima-Lacasa JY, Higa-McMillan CK, Ebesutani C, Smith RL, Chorpita BF (2014) Self-consciousness and social anxiety in youth: the revised self-consciousness scales for children. Psychol Assess, 26:1292-1306.
85. Tunnell, G (1984) The discrepancy between private and public selves: public self-consciousness and its correlates. J Pers Assess, 48:549-555.
86. Vallacher R (1978) Objective self awareness and the perception of others. Pers Soc Psychol Bull,  4:63–67.
87. Van Bommel M, Van Prooijen J-W, Va Lange PAM, Elffers H (2012) Be aware to care: public self-awareness leads to a reversal of the bystander effect. J Exp Soc Psychol, 48:926-930.
88. Vleeming RG, Engelse JA (1981) Assessment of private and public self-sonsciousness: a Dutch replication. J Pers Assess, 45:385-389.
89. Vorauer JD, Ross M (1999) Self-awareness and feeling transparent: failing to suppress one’s self. J Exp Soc Psychol, 35:415-440.
90. Watson PJ, Morris RJ, Ramsey A, Hickman SE (1996) Further contrasts between self-reflectiveness and internal state awareness factors of private self-consciousness. J Psychol, 130:183–192.
91. Wicklund RA (1975) Objective self-awareness. Adv Exp Soc Psychol, 8:233–275.
92. Wiekens CJ (2009) Self-awareness. (Doctoral thesis) Tilburg, Tilburg University.
93. Wiekens CJ, Stapel DA(2008) The mirror and i: When private opinions are in conflict with public norms. J Exp Soc Psychol, 44:1160-1166.
94. Yurtkoru S, Taştan S (2018) Öz-bilinç algısının olumlu gelecek beklentisine etkisi: pozitif psikoloji ve kaynak odaklı yaklaşım arka planı ile bir değerlendirme. İşletme Bilimi Dergisi, 6:1-24.
95. Zimbardo P (1970). The human choice: individuation, reason, and order versus deindividuation, impulse, and chaos. In 1969 Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Eds WJ Arnold, D Levine):237-307. Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska Press.